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to foreign language teaching. At least three core models exist. The first and most widely used is Canale and Swain's model and the later iteration by Canale. In a second model, sociocultural content is more precisely specified by Celce-Murcia, Dornyei, and
Thurrell in 1995. For their part, they saw
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communicative competence as including linguistic competence, strategic competence, sociocultural competence, actional competence, and discourse competence. A third model widely in use in federal language training in Canada is
Bachman and Palmer's model.
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exploration of communicative competence that included "communicative form and function in integral relation to each other". The approach pioneered by Hymes is now known as the
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and the like, but reconceives this knowledge as a functional, social understanding of how and when to use utterances appropriately.
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Canale, Michael; Swain, Merrill (1980). "Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing".
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Leung, Constant (2005). "Convivial communication: recontextualizing communicative competence".
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Canale, Michael (1983). "From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy".
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31:. That is, communicative competence encompasses a language user's grammatical knowledge of
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320:"Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications"
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Hymes, Dell (1972). "On communicative competence". In Pride, J.B.; Holmes, J. (eds.).
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Savignon, Sandra J. (2017). "Communicative
Competence". In Hossein, Nassasji (ed.).
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The understanding of communicative competence has been influenced by the field of
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The notion of communicative competence is one of the theories that underlies the
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Hymes, Dell (1966). "Two types of linguistic relativity". In Bright, W. (ed.).
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Celce-Murcia, Marianne; Dornyei, Zoltán; Thurrell, Sarah (1995).
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Hymes, Dell (1964), "Toward ethnographies of communication",
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is a pedagogical application of communicative competence.
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in 1966, reacting against the perceived inadequacy of
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The TESOL Encyclopedia of
English Language Teaching
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110:communicative approach
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