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Although there is a general definition for complete communities, the term sometimes has differing meanings within certain contexts. Within many municipal plans the term complete community is used to describe a city mandate, without a given description of how the community defines the term. This leads
100:
and a range of housing types. Households in North
America are becoming smaller, have a different form than previous generations and are more socially and economically diverse; while housing costs have increased dramatically in some parts of the country, resulting in smaller lot sizes and an increase
222:
rather than planners and policy makers who are actually creating the increase in the share of multi-family housing in suburban areas. Most developers will not actually use the term ‘complete communities,’ however, many larger master-planning developers will talk about providing a range of housing
143:
A common definition of a complete community is one where people live, work and play, and where the automobile is left at home in favour of walking and public transport. This is supported by a diverse housing mix. While each community applies the term in its own way as part of its community plans,
37:
through integrated land use planning, transportation planning, and community design. While the concept is used by many communities as part of their community plan, each plan interprets what complete community means in their own way. The idea of the complete community has roots in early planning
201:
communities, which worked to destroy the connection to neighbourhoods, institutions, parks and town centres. Planners began to advocate for a community plan where a mix of housing types and uses in compact form would be centred around transportation nodes for ease of mobility of residents.
184:
One central goal of developing complete communities involves promoting a concentration of employment opportunities, with a labour force both working and living within the geographic boundaries of the community. This is believed to be a response to the negative effects associated with
108:. Social diversity and affordability looked to be addressed through the creation of a different form, through the design of new communities that look to promote diversity. When measured on a scale looking at four elements of complete communities - living, working, moving, thriving -
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ncluding housing, shops, workplaces, schools, parks and civic facilities essential to the daily life of the residents" and (2) "community size should be designed so that housing, jobs, daily needs, and other activities are within easy walking distance of each other."
74:, which all advocate high-density 'compact' communities, and also increase the mix of activities and land uses that contribute to a complete community. The move toward compact and complete communities in modern planning is summarized in the first two
202:
Additionally, some transportation planners take planning for a connected community one step further by pushing for inclusive multi-modal and equitable transportation systems that work for people of all ages, ability, income and racial demography.
62:, and its associated negative social, environmental, and health effects, prompted a turn in theory towards increasing density in urban areas. This idea has been brought into contemporary theoretical movements including
526:
729:
Life course and lifestyle changes: urban change through the lens of demography. In
Canadian cities in Transition: new directions in the twenty-% rst century, eds T. Bunting, P. Filion, and R. Walker
447:
164:, many municipalities have focused on providing a mix of housing types as the key component of creating a complete community based on directives from provincial and regional policies.
85:, a landmark document created by the California Local Government Commission that provided the foundation for Smart Growth and New Urbanism: (1) "all planning should be in the form of
852:
533:
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The following are examples of places that have gone through, or are currently undergoing, a planning process that is informed by the concept of a complete community:
1889:
714:
Life stages, living arrangements, and lifestyles. In
Canadian cities in transition: local through global perspectives (3rd edition), eds. T. Bunting and P. Filion
197:
As the suburbs grew, roadways that prioritised the automobile grew with them. Especially in the United States, widened and expanded metropolitan areas led to poor
104:
One of the typical critiques of past suburban growth patterns is that they replicate trends of a homogeneous landscape consisting mainly of white, middle class,
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58:
was one of the first proponents for creating communities that accommodate a wide range of community members through a mix in housing types and uses. Increasing
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regulations currently there. Barriers to complete communities include zoning and bylaws that do not promote building with diverse uses and design in mind.
1836:
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A benchmark for complete communities is access to services within a five-minute walk, which contrasts the typical sprawl associated with the suburbs.
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Complete communities advocate for densification within existing neighbourhoods to provide services to users which sometimes run in contrast to
1936:
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is an urban and rural planning concept that aims to meet the basic needs of all residents in a community, regardless of income, culture, or
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Since the 1970s, Canadian planning policy has aimed to make communities more attractive and efficient through compact form, mixed-use,
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Calthorpe, P., Corbett, M., Duany, A., Moule, E., Plater-Zyberk, E., & Polyzoides, S. (1991). The
Ahwahnee Principles.
1674:
693:
Grant, Jill; Scott, D (2012). "Complete communities versus the
Canadian dream: Representations of suburban aspirations".
652:
Grant, Jill; Scott, D (2012). "Complete communities versus the
Canadian dream: Representations of suburban aspirations".
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to the term being used for a number of different objectives, depending on the goals of the specific community.
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2008:
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look to use urban policy as a way of creating a diverse housing mix, some critics argue that it is actually
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How hell moved from the city to the suburbs: urban scholars and changing perceptions of authentic community
351:
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2003:
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561:"City of Richmond State of the Environment Report 2005, Goal 4: Build Compact & Complete Communities"
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Pangborn-Dolde, J; Young, N; Roy, B; Carney, J. "Lessons from ferguson: Building complete communities".
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Grant, J; Perrott, K (2009). "Producing diversity in a new urbanism community: policy and practice".
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www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/metro-vancouver-2040/resources/Pages/default.aspx
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Pivo, G. (2005). Creating
Compact and Complete Communities: Seven Propositions for Success.
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The following are examples of places that have been described as complete communities:
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2013:
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448:"City of North Vancouver Official Community Plan: Our Vision of Complete Community"
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829:"Close to Home: The benefits of compact, walkable, transit-friendly neighbourhoods"
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352:"Are We There Yet?: Creating Complete Communities for 21st Century America"
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Vancouver Campus of the
University of British Columbia, British Columbia
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359:
reconnectingamerica.org/assets/PDFs/20121001AreWeThereYet-web.pdf
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The 'complete community' is seen as a way to deal with issues of
965:
42:, and is a component of contemporary planning methods including
891:
223:
types as a way of remaining competitive and selling community.
793:
Design for diversity: exploring socially mixed neighbourhoods
759:
Design for diversity: exploring socially mixed neighbourhoods
483:"Complete Communities: An OurWinnipeg Direction Strategy"
731:. Don Mills: Oxford University Press. pp. 131–149.
716:. Don Mills: Oxford University Press. pp. 138–153.
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in multi-family housing options and suburban density.
424:"Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe, 2006"
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811:Institute of Transportation Engineers.ITE Journal
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510:"SMART PLAN: Gibsons Official Community Plan"
8:
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588:"Metro Vancouver 2040: Shaping our Future"
140:and meet the needs of diverse households.
527:"University Boulevard Neighbourhood Plan"
246:City of North Vancouver, British Columbia
1118:Regional Planning Association of America
746:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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27:Planning meeting needs of all residents
853:"Community Sustainability Action Plan"
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144:there are several defining elements.
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876:. City of St. Albert. Archived from
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404:"Imagine Austin: Comprehensive Plan"
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1189:Professional transportation planner
695:Canadian Journal of Urban Research
654:Canadian Journal of Urban Research
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795:. Architectural Press: Amsterdam.
761:. Architectural Press: Amsterdam.
264:Town of Gibsons, British Columbia
261:City of Nanaimo, British Columbia
252:Greater Golden Horseshoe, Ontario
243:Metro Vancouver, British Columbia
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2056:
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727:Townshend, I; Walker, R (2010).
1586:Transferable development rights
1141:Environmental impact assessment
712:Rose, D; Villeneuve, P (2006).
1212:Community economic development
991:Planning and zoning commission
318:Social determinants of obesity
1:
1825:Planning Accreditation Board
1184:Transit-oriented development
1146:Recreation resource planning
628:. West Coast Environment Law
90:and integrated communities i
672:Local Government Commission
267:City of St. Albert, Alberta
2127:
1837:Professional organizations
1194:Urban freight distribution
1169:Transportation forecasting
626:West Coast Environment Law
2073:List of planning journals
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1042:History of urban planning
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619:"A Case for Smart Growth"
2009:Marine spatial planning
1521:Healthy community design
1099:Village design statement
1089:Preservation development
1084:Conservation development
617:Curran, Deborah (2003).
597:. Metro Vancouver. 2010.
388:Practicing Planner, AICP
350:Brooks, Allison (2012).
303:Healthy community design
40:The Garden City Movement
2024:Real estate development
1755:List of urban theorists
1251:City Beautiful movement
1179:Rational planning model
1161:Transportation planning
1151:Sustainable development
116:rank at the top, while
72:Sustainable Development
38:theory, beginning with
2068:List of planned cities
2004:Landscape architecture
1760:List of urban planners
1482:Conservation community
1319:Collaborative planning
1128:Environmental planning
1036:Comprehensive planning
870:"Advocacy Initiatives"
361:. Reconnecting America
193:Transportation options
136:, address inefficient
1979:Development economics
1830:Real estate education
1790:James Howard Kunstler
1715:Konstantinos Doxiadis
1596:Urban growth boundary
1536:Mixed-use development
1431:Intentional community
880:on November 18, 2016.
742:Nicolades, B (2006).
1531:Leapfrog development
1477:Complete Communities
1334:Intelligent urbanism
1261:Garden city movement
1204:Economic development
1136:Environmental design
774:Town Planning Review
460:on November 15, 2016
293:Garden City Movement
235:Kirkland, Washington
168:Diverse land use mix
56:Garden City Movement
35:political ideologies
31:Complete communities
18:Complete Communities
1937:Communist countries
1561:Planning Permission
1498:Filtering (housing)
1472:Cluster development
1281:Settlement movement
1266:Indigenous planning
308:Most livable cities
156:Diverse housing mix
76:Ahwahnee Principles
2111:Economic geography
2106:Community building
1820:Planning education
1780:Elizabeth Farrelly
1624:High-rise urbanism
1462:Affordable housing
1001:World Urbanism Day
328:Street reclamation
249:Winnipeg, Manitoba
180:Employment options
124:ranked quite low.
81:2022-01-21 at the
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2050:Cities portal
1974:Civil engineering
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1605:Peri-urbanisation
1425:Planned community
1256:Dark-sky movement
1246:Car-free movement
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1174:Trip distribution
1110:Regional planning
1063:Urban green space
1031:Land-use planning
1006:Labor market area
996:Growth management
971:Metropolitan area
791:Talen, E (2008).
757:Talen, E (2008).
128:Defining elements
16:(Redirected from
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1296:Transition towns
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98:higher densities
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1989:Urban economics
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1735:Peter Calthorpe
1690:Ebenezer Howard
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1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Lewis Mumford
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Raymond Unwin
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
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1653:
1652:practitioners
1647:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Tract housing
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Temporary use
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Planning gain
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Creative city
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Urban village
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Model village
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Commuter town
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1354:Urban renewal
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Structuralism
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
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1242:
1239:
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1210:
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1201:
1195:
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1190:
1187:
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1175:
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1167:
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1162:
1158:
1152:
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1144:
1142:
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1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Rural housing
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Redevelopment
1051:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
956:
952:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
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920:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
894:
893:
890:
879:
875:
871:
865:
862:
854:
848:
845:
830:
824:
821:
816:
812:
805:
803:
799:
794:
787:
784:
780:(3): 267–289.
779:
775:
768:
765:
760:
753:
750:
745:
738:
735:
730:
723:
720:
715:
708:
705:
700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
667:
664:
659:
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648:
646:
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627:
620:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
601:
596:
589:
583:
581:
577:
562:
556:
554:
550:
539:on 2018-03-21
535:
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389:
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360:
353:
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333:
329:
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291:
289:
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281:
279:
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275:
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263:
260:
257:
255:Austin, Texas
254:
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205:
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163:
155:
153:
148:Densification
147:
145:
141:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
114:San Francisco
111:
110:New York City
107:
102:
99:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
47:
45:
41:
36:
32:
19:
2083:
2060:
2041:
1969:Architecture
1942:Nazi Germany
1750:Thomas Adams
1730:Loretta Lees
1725:Le Corbusier
1695:Edmund Bacon
1660:Andrés Duany
1615:Urbanization
1601:Urban sprawl
1566:Rural flight
1546:Permeability
1541:Model cities
1413:Logging camp
1372:Company town
1286:Smart growth
1276:New Urbanism
1058:Urban design
878:the original
873:
864:
847:
837:November 10,
835:. Retrieved
823:
814:
810:
792:
786:
777:
773:
767:
758:
752:
743:
737:
728:
722:
713:
707:
698:
694:
671:
666:
657:
653:
630:. Retrieved
625:
594:
569:November 10,
567:. Retrieved
541:. Retrieved
534:the original
491:November 10,
489:. Retrieved
464:November 10,
462:. Retrieved
455:the original
429:November 10,
427:. Retrieved
387:
363:. Retrieved
358:
323:Smart Growth
313:New Urbanism
298:Healthy city
283:Compact city
238:
230:
213:
209:
199:inner-suburb
196:
183:
171:
159:
151:
142:
131:
103:
95:
89:
86:
68:New Urbanism
64:Smart Growth
60:urban sprawl
53:
44:Smart Growth
30:
29:
1962:disciplines
1785:Jane Jacobs
1710:James Rouse
1591:Urban decay
1576:Third place
1551:Placemaking
1401:Pit village
1391:Global city
817:(9): 31–35.
632:November 7,
365:November 7,
214:While many
2100:Categories
1705:Ian McHarg
1650:Theorists/
1427:(New town)
1386:Ghost town
1225:Concepts/
961:Urban area
543:2016-11-16
334:References
1994:Geography
1906:Barcelona
1885:Singapore
1860:Australia
1853:Countries
1467:Cityscape
1234:Movements
138:land uses
2062:Category
1911:Shanghai
1813:Training
1455:Concepts
1446:Boomtown
1436:Arcology
1408:Man camp
1376:Monotown
1329:Ekistics
1311:Theories
1227:theories
1068:Urbanism
1017:branches
986:Planning
981:Land use
935:Theories
272:See also
227:Examples
216:planners
87:complete
79:Archived
2084:Commons
1960:Related
1773:Critics
1526:LEED-ND
1024:General
954:General
945:Outline
930:History
118:Atlanta
50:History
1932:Africa
1916:Sydney
1899:Cities
1880:Serbia
1875:Russia
1846:Places
1642:People
1629:Zoning
1512:Infill
976:Suburb
174:zoning
162:Canada
122:Dallas
70:, and
1925:Other
1865:China
1301:YIMBY
1271:NIMBY
1077:Rural
1049:(Eur)
1015:Major
940:Index
856:(PDF)
832:(PDF)
622:(PDF)
591:(PDF)
564:(PDF)
537:(PDF)
530:(PDF)
486:(PDF)
458:(PDF)
451:(PDF)
407:(PDF)
355:(PDF)
1494:(US)
1101:(UK)
1038:(US)
966:City
839:2016
634:2016
571:2016
493:2016
466:2016
431:2016
367:2016
120:and
112:and
54:The
160:In
2102::
1622:/
1603:/
1519:/
1505:/
1374:/
872:.
815:85
813:.
801:^
778:80
776:.
697:.
679:^
656:.
642:^
624:.
603:^
593:.
579:^
552:^
518:^
501:^
474:^
439:^
415:^
395:^
375:^
357:.
342:^
189:.
66:,
46:.
911:e
904:t
897:v
858:.
841:.
699:1
674:.
658:1
636:.
573:.
546:.
512:.
495:.
468:.
433:.
409:.
390:.
369:.
20:)
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