2492:
3242:
3720:
3014:
3706:
3169:, the ban was not thoroughly enforced, and a few Jewish families began to return to Luxembourg from 1405 onwards. During an uprising in 1478, Jewish homes were torched. Only two families remained, but this number had grown to fifteen by 1515. In 1530, Jews were again expelled. This ban was enforced stringently, and Jews did not return to Luxembourg until the late 18th century.
28:
3350:. Synagogues were built in both of these cities; whilst the capital's Great Synagogue had been demolished by the Nazis. Over the second half of the twentieth century, Luxembourg's Jewish population gradually shrank, as families emigrated to other countries. In recent years, a wave of immigration by young Jews, mainly from
3292:
From 7 February 1941 a law mandated the confiscation of all property of those who had emigrated up until 1940. From 18 April 1941 this was extended to Jews remaining in
Luxembourg. The confiscated property was either sold off or used by various Nazi organisations. The money was intended to be used
3288:
On 22 October 1940 the synagogue of Esch was destroyed. In May 1941 the synagogue of
Luxembourg City was closed by the Gestapo, vandalised and then razed, which took until autumn of 1943. On 3 June 1941 the synagogue in Esch was also destroyed.
3324:, of whom, 56 survived. More than 500 Luxembourgish Jews that had fled to France or Belgium were also deported to camps, of whom 16 survived. Altogether, 1,945 of the 3,500 pre-war Luxembourgish Jews died, whilst 1,555 survived the
3675:
3180:
in 1794, Jews were allowed back into
Luxembourg, and the community flourished. By 1810, the number of Jewish families had reached 20. The first synagogue was opened in Luxembourg City in 1823, and
1125:
3285:
adopted a policy of encouraging Jews to emigrate westwards; in the following year, nearly, 1,000 took this opportunity, although it would not be enough to escape the Nazis' persecution.
3331:
At the end of the war, out of six Jewish congregations (Luxembourg City, Esch-Alzette, Ettelbruck, Mondorf, Medernach and
Grevenmacher) only two remained, in Luxembourg and in Esch.
1703:
3253:
Luxembourg was invaded by
Germany on 10 May 1940; before and during the invasion, 50,000 Luxembourgers managed to flee the country, amongst which were 1,650 Jews, who escaped into
1358:
1053:
1245:
3869:
2953:
3346:
After the war, about 1,500 Jews who had fled
Luxembourg returned, mostly merchants. Communities were re-established across Luxembourg, particularly in Luxembourg City and
2910:
2453:
217:
2891:
3791:
1240:
3563:
3042:
1488:
3997:
3927:
1742:
3424:
from southern Europe, and not at the Jewish population. The
National Movement folded in the mid-1990s, and no far-right organisation has taken its place.
3130:
The first record of a Jewish community in
Luxembourg was made in 1276, and, over the next fifty years, the population grew as a result of immigration from
727:
690:
3479:
4134:
3947:
1666:
3972:
3862:
1689:
4144:
1039:
4232:
4184:
4059:
4054:
2920:
2446:
1616:
1551:
1433:
4263:
3826:
737:
4189:
4019:
3784:
3321:
2881:
1175:
4194:
3855:
3035:
1443:
1260:
1250:
490:
4119:
1839:
1789:
1754:
1448:
1313:
1180:
2693:
4089:
4049:
4009:
3912:
3389:
behaviour and attitude in
Luxembourg. In the first half of 2002, there were no reports of antisemitic attacks in the Grand Duchy.
3116:, it is the sixth largest. Judaism is recognised and supported by the government as one of the major state-mandated religions (see:
2871:
2762:
2439:
1531:
1493:
1468:
1388:
1373:
1220:
1160:
1115:
4222:
4024:
3676:"Research and Information Centre on Antisemitism in Luxembourg (RIAL) reports significant rise in antisemitism after October 7th"
1824:
1806:
1712:
1606:
1458:
1453:
1378:
1343:
1210:
3756:""Nichts gegen die Juden als solche …" Das "Judenproblem" im Luxemburger Wort und in der katholischen Kirche im 19. Jahrhundert"
4227:
4174:
4149:
4104:
4099:
4074:
3932:
3811:
3777:
3158:, took little interest in affairs in Luxembourg. Deprived of Imperial protection, in 1391, Luxembourg's Jewish population was
2995:
2342:
2241:
1796:
1779:
1732:
1631:
1541:
1478:
1428:
1408:
1403:
1323:
1297:
1272:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1110:
1105:
4217:
2491:
4139:
4129:
4079:
4039:
3992:
3987:
3977:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3937:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3397:
3262:
3155:
3147:
3028:
2985:
2964:
2825:
2471:
1815:
1801:
1769:
1749:
1717:
1661:
1636:
1611:
1591:
1581:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1498:
1413:
1398:
1318:
1277:
1230:
1225:
1145:
1090:
4237:
4179:
4124:
4114:
4094:
4084:
4069:
4064:
4044:
4014:
3982:
3967:
3942:
3878:
3588:
La « question juive » au
Luxembourg (1933-1941): L'Etat luxembourgeois face aux persécutions antisémites nazies.
3533:
2814:
2236:
1774:
1759:
1722:
1684:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1626:
1621:
1601:
1586:
1571:
1546:
1512:
1483:
1383:
1368:
1292:
1282:
1200:
1170:
1095:
1081:
3567:
3431:, the Jewish community in Luxembourg has been faced with an "explosion" of antisemitism since October 7th, 2023, and the
717:
4154:
4109:
4034:
4004:
2773:
1844:
1764:
1727:
1651:
1596:
1463:
1438:
1363:
1338:
1328:
1267:
1190:
1185:
1165:
1155:
1135:
1120:
1013:
481:
476:
3385:
Unlike many other countries in Europe, including some of Luxembourg's closest neighbours, there is a very low level of
3816:
3270:
3236:
2975:
1834:
1829:
1784:
1737:
1423:
1393:
1353:
1348:
1205:
511:
4242:
3373:, chief Rabbi of Luxembourg. Rabbi Serebrenik and his congregation gave their new synagogue the name Ramath Orah (
3336:
The "Jewish Question" in Luxembourg (1933-1941): The Luxembourg State in the Face of Nazi Anti-Semitic Persecution.
2930:
2673:
2308:
2153:
1861:
1255:
451:
441:
177:
4212:
798:
2752:
2422:
2115:
1966:
1907:
3428:
2125:
2105:
1215:
695:
236:
3297:. In November 1941 all Jewish organisations were dissolved and more than 35,000 Reichsmark were confiscated.
3487:
3457:
3097:
2803:
2714:
2266:
2256:
2221:
2100:
2090:
1873:
1044:
986:
820:
499:
456:
171:
3836:
3800:
3118:
3085:
2942:
2385:
2120:
2034:
1100:
652:
271:
241:
70:
3591:
3354:, attracted by good working conditions, has compensated somewhat the shrinking of the Jewish population.
647:
2862:
2732:
2501:
2480:
2276:
2271:
2216:
2004:
919:
634:
529:
246:
3755:
3246:
3196:
was built in Luxembourg City in 1894, and the first provincial synagogue in Luxembourg was opened in
3193:
3189:
3177:
3173:
2683:
2638:
2347:
2299:
2039:
1897:
710:
575:
564:
522:
3821:
3159:
2663:
2628:
2618:
2597:
2576:
2400:
773:
640:
543:
536:
466:
354:
229:
17:
3512:
3417:
3301:
3151:
2784:
2741:
2251:
2201:
2148:
2143:
2057:
1927:
1195:
1024:
783:
703:
557:
123:
3241:
3725:
3396:
No antisemitic political parties exist in Luxembourg. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the
3370:
3249:
is the centre of Jewish worship in Luxembourg, having been rebuilt after the Second World War.
3089:
3018:
2836:
2510:
2395:
2337:
2317:
2134:
1694:
1333:
793:
664:
594:
471:
384:
251:
3432:
3347:
3212:
2607:
2365:
2246:
2206:
2170:
1868:
1418:
929:
685:
589:
504:
394:
186:
86:
3413:
3374:
3305:
3139:
2327:
2286:
2281:
2261:
2183:
2177:
2110:
2062:
1902:
1883:
1034:
763:
675:
658:
202:
82:
78:
74:
3629:"Artuso-Rapport unanime ugeholl: D'Chamber entschëllegt sech bei jiddescher Communautéit"
3408:
political party, achieved moderate success by the ballot box. Despite its attraction to
3074:
form one of the largest and most important religious and ethnic minority communities in
149:
3748:
3711:
3278:
3261:. Other Jews managed to escape thanks to clandestine rescues, carried out by both the
3224:
3205:
3109:
2541:
2427:
2226:
2095:
2081:
1961:
1940:
1917:
1912:
1890:
1878:
1473:
954:
888:
853:
831:
768:
606:
584:
446:
425:
401:
167:
111:
3204:
in 1899. By 1927, the Jewish community had grown to 1,171, most of whom had fled the
4257:
3362:
3338:
was unanimously adopted in the government and it apologized to the Jewish community.
3266:
3181:
3093:
2703:
2375:
2370:
1576:
1503:
1029:
878:
873:
868:
858:
836:
788:
550:
389:
294:
256:
207:
3421:
3386:
3317:
3309:
3274:
3220:
2405:
2231:
2072:
2067:
2025:
1978:
1072:
939:
924:
883:
848:
461:
303:
3599:
3628:
3590:
Rapport final remis au Premier ministre le 9 févirer 2015. Uni Lëtzebuerg, 2015.
3138:, the Jews were made scapegoats, and were murdered or expelled from the towns of
3847:
3390:
3366:
3185:
3166:
3135:
2531:
2390:
2332:
1997:
903:
898:
893:
863:
3188:
in 1843. By 1880, there were 150 Jewish families in Luxembourg, mostly in the
3701:
3409:
3405:
3201:
3197:
3143:
3113:
3075:
3062:
2048:
1062:
991:
949:
778:
758:
317:
224:
144:
32:
3401:
3358:
3325:
3105:
2587:
2211:
2196:
1286:
1234:
996:
944:
934:
615:
611:
601:
516:
276:
3215:, the population had grown to about 4,200, fuelled by the arrival of 3,200
964:
27:
3369:, founded by Jews who fled Luxembourg in the Nazi period led by Rabbi Dr.
3769:
3653:
2380:
1990:
1922:
753:
261:
212:
3566:(in French). Service Information et Presse. 3 July 2005. Archived from
3282:
3258:
3216:
3081:
2521:
2356:
2322:
2191:
1985:
974:
969:
841:
732:
627:
623:
619:
368:
363:
340:
322:
197:
192:
182:
160:
135:
98:
3293:
towards funding the germanisation policy in Luxembourg, the so-called
3351:
3313:
3254:
3208:
2566:
2016:
2011:
1971:
1956:
1067:
959:
379:
345:
331:
266:
36:
3458:"Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in the European Union - Luxembourg"
3240:
3131:
3101:
979:
408:
312:
281:
26:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3613:
3058:
131:
3851:
3773:
3744:
Website of the Jewish community of Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
3393:
and verbal aggression towards Jews are also almost unheard of.
3071:
3506:
3504:
3739:
Website of the Jewish community of Luxembourg (synagogue.lu)
3300:
Most Jews that remained in the Grand Duchy were interned at
3738:
3733:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3265:
and individuals; the most famous of these individuals was
3743:
3734:
Website of Chabad Lubavitch in Luxembourg (lubavitch.lu)
3312:. From here, 696 Jewish prisoners were deported to
3146:. A few remained, protected by the intervention of
1995:
1976:
399:
4203:
4165:
3885:
3656:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
104:
92:
64:
54:
3536:(in French). Israeli Ministry for Foreign Affairs
3066:dates back to the 1200s. There are roughly 1,200
3328:by fleeing, hiding, or surviving in detention.
3534:"Embassy of Israel - Belgium & Luxembourg"
3420:minorities, most of its rhetoric was aimed at
3863:
3785:
3377:for 'mountain of light', i.e. 'Luxembourg').
3036:
2447:
8:
45:
691:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3870:
3856:
3848:
3792:
3778:
3770:
3486:. Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from
3043:
3029:
2465:
2454:
2440:
2304:
1945:
1018:
825:
430:
299:
118:
44:
3564:"Commémoration de la Shoah au Luxembourg"
3616:, No. 1210 (12/04/2013), pp. 6-7 (ill.).
3444:
3281:to Luxembourg. From October 1940, the
3150:. After the death of Charles, the new
2479:
2468:
2355:
2307:
2133:
2080:
2047:
2024:
1948:
1814:
1702:
1676:
1511:
1305:
1080:
1052:
911:
745:
674:
574:
489:
433:
353:
330:
302:
130:
3334:Luxembourg government's 2015 report:
7:
3654:"The Jewish Community of Luxembourg"
3365:, there is an active congregation,
18:Consistoire Israélite de Luxembourg
3698:External links and further reading
3104:. By absolute size, Luxembourg's
25:
482:Historical population comparisons
3718:
3704:
3610:La question juive au Grand-Duché
3012:
2490:
1126:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1040:Historical population by country
3754:Muller, Tanja (November 2011).
3277:announced the extension of the
3879:History of the Jews in Europe
3635:(in Luxembourgish). 2015-06-10
3211:, and, by the outbreak of the
3108:is one of the smallest in the
1:
3513:"Virtual Jewish History Tour"
3478:DellaPergola, Sergio (2002).
697:Christianity and Judaism
4264:Jewish Luxembourgian history
3484:World Jewish Population 2002
3247:synagogue in Luxembourg City
3231:Luxembourg and the Holocaust
3271:Righteous Among the Nations
3237:The Holocaust in Luxembourg
3200:in 1870, the second one in
1996:
1977:
1704:Latin America and Caribbean
400:
35:(dark green, in circle) in
4280:
3234:
2309:Jewish political movements
2006:Conversion to Judaism
3807:
3342:Luxembourgish Jewry today
3269:, a cabinet minister and
2753:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
712:Hinduism and Judaism
109:
97:
69:
59:
3680:European Jewish Congress
3515:. Jewish Virtual Library
3460:. Jewish Virtual Library
3429:European Jewish Congress
3357:On West 110th Street in
3184:was appointed the first
538:Temple in Jerusalem
231:Bar and bat mitzvah
2892:Reign of Marie-Adélaïde
2863:20th and 21st centuries
500:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3928:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3801:Religion in Luxembourg
3412:and its opposition to
3250:
3119:Religion in Luxembourg
3088:in Luxembourg, behind
3086:religious denomination
2826:Reign of Guillaume III
39:
3295:Aufbaufonds Moselland
3244:
3098:Orthodox Christianity
3084:is the fifth-largest
3019:Luxembourg portal
2882:Reign of Guillaume IV
2815:Reign of Guillaume II
1246:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1241:Republic of the Congo
635:Second Temple Judaism
506:Kingdom of Judah
477:Modern historiography
105:Related ethnic groups
48:LĂ«tzebuergesch Judden
30:
3570:on 30 September 2007
3178:Austrian Netherlands
3112:; relative to total
2774:Reign of Guillaume I
2348:World Agudath Israel
1489:United Arab Emirates
576:Second Temple period
566:Babylonian captivity
4166:States with limited
3480:"Population Tables"
3322:extermination camps
3273:. On 5 September,
2965:Government in exile
2694:Revolutionary siege
2629:Duchy of Luxembourg
2619:House of Luxembourg
641:Hellenistic Judaism
219:Land of Israel
178:Principles of faith
51:
46:Luxembourgish Jews
3765:(in German) (312).
3251:
3165:After the initial
3148:Emperor Charles IV
3068:Jews in Luxembourg
2921:Reign of Charlotte
2785:Belgian Revolution
2742:Congress of Vienna
2202:Jewish Koine Greek
1744:Dominican Republic
1025:Judaism by country
704:Jews and Christmas
559:Assyrian captivity
50:יהודים לוקסמבורגים
40:
4251:
4250:
3845:
3844:
3827:Eastern Orthodoxy
3812:Roman Catholicism
3749:Jewish Luxembourg
3726:Luxembourg portal
3427:According to the
3398:National Movement
3371:Robert Serebrenik
3090:Roman Catholicism
3053:
3052:
3004:
3003:
2954:German occupation
2911:German occupation
2853:
2852:
2846:Full independence
2837:Luxembourg Crisis
2723:
2722:
2674:Louis XIV's siege
2647:
2646:
2608:Duchy of Lorraine
2550:
2549:
2511:Celtic Luxembourg
2464:
2463:
2413:
2412:
2161:
2160:
1908:Reconstructionist
1852:
1851:
1004:
1003:
811:
810:
648:Jewish–Roman wars
596:Hasmonean dynasty
512:Kingdom of Israel
416:
415:
117:
116:
16:(Redirected from
4271:
4204:Dependencies and
4145:Northern Ireland
3886:Sovereign states
3872:
3865:
3858:
3849:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3560:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3511:Sloane, Joanna.
3508:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3454:
3433:Israel-Hamas War
3348:Esch-sur-Alzette
3213:Second World War
3176:conquest of the
3045:
3038:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2872:Reign of Adolphe
2868:
2867:
2804:Treaty of London
2738:
2737:
2660:
2659:
2563:
2562:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2484:
2466:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2305:
2186:
2007:
2001:
1982:
1946:
1893:
1840:New Zealand
1792:
1755:El Salvador
1745:
1677:Northern America
1669:
1263:
1019:
930:Crimean Karaites
826:
804:
802:
723:
721:
713:
707:
698:
686:Rabbinic Judaism
667:
661:
655:
643:
631:
597:
590:Maccabean Revolt
567:
560:
554:
546:
539:
533:
525:
507:
431:
405:
300:
232:
220:
119:
55:Total population
52:
31:The location of
21:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4205:
4199:
4185:Northern Cyprus
4167:
4161:
4060:North Macedonia
3881:
3876:
3846:
3841:
3803:
3798:
3758:
3753:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3604:gouvernement.lu
3586:
3582:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3491:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3441:
3383:
3344:
3306:internment camp
3239:
3233:
3194:Great Synagogue
3140:Luxembourg City
3128:
3057:history of the
3049:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3005:
2943:German invasion
2865:
2855:
2854:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2504:
2482:
2475:
2460:
2415:
2414:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2282:Judeo-Malayalam
2262:Judaeo-Georgian
2182:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2063:Yiddish theatre
2005:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1891:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1790:
1743:
1667:
1261:
1045:Genetic studies
1016:
1006:
1005:
823:
813:
812:
800:
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3817:Protestantism
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3490:on 2007-10-11
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3422:guest workers
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3192:. The first
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2715:Peasants' War
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2502:Early history
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1199:
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1176:Guinea-Bissau
1174:
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1059:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Lists of Jews
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1009:
998:
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988:
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910:
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882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
829:
828:
827:
822:
817:
816:
805:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:The Holocaust
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
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734:
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729:
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724:
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714:
709:
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694:
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689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
681:
677:
673:
666:
660:
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636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
577:
573:
568:
563:
561:
556:
552:
548:
545:
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531:
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518:
515:
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438:
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432:
427:
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410:
407:
404:
403:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Mishneh Torah
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
375:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
356:
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342:
339:
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329:
324:
321:
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316:
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305:
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296:
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283:
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191:
188:
184:
181:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
157:
156:
151:
150:Who is a Jew?
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:
113:
108:
103:
100:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:Luxembourgish
68:
63:
58:
53:
38:
34:
29:
19:
4195:Transnistria
4029:
3831:
3762:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3648:
3637:. Retrieved
3632:
3623:
3609:
3603:
3600:PDF-Download
3595:
3592:PDF Download
3587:
3583:
3572:. Retrieved
3568:the original
3538:. Retrieved
3528:
3517:. Retrieved
3492:. Retrieved
3488:the original
3483:
3473:
3462:. Retrieved
3426:
3395:
3384:
3381:Antisemitism
3356:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3318:labour camps
3310:Troisvierges
3299:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3275:Gustav Simon
3252:
3245:The current
3221:Nazi Germany
3171:
3164:
3129:
3117:
3080:
3067:
3056:
3054:
2931:World War II
2901:World War I:
2733:19th century
2664:Spanish rule
2656:Early Modern
2598:Carolingians
2577:Merovingians
2406:Post-Zionism
2277:Judeo-Berber
2272:Judeo-Arabic
2232:Judeo-Gascon
1979:Pidyon haben
1898:Conservative
1444:Saudi Arabia
1262:South Africa
1251:Sierra Leone
1073:Israeli Jews
987:Mosaic Arabs
940:Kaifeng Jews
801:Arab–Israeli
774:Emancipation
653:Great Revolt
462:Anti-Judaism
457:Antisemitism
452:Name "Judea"
247:Baal teshuva
42:Ethnic group
4233:Isle of Man
4168:recognition
4120:Switzerland
4055:Netherlands
3404:and openly
3391:Hate speech
3387:antisemitic
3367:Ramath Orah
3302:FĂĽnfbrunnen
3186:chief rabbi
3136:Black Death
2704:French rule
2559:Middle Ages
2532:Gallic Wars
2481:History of
2401:Revisionist
2391:Neo-Zionism
1998:Zeved habat
1791:Puerto Rico
1617:Netherlands
1449:South Korea
1434:Philippines
1314:Afghanistan
1181:Ivory Coast
955:Crypto-Jews
920:Bnei Anusim
899:Bene Israel
864:Beta Israel
821:Communities
728:Middle Ages
467:Persecution
242:Bereavement
4090:San Marino
4050:Montenegro
4030:Luxembourg
4010:Kazakhstan
3913:Azerbaijan
3639:2023-02-22
3633:www.rtl.lu
3574:2006-07-29
3540:2006-07-29
3519:2006-07-29
3494:2006-07-29
3464:2006-07-29
3406:xenophobic
3263:resistance
3202:Echternach
3198:Ettelbruck
3174:Napoleonic
3172:After the
3156:Wenceslaus
3144:Echternach
3114:population
3076:Luxembourg
3063:Luxembourg
2763:Dutch rule
2542:Roman rule
2483:Luxembourg
2386:Maximalism
2338:Secularism
2318:Autonomism
2135:Literature
1928:Humanistic
1532:Azerbaijan
1494:Uzbekistan
1469:Tajikistan
1389:Kyrgyzstan
1374:Kazakhstan
1221:Mozambique
1196:Madagascar
1116:Cape Verde
1068:New Yishuv
1063:Old Yishuv
1014:Population
992:Subbotniks
950:Samaritans
889:Romanyotim
832:Ashkenazim
779:Old Yishuv
759:Sabbateans
746:Modern era
738:Golden Age
665:Bar Kokhba
385:Beit Yosef
252:Philosophy
33:Luxembourg
4223:Gibraltar
4025:Lithuania
3439:Footnotes
3418:religious
3410:neo-Nazis
3402:far-right
3359:Manhattan
3326:Holocaust
3167:expulsion
3106:community
2990:1964-2000
2976:Holocaust
2925:1919-1964
2876:1890-1905
2708:1795–1815
2668:1556–1714
2643:1482–1556
2633:1352-1482
2588:Austrasia
2396:Religious
2252:Zarphatic
2242:Bukharian
2212:Judeo-Tat
2197:Yeshivish
2171:Languages
2126:Sephardic
2116:Israelite
2106:Ethiopian
2096:Ashkenazi
2035:Religious
1825:Australia
1807:Venezuela
1713:Argentina
1695:Greenland
1607:Lithuania
1459:Sri Lanka
1454:Singapore
1379:Kurdistan
1344:Indonesia
1334:Hong Kong
1287:Abayudaya
1211:Mauritius
945:Igbo Jews
935:Krymchaks
854:Sephardim
722:relations
616:Sadducees
612:Pharisees
602:Sanhedrin
517:Jerusalem
277:Synagogue
145:Etymology
65:Languages
4258:Category
4243:Svalbard
4228:Guernsey
4175:Abkhazia
4150:Scotland
4105:Slovenia
4100:Slovakia
4075:Portugal
3933:Bulgaria
3837:Hinduism
3217:refugees
3160:expelled
2536:58–50 BC
2472:a series
2470:Part of
2423:Category
2381:Kahanism
2328:Feminism
2300:Politics
2184:Biblical
2154:American
2101:Bukharan
2091:American
1991:Shidduch
1967:Clothing
1923:Haymanot
1869:Orthodox
1797:Suriname
1780:Paraguay
1733:Colombia
1632:Portugal
1542:Bulgaria
1479:Thailand
1429:Pakistan
1409:Mongolia
1404:Malaysia
1324:Cambodia
1298:Zimbabwe
1273:Tanzania
1151:Eswatini
1141:Ethiopia
1131:Djibouti
1111:Cameroon
1106:Botswana
1035:Diaspora
997:Noahides
970:Marranos
894:Cochinim
879:Bukharim
869:Gruzinim
859:Teimanim
849:Mizrahim
837:Galician
803:conflict
764:Hasidism
754:Haskalah
659:Diaspora
530:timeline
442:Timeline
355:Rabbinic
262:Kabbalah
237:Marriage
213:Tzedakah
203:Holidays
161:Religion
124:a series
122:Part of
93:Religion
4140:England
4130:Ukraine
4080:Romania
4040:Moldova
3998:Ireland
3993:Iceland
3988:Hungary
3978:Germany
3973:Georgia
3963:Finland
3958:Estonia
3953:Denmark
3938:Croatia
3923:Belgium
3918:Belarus
3908:Austria
3903:Armenia
3898:Andorra
3893:Albania
3832:Judaism
3685:11 June
3660:24 June
3314:ghettos
3283:Gestapo
3259:Belgium
3209:pogroms
3206:Russian
3190:Gutland
3152:Emperor
3126:History
3082:Judaism
2969:1940-45
2958:1940-45
2915:1914-18
2896:1912-19
2886:1905-12
2830:1849-90
2819:1840–49
2797:1839–90
2789:1830–31
2778:1815-40
2767:1815–30
2698:1794–95
2688:1714–95
2602:751–987
2581:481–751
2522:Treveri
2366:General
2357:Zionism
2333:Leftism
2323:Bundism
2247:Knaanic
2207:Yevanic
2192:Yiddish
2149:Yiddish
2144:Israeli
2121:Mizrahi
2111:Israeli
2082:Cuisine
2058:Ancient
2040:Secular
1986:Kashrut
1962:Wedding
1949:Customs
1941:Culture
1918:Science
1913:Renewal
1903:Karaite
1884:Hasidic
1816:Oceania
1802:Uruguay
1770:Jamaica
1750:Ecuador
1718:Bolivia
1662:Ukraine
1637:Romania
1612:Moldova
1592:Hungary
1582:Germany
1577:Georgia
1567:Finland
1562:Estonia
1557:Denmark
1552:Czechia
1537:Belarus
1527:Austria
1522:Armenia
1499:Vietnam
1414:Myanmar
1399:Lebanon
1319:Bahrain
1278:Tunisia
1256:Somalia
1231:Nigeria
1226:Namibia
1216:Morocco
1146:Eritrea
1091:Algeria
975:Neofiti
884:Italkim
874:Juhurim
784:Zionism
733:Khazars
628:Sicarii
624:Zealots
620:Essenes
607:Schisms
472:Leaders
434:General
426:History
369:Tosefta
364:Midrash
341:Mishnah
323:Ketuvim
318:Nevi'im
267:Customs
198:Shabbat
193:Halakha
185: (
183:Mitzvot
170: (
136:Judaism
99:Judaism
87:Yiddish
4238:Jersey
4180:Kosovo
4125:Turkey
4115:Sweden
4095:Serbia
4085:Russia
4070:Poland
4065:Norway
4045:Monaco
4015:Latvia
3983:Greece
3968:France
3943:Cyprus
3612:; in:
3596:rtl.lu
3414:ethnic
3375:Hebrew
3352:France
3320:, and
3255:France
3100:, and
3070:, and
2936:
2904:
2623:
2592:
2571:
2567:Franks
2526:
2515:~51 BC
2474:on the
2428:Portal
2287:Domari
2217:Shassi
2178:Hebrew
2073:Humour
2017:Hiloni
2012:Aliyah
1972:Niddah
1957:Minyan
1892:Reform
1879:Haredi
1874:Modern
1775:Mexico
1760:Guyana
1723:Brazil
1685:Canada
1657:Sweden
1647:Serbia
1642:Russia
1627:Poland
1622:Norway
1602:Latvia
1587:Greece
1572:France
1547:Cyprus
1513:Europe
1484:Turkey
1474:Taiwan
1384:Kuwait
1369:Jordan
1359:Israel
1293:Zambia
1283:Uganda
1201:Malawi
1171:Guinea
1161:Gambia
1096:Angola
1082:Africa
965:Dönmeh
960:Anusim
904:Berber
842:Litvak
794:Israel
700:
637:
551:Second
519:
380:Targum
346:Gemara
332:Talmud
304:Tanakh
257:Ethics
208:Prayer
110:other
83:Hebrew
79:German
75:French
37:Europe
4213:Ă…land
4155:Wales
4110:Spain
4035:Malta
4005:Italy
3822:Islam
3763:Forum
3759:(PDF)
3308:near
3304:, an
3219:from
3132:Trier
3102:Islam
3000:2000-
2849:1890-
2757:1815–
2376:Labor
2371:Green
2068:Dance
2026:Music
1845:Palau
1765:Haiti
1728:Chile
1652:Spain
1597:Italy
1504:Yemen
1464:Syria
1439:Qatar
1419:Nepal
1364:Japan
1339:India
1329:China
1268:Sudan
1191:Libya
1186:Kenya
1166:Ghana
1156:Gabon
1136:Egypt
1121:Benin
980:Xueta
925:Lemba
544:First
409:Zohar
313:Torah
295:Texts
282:Rabbi
272:Rites
172:names
60:1,200
3687:2024
3662:2018
3614:woxx
3416:and
3400:, a
3257:and
3223:and
3142:and
3072:Jews
3059:Jews
3055:The
2980:1941
2947:1940
2841:1867
2808:1839
2746:1815
2719:1798
2678:1684
2612:959~
1835:Guam
1830:Fiji
1785:Peru
1738:Cuba
1424:Oman
1394:Laos
1354:Iraq
1349:Iran
1306:Asia
1235:Igbo
1206:Mali
225:Brit
134:and
132:Jews
3602:at
3594:at
3122:).
3061:in
2049:Art
395:Tur
187:613
73:,
4260::
3761:.
3678:.
3631:.
3606:.
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3503:^
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3447:^
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626:,
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614:,
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174:)
20:)
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