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307:) was used to reproduce varied fonts and arbitrary graphics. The first animations were created by plotting all still frames sequentially on a stack of paper, with motion transfer to 16-mm film for projection. During the 1970s and 1980s, dot matrix printers were used to produce most visual output while microfilm plotters were used for most early animation.
355:
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was invented with the increase in the use of personal computers. The inkjet printer is now the cheapest and most versatile option for everyday digital color output. Raster Image
Processing (RIP) is typically built into the printer or supplied as a software package for the computer; it is required to
158:
created his first electromechanical Henry
Drawing Machine in 1961, using an adapted analogue Bombsight Computer. His drawing machine-generated artwork was shown at the Reid Gallery in London in 1962 after his traditional, non-machine artwork won him the privilege of a one-man exhibition there. It was
230:
At the time of the opening of
Cybernetic Serendipity, in August 1968, a symposium was held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, under the title "Computers and visual research". It took up the European artists movement of New Tendencies that had led to three exhibitions (in 1961, 63, and 65) in Zagreb of concrete,
162:
By the mid-1960s, most individuals involved in the creation of computer art were in fact engineers and scientists because they had access to the only computing resources available at university scientific research labs. Many artists tentatively began to explore the emerging computing technology for
295:
In the early 1960s, the
Stromberg Carlson SC-4020 microfilm printer was used at Bell Telephone Laboratories as a plotter to produce digital computer art and animation on 35-mm microfilm. Still images were drawn on the face plate of the cathode ray tube and automatically photographed. A series of
179:
The two early exhibitions of computer art were held in 1965: Generative
Computergrafik, February 1965, at the Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart, Germany, and Computer-Generated Pictures, April 1965, at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York. The Stuttgart exhibit featured work by
231:
kinetic, and constructive art as well as op art and conceptual art. New
Tendencies changed its name to "Tendencies" and continued with more symposia, exhibitions, a competition, and an international journal (bit international) until 1973.
433:
to transfer the style of an artwork onto a photograph or other target image became feasible. One method of style transfer involves using a framework such as VGG or ResNet to break the artwork style down into statistics about visual
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programmed a digital computer at Bell
Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey to generate visual patterns solely for artistic purposes. His later computer-generated patterns simulated paintings by
400:
683:
Drawing
Machines: The machine produced drawings of Dr. D. P. Henry in relation to conceptual and technological developments in machine-generated art (UK 1960–1968). Unpublished MPhil. Thesis
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and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product can thus be difficult. Computer art is bound to change over time since changes in technology and
79:
technologies and, as a result, the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers has been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional
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still images were drawn to create a computer-animated movie, early on a roll of 35-mm film and then on 16-mm film as a 16-mm camera was later added to the SC-4020 printer.
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was captured in monochrome from a video camera and digitized into a graphics program called ProPaint. Warhol manipulated the image adding colour by using flood fills.
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The precursor of computer art dates back to 1956–1958, with the generation of what is probably the first image of a human being on a computer screen, a (
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346:, written by brothers Thomas and John Knoll in 1990 were developed for use on MacIntosh computers, and compiled for DOS/Windows platforms by 1993.
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created an 11' x 11' painting machine in 1992 and German artist
Matthias Groebel also built his own robotic painting machine in the early 1990s.
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achieve the highest quality output. Basic inkjet devices do not feature RIP. Instead, they rely on graphic software to rasterize images. The
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along with digital computer art by Noll were exhibited at the AFIPS Fall Joint
Computer Conference in Las Vegas toward the end of 1965.
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1964:
1004:
151:
478:, and others, there is area of AI generated art. There is much controversy and debate over whether AI generated art is actual art.
425:(using computers to automatically transform images into stylized art) has been a subject of research since the 1990s. Around 2015,
266:
was released in 1984; since then the GUI became popular. Many graphic designers quickly accepted its capacity as a creative tool.
847:
589:
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is an artwork painted by a robot. Raymond Auger's Painting Machine, made in 1962, was one of the first robotic painters as was
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Formerly, technology restricted output and print results. Early machines used pen-and-ink plotters to produce basic hard copy.
1078:
Jing, Y., Yang, Y., Feng, Z., Ye, J., & Song, M. (2017). Neural style transfer: A review. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.04058.
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artist L.S.Lowry who encouraged Henry to include examples of his machine-generated art in the Reid Gallery exhibition. .
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2019:
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1984:
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188:. A third exhibition was put up in November 1965 at Galerie Wendelin Niedlich in Stuttgart, Germany, showing works by
1804:
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1263:, Rapport Nr. 48, NAVFs EDB-Senter for Humanistisk Forskning. Translated as "L'ordinateur n'est pas un médium",
435:
2201:
259:
1507:
Grant D. Taylor (2014). When The Machine Made Art: The Troubled History of Computer Art. New York: Bloomsbury.
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2298:
2009:
632:"Boobs not bombs: The first ever computer art was made possible by the Cold War... & it was a girly pic"
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438:. The target photograph is subsequently modified to match those statistics. Notable applications include
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and became classics. Noll also used the patterns to investigate aesthetic preferences in the mid-1960s.
1037:
Gatys, Leon A.; Ecker, Alexander S.; Bethge, Matthias (2015). "A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style".
125:
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play a role in the production or display of the artwork. Such art can be an image, sound, animation,
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184:; the New York exhibit featured works by Bela Julesz and A. Michael Noll and was reviewed as art by
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in 1963. The annual contest was a key point in the development of computer art up to the year 1973.
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2004:
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from 1962, coining for it the term "computer art." This picture inspired him to initiate the first
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language and digital fonts, making drawing, painting, and image manipulation software popular.
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319:, though more expensive than the inkjet, is another affordable output device available today.
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1475:. (2009, Spring). The Semiotic Engine: Notes on the History of Algorithmic Images in Europe.
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2100:
1969:
1949:
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873:
864:
Nash, Katherine; Richard H. Williams (October 1970). "Computer Program for Artists: ART I".
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203:(ICA) in London hosted one of the most influential early exhibitions of computer art called
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Noll, A. Michael, "The Beginnings of Computer Art in the United States: A Memoir",
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658:"The Never-Before-Told Story of the World's First Computer Art (It's a Sexy Dame)"
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1090:"Why everyone is crazy for Prisma, the app that turns photos into works of art"
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1979:
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AARONS's Code: Meta-Art. Artificial Intelligence, and the Work of Harold Cohen
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331:
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The Summer 1968 in London and Zagreb: Starting or End Point for Computer art?
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2014:
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or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating
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1974:
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211:, included many of those often regarded as the first digital artists,
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147:
52:
1513:"The Dilemma of Media Art: Cybernetic Serendipity at the ICA London"
1487:
From music tracks to Google maps: Who owns computer-generated works?
1485:
877:
765:
1295:"Detached from history: Jasia Reichardt and Cybernetic Serendipity"
1284:, 55(2), Perspectives on the Arts and Technology, pp. 107–116.
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273:
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48:
1814:
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1583:
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1120:"Facebook's tech boss on how AI will transform how we interact"
303:(which uses a print head hitting an ink ribbon somewhat like a
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1626:
1579:
1267:, Sainte-Foy, Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1995.
382:
began making large computer-robotic paintings in 1986. Artist
40:
1182:"These Stunning A.I. Tools Are About to Change the Art World"
1465:. (2002, October). Ten Key Texts on Digital Art: 1970–2000.
215:, Frieder Nake, Leslie Mezei, Georg Nees, A. Michael Noll,
1021:
Art in a Complex System: The Paintings of Matthias Groebel
1408:. (1966). Intermedia. Reprinted in Donna De Salvo (ed.),
1526:(5). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press: 389–396.
1213:"Is art generated by artificial intelligence real art?"
741:"Visual Intelligence: The First Decade of Computer Art"
103:, January 1963, Edmund Berkeley published a picture by
816:
Raimes, Jonathan. (2006 ) The Digital Canvas, Abrams.
1377:
White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960–1980
999:. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 210.
582:"Computers and Automation - Database of Digital Art"
2218:
2174:
2048:
1872:
1842:
1792:
1785:
1341:
955:
909:"A history of the Amiga, part 4: Enter Commodore"
276:when the computer was publicly introduced at the
984:a history of cybernetic animals and early robots
734:
732:
163:use as a creative tool. In the summer of 1962,
1763:
1595:
1255:. (1988/89). "The Computer is Not A Medium",
1027:24(1):127-132 DOI: 10.1162/152028101753401866
812:
810:
256:Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center
8:
1282:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
1789:
1770:
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1748:
1602:
1588:
1580:
1238:Honor Beddard and Douglas Dodds. (2009).
1042:
755:
358:A robotic brush head painting on a canvas
192:and Georg Nees. Analogue computer art by
338:, a vector drawing program based on the
1330:Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion
1151:"MIT is using AI to create pure horror"
573:
1288:Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art
1180:Nicholas, Gabriel (11 December 2017).
1061:
1050:
919:from the original on November 17, 2011
704:from the original on 25 September 2015
592:from the original on 18 November 2018
280:, New York in July 1985. An image of
7:
1130:from the original on 8 November 2020
1025:PAJ A Journal of Performance and Art
726:, Vol. 27, No. 1, (1994), pp. 39-44.
685:. John Moores University, Liverpool.
1429:. Langenscheidt: h.f. ullmann. 2009
907:Reimer, Jeremy (October 21, 2007).
800:Preston, Stuart, "Art ex Machina",
250:Computer Program for Artists: ART 1
2253:Los Angeles Center for Digital Art
1965:Generative artificial intelligence
1511:Usselmann, Rainer (October 2003).
1211:gazettebeckycoleman (2023-08-15).
1192:from the original on 16 March 2018
1161:from the original on 15 March 2020
612:Grenzgebiete der bildenden Kunst,
99:On the title page of the magazine
91:directly affect what is possible.
25:
1494:, Vol. 26, pp. 621–629, 2010
1100:from the original on 19 July 2016
804:, Sunday, April 18, 1965, p. X23.
330:, founded in 1982, developed the
1567:
1492:Computer Law and Security Review
1277:The Vitality of Digital Creation
132:, picture by Drawing Machine 1,
1432:Lopes, Dominic McIver. (2009).
1336:/Leonardo Books) by Oliver Grau
1265:Esthétique des arts médiatiques
1242:. London: V&A Publishing.
638:from the original on 2015-09-26
634:. Dangerous Minds. 2013-01-25.
446:Caffe2Go style transfer, MIT's
248:and Richard Williams published
1467:Leonardo - Volume 35, Number 5
1311:10.1080/00043249.2008.10791311
832:Page, No. 1, April 1969, p. 2.
700:. Victoria and Albert Museum.
696:Beddard, Honor (26 May 2011).
262:(GUI) in the 1970s. The first
201:Institute of Contemporary Arts
1:
1484:Perry M., Margoni T., (2010)
1435:A Philosophy of Computer Art.
1412:
872:(4). The MIT Press: 439–442.
698:"Computer art at the V&A"
431:convolutional neural networks
378:beginning in the late 1960s.
272:created digital art using an
227:was founded, also in London.
207:. The exhibition, curated by
133:
2238:Austin Museum of Digital Art
1400:New Philosophy for New Media
423:Non-photorealistic rendering
1885:Artificial intelligence art
1855:Fractal-generating software
1442:Lev Manovich (2002-03-07).
1410:Open Systems Rethinking Art
1402:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1088:Levin, Sam (14 July 2016).
681:O'Hanrahan, Elaine (2005).
656:Benj Edwards (2013-01-24).
504:Artificial intelligence art
418:using neural style transfer
2335:
2304:Contemporary art movements
1532:10.1162/002409403771048191
995:McCorduck, Pamela (1991).
485:
393:
258:(PARC) designed the first
154:air defense installation.
118:
29:
1732:
1617:
1445:The language of new media
1293:Fernandez, Maria (2008).
412:rendered in the style of
2202:Listening Post (artwork)
1502:Art and Electronic Media
1149:Gershgorn, Dave (2016).
739:Dietrich, Frank (1986).
260:Graphical User Interface
101:Computers and Automation
2273:V&A Digital Futures
2010:Photograph manipulation
962:. Thames & Hudson.
614:Staatsgalerie Stuttgart
372:artificial intelligence
342:introduced in 1987 and
1737:List of artistic media
1060:Cite journal requires
958:Art of the digital age
586:dada.compart-bremen.de
419:
359:
242:
223:. One year later, the
205:Cybernetic Serendipity
139:
2309:Creativity techniques
2243:Computer Arts Society
1398:Mark Hansen. (2004).
1370:; Lambert, Nicholas;
1340:Charlie Gere (2002).
488:Category:Computer art
486:Further information:
427:neural style transfer
403:
396:Neural style transfer
390:Neural style transfer
374:/artist developed by
357:
238:A computer-generated
237:
225:Computer Arts Society
128:
119:Further information:
2131:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
2106:Lynn Hershman Leeson
1940:Digital architecture
1915:Digital illustration
1850:Graphic art software
1576:at Wikimedia Commons
1257:Philosophic Exchange
954:Bruce Wands (2006).
109:Computer Art Contest
2005:Music visualization
1930:Digital photography
1469:, pp. 567–569.
841:Christoph KlĂĽtsch:
610:Herbert W. Franke:
464:AI-image generators
121:Mathematics and art
2151:Ben Rubin (artist)
2096:Desmond Paul Henry
1895:Computer art scene
1860:Animation software
1504:. London: Phaidon.
1348:. Reaktion Books.
1261:EDB & kunstfag
850:2015-08-13 at the
802:The New York Times
420:
360:
301:dot matrix printer
299:In the 1970s, the
264:Macintosh computer
243:
186:The New York Times
156:Desmond Paul Henry
140:
130:Desmond Paul Henry
95:Origin of the term
2281:
2280:
2161:Camille Utterback
2111:Zachary Lieberman
2081:Stephanie Dinkins
1868:
1867:
1745:
1744:
1719:Site-specific art
1572:Media related to
1498:Edward A. Shanken
1481:, pp. 76–89.
1455:978-0-262-63255-3
1448:. The MIT Press.
1438:London: Routledge
1391:978-0-262-02653-6
1355:978-1-86189-143-3
1248:978-1-85177-587-3
969:978-0-500-23817-2
822:978-0-8109-9236-8
462:With the rise of
448:Nightmare Machine
336:Adobe Illustrator
240:fractal landscape
16:(Redirected from
2326:
2209:Remember To Rise
2183:Edmond de Belamy
2175:Notable artworks
2166:Pindar Van Arman
2101:Mario Klingemann
1970:Generative music
1950:Evolutionary art
1945:Electronic music
1925:Digital painting
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1542:. Archived from
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1372:Mason, Catherine
1359:
1347:
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1321:. Archived from
1240:Digital Pioneers
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458:AI generated art
380:Joseph Nechvatal
323:Graphic software
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2221:and conferences
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2049:Notable artists
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2035:Texture mapping
2000:Motion graphics
1990:Interactive art
1920:Digital imaging
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1420:Tate Publishing
1415:
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1374:, eds. (2008).
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1356:
1344:Digital culture
1339:
1292:
1271:Timothy Binkley
1259:. Reprinted in
1253:Timothy Binkley
1235:
1233:Further reading
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1217:Harvard Gazette
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852:Wayback Machine
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344:Adobe Photoshop
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209:Jasia Reichardt
165:A. Michael Noll
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1960:Generative art
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1935:Digital poetry
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1900:Computer music
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394:Main article:
391:
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364:robot painting
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312:inkjet printer
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288:Output devices
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278:Lincoln Center
246:Katherine Nash
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2071:Harold Cohen
2056:Refik Anadol
2025:Software art
1995:Internet art
1799:
1642:Computer art
1641:
1622:Architecture
1574:Computer art
1551:. Retrieved
1544:the original
1523:
1519:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1473:Frieder Nake
1463:Lev Manovich
1444:
1434:
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1406:Dick Higgins
1399:
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1323:the original
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1194:. Retrieved
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1163:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1123:
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1102:. Retrieved
1094:The Guardian
1093:
1083:
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1053:cite journal
1032:
1024:
1020:
1019:Helen Sloan,
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921:. Retrieved
913:Ars Technica
912:
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785:. Retrieved
778:the original
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708:22 September
706:. Retrieved
691:
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665:. Retrieved
662:The Atlantic
661:
651:
640:. Retrieved
626:
618:
611:
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594:. Retrieved
585:
576:
549:Software art
539:Internet art
461:
426:
421:
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384:Ken Goldberg
376:Harold Cohen
363:
361:
340:BĂ©zier curve
326:
309:
298:
294:
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282:Debbie Harry
268:
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244:
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217:John Whitney
198:
190:Frieder Nake
185:
178:
161:
144:George Petty
141:
108:
105:Efraim Arazi
100:
98:
37:Computer art
36:
35:
18:Computer Art
2258:Lumen Prize
2146:Anna Ridler
2076:Char Davies
2040:Virtual art
2030:Systems art
1955:Fractal art
1822:3D graphics
1810:2D graphics
1779:Digital art
1699:Printmaking
1694:Photography
1674:Digital art
1611:Visual arts
1478:Art Journal
1427:Digital Art
1416: 1970
1364:Brown, Paul
1305:(3): 6–23.
1299:Art Journal
750:: 159–169.
554:Systems art
524:Fractal art
519:Digital art
476:Mid journey
410:Jimmy Wales
270:Andy Warhol
146:-inspired)
137: 1962
73:performance
32:Digital art
2319:Multimedia
2288:Categories
2263:onedotzero
2141:Casey Reas
2086:Jake Elwes
2020:Render art
1980:Glitch art
1905:Crypto art
1834:3D printer
1724:Street art
1704:Public art
1679:Filmmaking
1553:2022-01-17
1500:. (2009).
1418:, London:
1273:. (1997).
1222:2024-05-29
1044:1508.06576
787:2008-04-28
667:2013-10-09
642:2013-10-09
569:References
534:Glitch art
415:The Scream
332:PostScript
305:typewriter
182:Georg Nees
150:girl at a
61:video game
30:See also:
2228:Artfutura
2156:Karl Sims
2015:Pixel art
1985:Immersion
1910:Cyberarts
1890:ASCII art
1714:Sculpture
1684:Light art
1382:MIT Press
1334:MIT Press
1319:193026727
894:192985628
752:CiteSeerX
509:ASCII art
252:in 1970.
69:algorithm
45:computers
43:in which
27:Art genre
2314:The arts
2268:SIGGRAPH
2233:Artmedia
2091:David Em
1880:Art game
1843:Software
1800:Computer
1793:Hardware
1709:Rock art
1689:Painting
1637:Ceramics
1540:57564123
1520:Leonardo
1196:16 March
1190:Archived
1165:16 March
1159:Archived
1134:16 March
1128:Archived
1126:. 2016.
1104:16 March
1098:Archived
923:June 10,
917:Archived
866:Leonardo
848:Archived
748:Leonardo
724:Leonardo
702:Archived
636:Archived
596:11 April
590:Archived
482:See also
468:DALL-E 2
466:such as
444:Facebook
436:features
89:software
81:painting
1975:GIF art
1669:Drawing
1632:Cartoon
1422:, 2005.
940:YouTube
886:1572264
774:1578284
619:Katalog
563:Modding
472:Discord
452:DeepArt
115:History
77:digital
65:website
57:DVD-ROM
1664:Design
1538:
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1155:Quartz
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450:, and
440:Prisma
429:using
219:, and
148:pin-up
53:CD-ROM
1873:Forms
1829:Xerox
1786:Tools
1647:Craft
1547:(PDF)
1536:S2CID
1516:(PDF)
1315:S2CID
1186:Slate
1039:arXiv
890:S2CID
882:JSTOR
781:(PDF)
770:JSTOR
744:(PDF)
406:photo
370:, an
368:AARON
274:Amiga
83:with
49:video
1815:2.5D
1450:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1198:2018
1167:2018
1136:2018
1106:2018
1066:help
1001:ISBN
964:ISBN
925:2011
818:ISBN
710:2015
617:In:
598:2018
172:and
152:SAGE
1805:CGI
1627:Art
1528:doi
1490:in
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