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other, cells orient along the direction of these nano/microgrooves. Based on this, cells seem to be able to sense the structural characteristics of their surrounding and consequently respond by adopting the orientation of topographical stimuli. A similar effect can be obtained when cells are cultured on flat surfaces with lines of
391:
When cells are seeded onto flat substrates, they are normally in a random orientation. However, substrates with topographical patterns influence the orientation of cells cultured on these surfaces by their geometrical cues. For example, if a substrate has nano/microgrooves running parallel to each
459:
seem to play an important role. Recently, a computational model has been developed that is able to simulate the re-alignment of cells and stress fibers on top of grooved surfaces. Briefly, it has been supposed that cells, once seeded, form focal adhesions on top of the ridges and not above the
1168:
Fioretta, Emanuela S.; Simonet, Marc; Smits, Anthal I. P. M.; Baaijens, Frank P. T.; Bouten, Carlijn V. C. (10 March 2014). "Differential
Response of Endothelial and Endothelial Colony Forming Cells on Electrospun Scaffolds with Distinct Microfiber Diameters".
479:
On the other hand, when the groove size is relatively large, the intracellular signal cannot reach the locations of the cell situated on top of the grooves, as diffusion is limited. As a result, stress fibers form only close to the ridges, and these
443:. Currently, scientists are investigating the mechanisms and potential of contact guidance to control cellular alignment, which would ultimately lead to the control of their cellular forces and certain aspects of collagen remodeling.
1097:
LOESBERG, W; TERIET, J; VANDELFT, F; SCHON, P; FIGDOR, C; SPELLER, S; VANLOON, J; WALBOOMERS, X; JANSEN, J (September 2007). "The threshold at which substrate nanogroove dimensions may influence fibroblast alignment and adhesion".
769:
LOESBERG, W; TERIET, J; VANDELFT, F; SCHON, P; FIGDOR, C; SPELLER, S; VANLOON, J; WALBOOMERS, X; JANSEN, J (September 2007). "The threshold at which substrate nanogroove dimensions may influence fibroblast alignment and adhesion".
889:
den Braber, E.T.; de
Ruijter, J.E.; Smits, H.T.J.; Ginsel, L.A.; von Recum, A.F.; Jansen, J.A. (June 1996). "Quantitative analysis of cell proliferation and orientation on substrata with uniform parallel surface micro-grooves".
467:
produce a signal that starts to diffuse into the cell inducing stress fiber assembly. At this point, there are two different possibilities, depending on the groove size. On the one hand, when the groove size is small, the
1295:
Barocas, V. H.; Tranquillo, R. T. (1997). "An
Anisotropic Biphasic Theory of Tissue-Equivalent Mechanics: The Interplay Among Cell Traction, Fibrillar Network Deformation, Fibril Alignment, and Cell Contact Guidance".
1251:
de Jonge, Nicky; Kanters, Frans M. W.; Baaijens, Frank P. T.; Bouten, Carlijn V. C. (27 November 2012). "Strain-induced
Collagen Organization at the Micro-level in Fibrin-based Engineered Tissue Constructs".
970:
Zimerman, B.; Arnold, M.; Ulmer, J.; Blümmel, J.; Besser, A.; Spatz, J.P.; Geiger, B. (2004). "Formation of focal adhesion-stress fibre complexes coordinated by adhesive and non-adhesive surface domains".
1055:
Lamers, Edwin; Frank
Walboomers, X.; Domanski, Maciej; te Riet, Joost; van Delft, Falco C.M.J.M.; Luttge, Regina; Winnubst, Louis A.J.A.; Gardeniers, Han J.G.E.; Jansen, John A. (April 2010).
847:
Lamers, Edwin; Frank
Walboomers, X.; Domanski, Maciej; te Riet, Joost; van Delft, Falco C.M.J.M.; Luttge, Regina; Winnubst, Louis A.J.A.; Gardeniers, Han J.G.E.; Jansen, John A. (April 2010).
805:
Lamers, Edwin; Frank
Walboomers, X.; Domanski, Maciej; te Riet, Joost; van Delft, Falco C.M.J.M.; Luttge, Regina; Winnubst, Louis A.J.A.; Gardeniers, Han J.G.E.; Jansen, John A. (April 2010).
419:, and soft tissues. In those conditions, the geometrical cues provided by collagen or scaffold fibers are able to influence the orientation of cells. For example, it has been observed that
407:, which align along these topographical patterns when the grooves are wider than 150 nm. On the other hand, grooves that are too wide can decrease the effects of contact guidance
1380:
Zhou, Feng; Yuan, Lin; Huang, He; Chen, Hong (13 September 2009). "Phenomenon of "contact guidance" on the surface with nano-micro-groove-like pattern and cell physiological effects".
427:
scaffolds. Similarly, the collagen fibers present in collagen gels and soft tissues can influence cell alignment, providing the most important stimulus in terms of cell orientation
1133:
Charest, Joseph L.; García, Andrés J.; King, William P. (2007). "Myoblast alignment and differentiation on cell culture substrates with microscale topography and model chemistries".
488:. Due to the anisotropic cellular contraction, stress fibers and cells align along the direction of the microgrooves. Further experiments are necessary to validate this theory.
127:
299:
476:, and these fibers can pull on their surroundings in an isotropic fashion, and consequently the resulting cell shape is isotropic (without a preferred alignment).
505:
Wang, J. H.; Grood, E. S. (1 January 2000). "The strain magnitude and contact guidance determine orientation response of fibroblasts to cyclic substrate strains".
935:
Walboomers, X. F.; Monaghan, W.; Curtis, A. S. G.; Jansen, J. A. (August 1999). "Attachment of fibroblasts on smooth and microgrooved polystyrene".
403:-like cells align along the nanogrooves only for grooves wider than 75 nm. A similar behavior has been observed with other cell types, such as
753:
399:
It has also been observed that the phenomenon of contact guidance on microgrooved surfaces is influenced by the groove width. For instance,
699:
Weiss, Paul (December 1945). "Experiments on cell and axon orientation in vitro: The role of colloidal exudates in tissue organization".
472:
produced by focal adhesions on the ridges can homogenously reach all locations in the cell. In that case, the stress fiber assembly is
1208:; Kanters, Frans M. W.; Baaijens, Frank P. T. (1 October 2012). "The influence of matrix integrity on stress-fiber remodeling in 3D".
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printed on top (to which cells can adhere), interspersed by repellent lines; in that case, cells also align along the patterns.
469:
188:
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617:(27 November 2012). "Strain-induced Collagen Organization at the Micro-level in Fibrin-based Engineered Tissue Constructs".
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Recent research has highlighted the importance of cellular alignment for the mechanical properties and functionality of the
415:
Cells can orient in response to contact guidance when located inside three-dimensional structures, such as collagen gels,
371:. This phenomenon was discovered in 1912, and the terminology was introduced in 1945, but it is with the development of
167:
135:
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that researchers drew increasing attention on this topic, seeing the potential of contact guidance in influencing the
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558:"Contact Guidance Mediated Three-Dimensional Cell Migration is Regulated by Rho/ROCK-Dependent Matrix Reorganization"
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on the biological mechanisms determining contact guidance. In general, cellular contraction, stress fibers and
156:
1006:
Alford, Patrick W.; Nesmith, Alexander P.; Seywerd, Johannes N.; Grosberg, Anna; Parker, Kevin Kit (2011).
1057:"The influence of nanoscale grooved substrates on osteoblast behavior and extracellular matrix deposition"
849:"The influence of nanoscale grooved substrates on osteoblast behavior and extracellular matrix deposition"
807:"The influence of nanoscale grooved substrates on osteoblast behavior and extracellular matrix deposition"
1478:
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Provenzano, Paolo P.; Inman, David R.; Eliceiri, Kevin W.; Trier, Steven M.; Keely, Patricia J. (2008).
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383:. Nevertheless, the biological processes underlying contact guidance are still unclear.
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It may require cleanup to comply with
Knowledge (XXG)'s content policies, particularly
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1425:"Simulation of the cytoskeletal response of cells on grooved or patterned substrates"
1333:"Simulation of the cytoskeletal response of cells on grooved or patterned substrates"
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662:"The cultivation of tissues in extraneous media as a method of morphogenetic study"
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is influenced by geometrical patterns such as nano/microgrooves on substrates, or
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199908)46:2<212::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-Y
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colony forming cells align along the direction of the fibers present in
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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1423:
Vigliotti, A.; McMeeking, R. M.; Deshpande, V. S. (11 March 2015).
1331:
Vigliotti, A.; McMeeking, R. M.; Deshpande, V. S. (11 March 2015).
745:
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de Jonge, Nicky; Kanters, Frans M. W.; Baaijens, Frank P. T.;
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56:
15:
1008:"Vascular smooth muscle contractility depends on cell shape"
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A major contributor to this article appears to have a
431:
Potential of contact guidance for tissue engineering
290:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
447:Biological mechanisms determining contact guidance
411:Contact guidance in three-dimensional structures
387:Contact guidance on two-dimensional substrates
141:Please review the contents of the article and
8:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1448:
1356:
1031:
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336:Learn how and when to remove this message
318:Learn how and when to remove this message
302:, without removing the technical details.
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
937:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
497:
1429:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1337:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
300:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1298:Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
973:IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology
742:Baldacchini, Tommaso (2019-10-31).
484:bundles pull on their surroundings
1222:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.103
1147:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.020
1112:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.030
1076:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.034
868:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.034
826:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.034
784:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.030
439:developed using the principles of
14:
660:Harrison, Ross Granville (1912).
451:Many researchers have formulated
31:This article has multiple issues.
1254:Annals of Biomedical Engineering
619:Annals of Biomedical Engineering
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243:. Please discuss further on the
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61:
20:
701:Journal of Experimental Zoology
39:or discuss these issues on the
143:add the appropriate references
1:
355:for which the orientation of
904:10.1016/0142-9612(96)85910-2
582:10.1529/biophysj.108.133116
128:reliable medical references
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507:Connective Tissue Research
1402:10.1007/s11434-009-0366-1
1266:10.1007/s10439-012-0704-3
631:10.1007/s10439-012-0704-3
519:10.3109/03008200009005639
134:or relies too heavily on
1382:Chinese Science Bulletin
985:10.1049/ip-nbt:20040474
76:, as no other articles
1441:10.1098/rsif.2014.1320
1349:10.1098/rsif.2014.1320
721:10.1002/jez.1401000305
678:10.1002/ar.1090060404
666:The Anatomical Record
381:organization of cells
241:neutral point of view
1206:Deshpande, Vikram S.
615:Bouten, Carlijn V.C.
470:intracellular signal
1394:2009ChSBu..54.3200Z
1012:Integrative Biology
713:1945JEZ...100..353W
574:2008BpJ....95.5374P
562:Biophysical Journal
367:fibers in gels and
1024:10.1039/c1ib00061f
748:. William Andrew.
441:tissue engineering
373:tissue engineering
157:"Contact guidance"
95:for suggestions.
85:to this page from
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1171:Biomacromolecules
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132:verification
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33:Please help
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482:acto-myosin
425:electrospun
421:endothelial
405:fibroblasts
126:needs more
1473:Categories
913:2066/22837
492:References
460:grooves.
453:hypotheses
437:prostheses
401:osteoblast
377:morphology
353:phenomenon
168:newspapers
91:; try the
78:link to it
36:improve it
1230:1878-5905
527:0300-8207
474:isotropic
417:scaffolds
245:talk page
81:. Please
42:talk page
1459:25762648
1410:98111688
1367:25762648
1282:14896115
1274:23184346
1238:22818650
1191:24502702
1155:17267031
1120:17576010
1084:20122723
1042:21993765
993:16475844
957:10379999
876:20122723
834:20122723
792:17576010
729:21010856
686:84547200
647:14896115
639:23184346
600:18775961
543:34511081
535:10826706
394:proteins
365:collagen
1450:4387521
1390:Bibcode
1358:4387521
1318:9168388
1033:8388149
922:8718969
709:Bibcode
591:2586586
570:Bibcode
294:Please
182:scholar
147:removed
1489:Fibers
1457:
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1365:
1355:
1316:
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588:
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184:
177:
170:
163:
155:
74:orphan
72:is an
1484:Cells
1406:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1060:(PDF)
852:(PDF)
810:(PDF)
682:S2CID
643:S2CID
539:S2CID
357:cells
189:JSTOR
175:books
1455:PMID
1363:PMID
1314:PMID
1270:PMID
1234:PMID
1226:ISSN
1187:PMID
1151:PMID
1116:PMID
1080:PMID
1038:PMID
989:PMID
953:PMID
918:PMID
872:PMID
830:PMID
788:PMID
750:ISBN
725:PMID
635:PMID
596:PMID
531:PMID
523:ISSN
379:and
359:and
161:news
130:for
1445:PMC
1437:doi
1398:doi
1353:PMC
1345:doi
1306:doi
1302:119
1262:doi
1218:doi
1179:doi
1143:doi
1108:doi
1072:doi
1028:PMC
1020:doi
981:doi
977:151
945:doi
908:hdl
900:doi
864:doi
822:doi
780:doi
717:doi
705:100
674:doi
627:doi
586:PMC
578:doi
515:doi
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