231:. As a result, there is growing acceptance of the plausibility of making decisions based on the context, and the particular situation being considered, rather than by reference to principles. This move away from grand theory confirms earlier views of Adam Smith, who held that moral theories derived from moral actions rather than conversely.
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is, in general terms, the study of right and wrong. It can look descriptively at moral behaviour and judgements; it can give practical advice (normative ethics), or it can analyse and theorise about the nature of
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are other flourishing areas of research. These point to a general increasing cultural awareness of the hitherto dominance of reason and male based values in society rather than a relational, contextual and
72:(or the study of how we know) has drawn closer to ethics. This is in part due to the recognition that knowledge, like value and goodness, can be seen as a normative concept. The traditional analyses and
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across cultures and eras. Some feel that the persistence of problems in ethics theory has led to an overall decline in the interest in working in the field of pure ethics as more opportunities arise in
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referred to "a genuinely new period in twentieth century ethics, the vigorous revival of metaethics coincidental with the emergence .. of a criticism of the enterprise of moral theory itself".
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has left behind the aspiration for an overarching theory of ethics, single ideas which were reputed to explain or justify whole aspects of human experience and knowledge, such as
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in general, is increasingly adopted as a response to a constantly changing understanding of a dynamic world, both physically and in the realms of experiment and investigation.
454:
Quine, W.V.O. (1951), "Two Dogmas of
Empiricism," The Philosophical Review 60: 20-43. Reprinted in his 1953 From a Logical Point of View. Harvard University Press.
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Major challenges for ethics include the fact/value distinction, the error theory which seems to undermine the reality of moral claims and apparent
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is a diverse and apparently flexible branch of thought, rather than being thought to underlie mathematics and reasoning, as previously.
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wrote a short but influential article showing that knowledge is not captured by a traditionally accepted reason based definitions.
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New interest has flourished in meta-ethics. This has in recent years developed as a recognised category proceeding from the work of
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has meant that religion is not seen by many as the ground for deciding how we should act. Quine's critique of the
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who seeks a real basis, if any, for talk of values and right and wrong. Mackie is sceptical about solving the
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is increasingly followed. Abstract theorizing has in many areas been replaced by experience-based research.
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Miller, C. (2009). "The
Conditions of Moral Realism." The Journal of Philosophical Research, 34, 123-155.
220:. Mackie (1977), in particular, saw this decline as undermining the legitimacy of traditional morality.
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Edmund L. Gettier 1963. "Is
Justified True Belief Knowledge?" From Analysis 23 ( 1963): 121-123.
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view of the social world. Reason and emotion are seen as more equal partners in human actions
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and meta-ethics as moves to either review or to strengthen the basis of our inherited
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are areas which have helped and been helped in progress in ethics. Within philosophy,
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Smith, Holly(1991). "Deriving
Morality From Rationality". In Peter Vallentyne (ed.),
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Contractarianism and
Rational choice: Essays on David Gauthier's Morals by Agreement
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Noddings, Nel, “Ethics from the Stand Point Of Women,” in
Deborah L. Rhode, ed.,
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sphere and the wisdom of always following reason is widely questioned.
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Contemporary study of ethics has many links with other disciplines in
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There remain major divergences of perspective, for example between
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Gilbert Harman Princeton University December 17, 2011, unpublished
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A World without Values: Essays on John Mackie's Moral Error Theory
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115:'s work has become increasingly translated and interpreted in the
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Engagement and Metaphysical Dissatisfaction: Modality and Value
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has come under increasing challenge from various quarters.
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has implications for morality (for example in the work of
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Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain
270:"Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]"
99:posed by the distinction between values and facts.
334:The Normative Web: An Argument for Moral Realism
146:approaches, and process/ pragmatism vs logical,
465:The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge
216:and J L Mackie (1977) point to the decline in
423:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990).
421:Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference
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223:This has stimulated the development of both
484:Smith, Adam (2002) . Knud Haakonssen. ed.
544:Joyce, Richard and Kirchin, Simon (Eds.)
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356:. Aldershot : Palgrave Macmillan.
289:Almond, Brenda (ed. with D Hill),1991
315:(2nd Edition). Blackwell Publishing.
174:Mackie (1977) states that increasing
76:have been shown to be unsound by the
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384:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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367:Ethics, Inventing right and wrong
248:and meta-ethics. Stephen Darwall
463:(Lyotard, Jean François, 1979,
45:Practical and theoretical areas
488:. Cambridge University Press.
486:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
180:analytic–synthetic distinction
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410:. Cambridge University Press.
582:Moral Discourse and Practice
580:Darwall, Stephen et al.1997
509:, Oxford University Press,
354:2011 New Waves in Metaethics
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91:and the error theories of
311:LaFollette, Hugh (2002).
393:Campbell, R. J. (2011).
212:. Writers as diverse as
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601:Contemporary philosophy
432:Damasio, A. R. (1994).
381:The retrieval of ethics
332:Cuneo, Terence, 2007.
352:Michael Brady (ed.).
214:Jean-François Lyotard
505:Stroud, Barry 2011,
395:The concept of truth
235:Challenges remaining
128:environmental ethics
37:has declined, while
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378:Brewer, T. (2009).
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313:Ethics in Practice
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206:Freudianism
140:continental
89:G. E. Moore
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256:References
241:relativism
160:Pragmatism
50:Psychology
31:philosophy
198:aftermath
113:Heidegger
54:sociology
196:and its
149:a priori
144:analytic
62:medicine
58:politics
24:morality
202:Marxism
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162:, and
126:, and
109:reason
18:Ethics
250:et al
188:Logic
511:ISBN
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338:ISBN
317:ISBN
184:Kant
142:and
122:The
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