107:, such as the ordinal 3rd (third) sounding like the cardinal number 3 (three), 4th (fourth) sounding like 4 (four), 10th (tenth) sounding like 10 (ten), 117th (one-hundred seventeenth) sounding like 117 (one-hundred seventeen), etc. However, 1st (first) and 2nd (second) sound unfamiliar to their cardinal counterparts 1 (one) and 2 (two). This is because these two ordinal numbers were derived from different roots, with "first" being derived from the
87:
have a similar semantic relationship. As in these examples, collateral adjectives in
English very often derive from the Latin or Greek translations of the corresponding nouns. In some cases both the noun and the adjective are borrowed, but from different languages, such as the noun
1091:
396:
142:, it uses measure words alongside a number to determine amounts of things. The numerals 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 usually use the pronunciation derived from Chinese (
190:(四季). However, there are some measure words (and even a select few numbers among certain measure words) that require the native kun'yomi numbers: 7 minutes is
528:
521:
1363:
41:, but it is derived from a different word, which happens to be the Latin word for "cattle" (n.b. the collateral adjective for
375:
dictionaries, but as they are currently out of print, the term has become rare. A synonym sometimes seen in linguistics is a
272:
usage of a collateral adjective is generally similar in meaning to attributive use of the corresponding noun. For example,
1181:
104:
170:, depending on context. Most measure words require the speaker to use the Sino-Japanese on'yomi numbers, e.g. 3 years is
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108:
100:
873:
692:
589:
514:
559:
1283:
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that use ordinal numbers. Since
Japanese, much like Chinese, does not have any inflections that indicate
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1191:
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950:
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1305:
1239:
1071:
1028:
793:
753:
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1066:
713:
127:
114:
The phenomenon of ordinal numbers being collateral adjectives of cardinal numbers is common in the
111:
root meaning "forward", and "second" deriving from the Latin word "secundus", meaning "following".
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131:
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Tetsuya
Koshiishi, "Collateral adjectives, Latinate vocabulary, and English morphology", in
1155:
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858:
838:
788:
768:
748:
391:
202:, which is the generic measure word that roughly translates into "things". 1–10 are
1351:
1325:
1315:
1288:
1150:
883:
848:
823:
778:
599:
135:
96:(from Latin). The term "collateral" refers to these two sides of the relationship.
1008:
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62:
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though this is a liberal and arguably incorrect use of the word 'suppletive'.
377:
198:(4個のリンゴ). Measure words that use native numbers include days of the month and
143:
1358:
1320:
1100:
917:
672:
618:
594:
24:
31:
in meaning, but that is not derived from that noun. For example, the word
1347:
1342:
258:(10人), the measures for 1 and 2 people use the native numbers, which are
1332:
1048:
653:
569:
498:
1310:
995:
687:
667:
37:
154:
respectively. However, 4 can be pronounced using either its on'yomi
73:
633:
546:
471:
G. Jan Wilms, "Computerizing a
Machine Readable Dictionary", in
162:, depending on context, and likewise 7 can be pronounced either
54:
28:
510:
473:
Proceedings of the 28th annual
Southeast regional conference,
485:"The typology of suppletion", a chapter in David Beck (2006)
16:
Adjective identified with a noun from which it is not derived
134:(words for numbers based on the Chinese language) for
45:
as specifically restricted to adult female cattle, is
53:
serves as an adjective to describe attributes of the
35:
is considered the adjectival equivalent for the noun
397:
List of
Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
1276:
1238:
1200:
1172:
1047:
994:
916:
706:
641:
632:
545:
369:The term "collateral adjective" was coined by the
288:. However, in other cases the two words may have
292:uses so that one cannot replace the other, as in
246:(人), usually uses Sino-Japanese numbers, such as
158:or its native Japanese pronunciation (kun'yomi)
522:
8:
327:, for example, there is a derived adjective
638:
529:
515:
507:
466:Funk and Wagnalls Standard Desk Dictionary
392:List of collateral adjectives (Wiktionary)
242:(10). While the measure word for people,
331:in addition to the collateral adjective
500:A Nocturnal View of the Lunar Landscape
408:
323:(denominal) adjectives. For the noun
27:that is identified with a particular
7:
319:Collateral adjectives contrast with
148:ichi, ni, san, go, roku, hachi, kyū,
130:. For example, Japanese usually use
487:Aspects of the theory of morphology
503:, Verbatim: The Language Quarterly
14:
280:are accepted as synonyms, as are
92:(from French) and the adjective
426:from the original on 2021-12-17
1:
480:Studia Anglica Posnaniensia,
1406:
1364:Syntax–semantics interface
784:Exceptional case-marking
335:Similarly, for the noun
186:(7人), and 4 seasons is
79:"moon". The adjective
590:Initial-stress-derived
380:(denominal) adjective,
359:as well as collateral
132:Sino-Japanese numerals
1101:Inclusive / Exclusive
468:(1984) Harper and Row
444:"Numbers in Japanese"
416:Vsauce (2014-08-12),
116:Sinospheric languages
182:(9匹の犬), 7 people is
174:(3年間), 6 o'clock is
21:collateral adjective
981:Relative subsective
874:Regular / Irregular
719:Andative / Venitive
555:Abstract / Concrete
109:Proto-Indo-European
540:and their features
538:Lexical categories
351:there are derived
194:(7分), 4 apples is
1377:
1376:
1182:Casally modulated
1087:Formal / Informal
976:Pure intersective
926:Anti-intersective
912:
911:
859:Preterite-present
372:Funk and Wagnalls
339:there is derived
103:sound like their
99:In English, most
1397:
956:Non-intersective
639:
531:
524:
517:
508:
458:
457:
455:
454:
448:www.omniglot.com
440:
434:
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282:thermal capacity
178:(6時), 9 dogs is
105:cardinal numbers
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1096:Gender-specific
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794:Germanic strong
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343:and collateral
101:ordinal numbers
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1338:Procedure word
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1296:Complementizer
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1092:Gender-neutral
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1057:Bound variable
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761:
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746:
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736:
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726:
721:
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714:Ambitransitive
710:
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493:External links
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294:nocturnal view
196:yonko no ringo
180:kyūhiki no inu
49:). Similarly,
15:
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4:
3:
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1253:Interrogative
1251:
1249:
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1221:
1220:Interrogative
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1215:Demonstrative
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1164:Prepositional
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1151:Strong / Weak
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1116:Interrogative
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1062:Demonstrative
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1029:Prepositional
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1019:Interrogative
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941:Demonstrative
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799:Germanic weak
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789:Frequentative
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729:Autocausative
727:
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724:Anticausative
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693:Transgressive
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482:January 2002.
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286:heat capacity
283:
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136:measure words
133:
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83:and the noun
82:
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48:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1352:Pro-sentence
1326:Onomatopoeia
1316:Interjection
1289:Measure word
1072:Distributive
966:Postpositive
946:Intersective
930:
899:Unaccusative
844:Performative
814:Intransitive
774:Ditransitive
600:Noun adjunct
499:
486:
479:
472:
465:
451:. Retrieved
447:
438:
428:, retrieved
418:
411:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
313:
309:
305:
302:feline grace
301:
297:
293:
285:
281:
277:
274:lunar rocket
273:
268:
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259:
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118:, including
113:
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84:
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69:
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58:
50:
46:
42:
36:
32:
20:
18:
1301:Conjunction
1067:Disjunctive
1004:Conjunctive
951:Nominalized
854:Predicative
698:Verbal noun
649:Attributive
314:feline food
290:lexicalized
278:Moon rocket
270:Attributive
68:"moon" and
63:Old English
61:comes from
1390:Adjectives
1369:Yes and no
1284:Classifier
1268:Possessive
1230:Quantifier
1225:Possessive
1202:Determiner
1174:Adposition
1146:Resumptive
1131:Reciprocal
1126:Possessive
1106:Indefinite
1034:Pronominal
986:Subsective
961:Possessive
931:Collateral
904:Unergative
894:Transitive
809:Inchoative
804:Impersonal
744:Catenative
683:Participle
678:Infinitive
610:Relational
580:Collective
560:Adjectival
453:2017-08-01
430:2017-08-01
403:References
378:suppletive
298:night view
254:(8人), and
128:Vietnamese
1359:Prop-word
1321:Ideophone
1248:Discourse
1187:Inflected
1136:Reflexive
1111:Intensive
918:Adjective
889:Stretched
879:Separable
869:Reflexive
764:Denominal
759:Defective
739:Captative
734:Auxiliary
673:Gerundive
663:Nonfinite
585:Countable
361:infantile
357:childlike
333:paternal.
310:cat grace
262:(1人) and
236:kokonotsu
208:, futatsu
184:shichinin
172:sannenkan
25:adjective
1384:Category
1348:Pro-verb
1343:Pro-form
1240:Particle
1192:Stranded
1141:Relative
1121:Personal
1039:Relative
1024:Locative
1014:Genitive
839:Negative
769:Deponent
749:Compound
424:archived
386:See also
365:puerile.
353:childish
347:and for
345:pluvial,
329:fatherly
306:cat food
252:hachinin
240:, and tō
212:, mittsu
146:), i.e.
120:Japanese
1333:Preverb
1210:Article
1156:Subject
1049:Pronoun
884:Stative
849:Phrasal
824:Lexical
779:Dynamic
754:Copular
654:Converb
570:Animacy
321:derived
228:nanatsu
220:itsutsu
204:hitotsu
192:nanafun
144:on'yomi
81:thermal
47:vaccine
1311:Coverb
1306:Copula
1160:Object
1077:Donkey
996:Adverb
971:Proper
936:Common
819:Labile
688:Supine
668:Gerund
659:Finite
624:Verbal
615:Strong
605:Proper
349:child,
325:father
308:(not *
266:(2人).
264:futari
260:hitori
250:(3人),
248:sannin
234:(8つ),
232:yattsu
230:(7つ),
226:(6つ),
224:muttsu
222:(5つ),
218:(4つ),
216:yottsu
214:(3つ),
176:rokuji
164:shichi
140:number
126:, and
124:Korean
94:aerial
38:cattle
33:bovine
23:is an
1277:Other
1258:Modal
1082:Dummy
834:Modal
829:Light
707:Types
642:Forms
565:Agent
419:Dord.
341:rainy
337:rain,
316:).
300:, or
256:jūnin
188:shiki
74:Latin
72:from
70:lunar
51:lunar
1263:Noun
1009:Flat
864:Pure
634:Verb
619:Weak
595:Mass
575:Bare
547:Noun
475:1990
363:and
355:and
312:or *
304:but
296:and
284:and
276:and
238:(9つ)
210:(2つ)
206:(1つ)
168:nana
150:and
85:heat
77:luna
66:mōna
59:Moon
55:Moon
29:noun
244:nin
200:tsu
166:or
160:yon
156:shi
90:air
43:cow
1386::
1350:/
1162:/
1158:/
1094:/
661:/
617:/
446:.
422:,
152:jū
122:,
57:;
19:A
530:e
523:t
516:v
456:.
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