618:) under the auspices of the Catholic aid agency, Caritas. The office became the instrument through which Freiburg Catholics helped racially persecuted "non-Aryans" (both Jews and Christians). Luckner drove this relief effort, using funds received from the archbishop to smuggle Jews to Switzerland and communicate the conditions for Jews to the outside world. She personally investigated the fate of the Jews being transported to the East and managed to obtain information on prisoners in concentration camps, and obtain clothing, food and money for forced labourers and prisoners of war. Luckner was arrested by the Gestapo in November 1943, and imprisoned at
564:"As a driving force behind the Jewish legal power stood the aggressive toadyism and malevolent perfidy of the Pharisees. They unmasked themselves more than ever as Christ's arch-enemies, deadly enemies.... Their eyes were blindfolded by their prejudice and blinded by their Jewish lust for worldly dominion." As for the "people" or, in his words, the "wavering crowd of Jews", the archbishop said, "The Pharisees' secret service had awakened the animal in it through lies and slander, and it was eager for grisly excitement and blood."
595:, he protested in a letter to the Baden Interior Minister Pflaumer, and was the first of the German bishops to do so in writing, according to Schwalbach. On 1 August 1940, Gröber wrote to the head of the Reich Chancellery, and warned that the murders would damage Germany's reputation. He offered to pay all costs being incurred by the state for the "care of mentally ill people intended for death". He stopped short of any tactic that could be effective, however, leaving it to
519:; he eagerly promoted the process and thereby isolated himself from his fellow bishops. On 3 June 1933 a joint pastoral letter appeared from the German Bishops' Conference, the drafting of which the bishops had entrusted to Gröber. It contained a statement that if the State would only respect certain rights and requirements of the Church, the Church would gratefully and happily support the new situation.
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secret if I explain that in the course of the last few months the contacts of the Church government in
Freiburg with the government in Karlsruhe have proceeded in the most friendly way. I also believe that I will not be betraying a secret, either to you or to the German people, if I say that I place myself unreservedly behind the new government and the new
686:
At this moment I am receiving the news of the proceeding that led to the death sentence of my diocesan priest Dr. Max
Metzger. I lament most deeply the offense of which he has made himself guilty. If I depicted him as an idealist in my message addressed to Attorney Dr. Dix, this happened without any
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While part of the literature considers this letter as a last-ditch approach used as a tactical measure, in order to obtain the conversion of the death sentence into a prison term, another part of the literature considers it a cowardly distancing from a man sentenced to death on invalid grounds. Yet
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in religious instruction, and thereby officially sanctioned this behavior, which led to considerable outrage among the faithful of the diocese. On 10 October 1933 at a large
Catholic event in Karlsruhe Gröber expressly thanked the "men of the government" for their appearance: "I will not betray any
504:, containing the following message: "At the mighty task which lies before you, I place myself as the chief shepherd of Catholics in Baden unreservedly at your side." At the diocesan synod in Freiburg from 25–28 April 1933, he advised the diocesan clergy: "no provocation and no useless martyrdom."
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City Hall revoked honorary citizenship that was bestowed to Gröber in 1932, due to contemporary historical research that has widely documented his antijudaism and his membership in the SS. On 29 June 2023, the city of
Konstanz removed his name from the Conrad-Gröber-Straße and renamed it after the
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This thoroughly sad case should teach us insistently that we refrain painstakingly from everything and anything that could hurt our
Fatherland in any way in its difficult hour, and could hurt ourselves as well; that we honor, gratefully and prayerfully, the enormous sacrifices and successes of our
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In 1941 Gröber, whilst supporting attempts to help persecuted Jews, wrote in a pastoral letter that the sad state of the Jews resulted from the curse that they had brought upon themselves when they murdered Christ. Anton
Rauscher has said that Catholic theology of the era reflected "a view of the
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The Baden
Interior Minister Pflaumer honored the cooperation promised by Gröber and sent the following directive to police headquarters on 13 November 1933: "Forceful measures against Catholic clergymen outside the framework of the general laws are not permitted in the future." At the end of the
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About Judas: "This unspeakable wretch... sits sycophantically at the Lord's Supper... at which Satan went into him... and placed him at the lead of the present-day servants of Judas.... In true Jewish fashion, he bargained with the high priests.... He is betrayed with the sign of love bubbling
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reported that
Groeber had released "An amazing document... giving a picture of the religious situation in Germany after five years of Nazi rule". The document protested a religious persecution of Catholics in Germany, detailing attacks on clergy, interference in the practice of the faith and
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formed from around 1937 as one of the few clandestine German opposition groups operating inside Nazi
Germany. Though multi-denominational, it had a strongly Christian orientation. Its outlook was rooted both in German romantic and idealist tradition and in the Catholic doctrine of
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soldiers in the field; strengthen the courage of our faithful in the homeland , consider the frightful disaster of a lost war with
Bolshevistic consequences, and daily ask God... to protect our homeland and bless it with an honorable internal and external peace.
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is necessary here: other documents from those days show that Gröber in fact did take steps to gain a mitigation of the penalty. Thus it is clear Gröber believed that only by recognizing the grounds for the judgment could he have even a minimal chance of success
575:: "All the sympathy of the Jews is hidden under barbaric rawness. The beast has smelled human blood and wants to slake its wild-burning thirst with it.... At the same time the insane but truthful self-curse of the Jews screams:
539:, that it had not always been possible to obtain from the clergy the intelligent reserve and opportune reflection that, under a full evaluation of the fundamental situation, protect individual clergymen from inconveniences.
496:(the brown Bishop). Thus during the course of the subordination of provincial governments to the Nazi central government, he directed a congratulatory telegram to the National Socialist politician appointed as proconsul in
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378:, whom he actually started on the path of philosophy, and toward whom he had a lifelong but tense relationship. In 1905 he assumed the pastorate of Holy Trinity Church in Konstanz, and in 1922 he became rector of the
742:. The priests expressed the reproaches made against them in a resolution: "We are saddened when even now we have to hear from the clergy that we had only our own foolishness to blame, that we were victims of the
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who were honored in a solemn way in a pontifical service by the bishop of Münster, wanted to commemorate their dead confreres and impress upon the public consciousness that the latter must not be allowed to have
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knowledge on my part of his criminal undertaking. I consider it important to share this with you, because it is utterly foreign to me to include his actions in the realm of idealism, as I depicted him.
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In August 1933 the Archdiocese of Freiburg published in its official newspaper, which was under Gröber's responsibility, a directive of the Baden Ministry for Culture and Education about offering the
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Möglichkeiten und Formen kirchlichen Widerstands gegen das Dritte Reich von Seiten der Kirchenbehörde und des Pfarrklerus, dargestellt am Beispiel der Erzdiözese Freiburg im Breisgau
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was kept at arm's length until shortly before the accord, but Gröber was provided preparatory information for the negotiations through his friend, Centre Party president Msgr.
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year 1933 Gröber complained in a letter to the Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli about priests critical of the regime, who had been taken into "protective custody"
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operation of welfare organisations, confiscation of church property, restrictions on preaching the Gospel, and suppression of the Catholic press and Catholic education.
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492:, that it was a duty to the fatherland to show unanimity with one's fellow countrymen. Among the populace, his policy of cooperation gained Gröber the nickname of
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Yet the bitter confrontations from the Nazi era remained: Gröber tried to silence an event for the so-called "concentration camp priests", initiated by Pastor
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in Rome. He was ordained a priest in October 1897, and completed his time in Rome in 1898 with a doctorate in theology. After a short time of activity as a
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During the Konstanz years, Gröber was particularly active in publicity and scholarship. Under his direction the Holy Trinity Church and later the
488:“). Thus Gröber wrote in an exhortation dated 8 November 1933 on the subject of the vote and plebiscite regarding Germany's withdrawal from the
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746:. We find it hard to avoid the impression that a priest was better liked by the church administration, the less he came into contact with the
546:. He argued for "the national right to maintain the nation’s racial origin unpolluted and to do whatever is necessary to guarantee this end."
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After the war Gröber explained this by saying that at the time the SS in Freiburg was considered the most decent organization of the Party.
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and as a representative on the Konstanz city council. He organized the celebrations for the 800th anniversary of the canonization of bishop
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were thoroughly restored. He was not only involved in the work of church-linked organizations, but was active as a member of the
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On the other hand, he is still reproached to this day on the ground that he had not sufficiently supported the suffragan bishop
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On 12 November, Gröber informed his diocesan clergy of the sentence against Metzger, with, among others, the following words:
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404:; in 1925 he was a canon of the cathedral chapter of Freiburg. In the diocesan curia he was assigned responsibility for
397:, celebrated in 1923, and through his collaboration at the diocesan synod of 1921, became known throughout the region.
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Also in this time came his decision, together with a few men of the cathedral, to become a "supporting member" of the
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Das Leiden unseres Herrn Jesus Christus im Lichte der vier heiligen Evangelien und der neuesten Zeitgeschichte, 1946
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he studied philosophy and theology starting in the winter semester of 1891-1892. In 1893 he became a student at the
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in 1872, to Alois and Martina Gröber. His father was a master carpenter. Gröber grew up during the period of the
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Jews which provoked anti-Semitism on the one hand, while on the other undermining the ability to oppose it."
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Aufblitzen des Widerständigen: Soziale Arbeit der Kirchen und die Frage des Widerstands während der NS-Zeit
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and church music, in which capacity he introduced a new and warmly received diocesan hymnbook in 1929.
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in 1940, although 5 of the 16 clergymen from Gröber's diocese imprisoned in the camp were murdered.
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Flash of resistance: Social work in the churches and the question of resistance during the Nazi era
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At this time, Gröber also became active as a preacher in the new medium of radio. At the Freiburg
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Die Kirchliche Kriegshilfe im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Eine Organisation des Deutschen Caritasverbandes
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After the beginning of the organized killing of the mentally and physically handicapped, termed
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Zeitgeschichte in Lebensbildern. Aus dem deutschen Katholizismus des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts
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same controversy concerning Gröber's early support to the III Reich and nazi antisemitism.
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In April 1933, Gröber opined that resistance to the Nazi regime was the folly of the "
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441:, Germany, in 1931, and was installed as Archbishop of Freiburg im Breisgau in 1932.
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1209:; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved at 4 September 2013
1155:; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved at 4 September 2013
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rhetoric and offered only mild, ineffectual objections to inhumane policies such as
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On Good Friday of 1941 he gave a sermon whose vocabulary came very close to the
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806:. Die Geschichte seines Lebens. Die Entstehung und Echtheit seiner Werke, 1941
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Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, pp.96
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421:), on whose behalf he was decisively involved in the negotiations toward a
1051:"Die Haltung der katholischen Kirche zur Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich"
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His ecclesiastical career took a step forward in 1923 when he was named a
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Die Haltung der katholischen Kirche zur Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich.
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1184:; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p 33.
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1221:"Nazi-Vergangenheit: Konstanzer Gemeinderat erkennt Ehrenbürgertitel ab"
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Die Mutter. Wege, Kraftquelle und Ziele christlicher Mutterschaft, 1922
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646:. König acted as an intermediary between the group and Conrad Grober.
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The curse has been frightfully fulfilled. Unto this present day..."
94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Gröber wrote a still controversial letter to the president of the
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1248:"Wegen Rolle in NS-Zeit: Erzbischof Gröber verliert seine Straße"
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Erzbischof Conrad Gröber und die nationalsozialistische Diktatur
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Geschichte des Jesuitenkollegs und -Gymnasiums in Konstanz, 1904
417:(Catholic assembly) of 1929, he met Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope
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A History of Catholic Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church
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Das Konstanzer Münster. Seine Geschichte und Beschreibung, 1914
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59:
18:
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Lob-Hüdepohl, Andreas; Eurich, Johannes (26 September 2018).
322:(St. Conrad's Archdiocesan House of Studies). Already as a
603:, to publicly oppose these murders at great personal risk.
354:, where he became familiar with the specific problems of a
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The "concentration camp priests", like the priests of the
1285:. In: Jürgen Aretz, Rudolf Morsey, Anton Rauscher (ed.):
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student he had decided on a ministerial career. At the
634:. Among its central membership were the Jesuit Fathers
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726:, who was the first diocesan clergyman taken to the
787:, In: Freiburger Diözesan Archiv 55, 1927; 56, 1928
568:over, with a smacking kiss from dirty Judas lips."
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1497:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Germany
1130:The Righteous Among the Nations - Gertrud Luckner
790:Christus Pastor. Bildnisse des guten Hirten, 1931
1289:. Vol. 6. Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, Mainz 1984
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885:[Bishop Gröber is Committed to Hitler].
854:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg (German).
1108:(hagiographical, but with many original quotes)
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681:
1197:; B. T. Batsford Ltd; London; 1970; p. 100-101
1182:The History of the German Resistance 1933-1945
796:Handbuch der religiösen Gegenwartsfragen, 1937
683:Esteemed Mr. President of the People's Court!
1317:. Vol. 1. Propyläen, Frankfurt am Main, 1977
833:Catholic Hierarchy - Archbishop Conrad Gröber
8:
916:Green, Vivian Hubert Howard (3 March 2000).
374:, later a priest murdered by the Nazis, and
1303:. In: Historisches Jahrbuch 92 (1972), 312
984:] (in German). Kohlhammer. p. 71.
511:between Germany and the Holy See, even the
382:, the former cathedral church in Konstanz.
350:for two years at the St. Stephanskirche in
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1512:20th-century German Roman Catholic priests
1376:
883:"Erzbischof Gröber bekennt sich zu Hitler"
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
1394:14 February 1948 in Freiburg im Breisgau
577:His blood come upon us and our children!
1193:Graml, Mommsen, Reichhardt & Wolf;
951:The Church's War Effort in World War II
844:
842:
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453:. He became a supporting member of the
370:in Konstanz. There he met the students
785:Heinrich Ignaz Freiherr von Wessenberg
606:Gröber held a protective arm over the
469:murder of people with disabilities in
658:who was driven out of his diocese of
318:, and was an alumnus of the reopened
16:German Catholic priest and archbishop
7:
1487:People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
897:from the original on 30 October 2021
862:
860:
507:In the negotiations to conclude the
150:adding citations to reliable sources
812:Aus meinem römischen Tagebuch, 1947
1507:Late Modern Christian anti-Judaism
1373:In: zum.de, May 22, 2003 (German).
1010:"The Holocaust: What Was Not Said"
943:Missalla, Heinrich (12 May 2021).
650:Response to persecution of priests
14:
1325:(New edition: Econ, München 2000
449:Gröber was an early supporter of
34:This article has multiple issues.
1338:Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich
1315:Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich
445:Early support of the Nazi regime
366:In 1901 he became rector of the
126:
64:
23:
1219:Stefan Fuchs (2 October 2019).
1195:The German Resistance to Hitler
1016:(November 2003). Archived from
953:] (in German). p. 41.
560:vocabulary of the Nazi rulers:
336:Pontifical Gregorian University
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1246:Eberhard Wein (30 June 2023).
1168:; HarperPerennial Edition 1991
620:Ravensbrück concentration camp
457:in 1933, adopted the regime's
362:Teacher and pastor in Konstanz
1:
1276:All references are in German.
1076:After Five Years of Nazi Rule
1030:German original available at
919:A New History of Christianity
871:. Springer. pp. 201–202.
675:, who had sentenced to death
597:Clemens August Graf von Galen
1517:Nazi Germany and Catholicism
1143:; retrieved 8 September 2013
616:Kirchliche Kriegshilfsstelle
571:Finally at the scene of the
451:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
259:– 14 February 1948 in
848:Christoph Schmider et al.:
714:In the aftermath of the war
679:, a priest of his diocese:
583:On 15 July 1938, Britain's
90:the claims made and adding
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1502:Förderndes Mitglied der SS
1252:stuttgarter-nachrichten.de
1166:Hitler: a Study in Tyranny
513:German Bishops' Conference
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1283:Conrad Gröber (1872-1948)
1092:Bruno Schwalbach (1985).
851:Erzbischof Conrad Gröber.
793:Kirche und Künstler, 1932
728:Dachau concentration camp
328:Albert-Ludwigs University
1387:1 April 1872 in Meßkirch
867:Michael, Robert (2008).
656:Johannes Baptista Sproll
463:compulsory sterilization
300:. He first attended the
1492:Archbishops of Freiburg
1362:German National Library
1135:19 October 2013 at the
781:Reichenauer Kunst, 1924
1444:Archbishop of Freiburg
1401:Catholic Church titles
758:On 26 September 2019,
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502:Robert Heinrich Wagner
473:. At the start of the
433:Archbishop of Freiburg
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1014:First Things Magazine
887:fz.ub.uni-freiburg.de
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486:Märtyrer der Dummheit
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1482:People from Meßkirch
1082:; 15 July 1938; p. 9
1036:21 July 2011 at the
482:Martyrs of Stupidity
332:Freiburg im Breisgau
261:Freiburg im Breisgau
248:Conrad Gröber (1933)
146:improve this article
1410:Christian Schreiber
893:. 10 October 1933.
799:Die Reichenau, 1938
748:Secret State Police
395:Conrad of Constance
292:Gröber was born in
288:Youth and education
1020:on 16 October 2009
662:as early as 1938.
494:Der braune Bischof
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75:possibly contains
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1451:Succeeded by
1424:Succeeded by
1417:Bishop of Meissen
1006:Martin Rhonheimer
991:978-3-17-034977-3
960:978-3-7534-9221-6
929:978-0-8264-1227-0
922:. A&C Black.
724:Richard Schneider
677:Max Josef Metzger
671:(People's Court)
608:German resistance
490:League of Nations
439:Bishop of Meissen
372:Max Josef Metzger
255:(1 April 1872 in
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1254:(in German)
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632:natural law
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368:Konradihaus
320:Konradihaus
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