National Grid (Great Britain)

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Central Electricity Generating Board's policy of preservation of amenities, a better solution was sought. Consideration was given to 400 kV and 500 kV schemes: both gave a sufficient margin for future expansion. The decision in favour of a 400 kV system was made for two main reasons. Firstly the majority of the 275 kV lines could be uprated to 400 kV, and secondly it was envisaged that operation at 400 kV could begin in 1965 compared with 1968 for a 500 kV scheme. Design work was started and in order to meet the programme for 1965 it was necessary for the contract engineering for the first projects to run concurrently with the design. One of these projects was the West Burton 400 kV Indoor Substation, the first section of which was commissioned in June 1965. From 1965, the grid was partly upgraded to 400 kV, beginning with a 150-mile (240 km) line from

197: 281:– linking the 122 most efficient power stations. The first "grid tower" was erected near Edinburgh on 14 July 1928, and work was completed in September 1933, ahead of schedule and on budget. It began operating in 1933 as a series of regional grids with auxiliary interconnections for emergency use. Following the unauthorised but successful short term parallelling of all regional grids by the night-time engineers on 29 October 1937, by 1938 the grid was operating as a national system. The growth by then in the number of electricity users was the fastest in the world, rising from three quarters of a million in 1920 to nine million in 1938. The grid proved its worth during the 929: 404: 42: 412: 267: 5644: 6223: 1117: 144: 5457: 949:'Triad demand' is a metric of demand which reports retrospectively three numbers about peak demand between November and February (inclusive) each winter. In order to encourage usage of the National Grid to be less 'peaky', the triad is used as the basis for extra charges paid by the users (the licensed electricity suppliers) to the National Grid: the users pay less if they can 666: 441: 429: 1270:

frequency drop, and over the next few hours National Grid ordered the distribution networks to reduce voltage in order to reduce demand. At least 500,000 customers lost power. Within 40 minutes, distribution networks were allowed to reconnect all customers, although voltage control continued in some areas until 18:07.

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by at least ten clear working days. The TNUoS charges for a HH customer are simply their average demand during the triad periods multiplied by the tariff for their zone. Therefore, (as of 2007) a customer in London with a 1 MW average demand during the three triad periods would pay £19,430 in TNUoS charges.

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The incident was described as a "gigantic coincidence" and was not attributed to lack of investment. Nonetheless, a number of issues were exposed by the event. The behaviour of generation protection during sudden frequency changes caused a number of generators to disconnect from the grid incorrectly.

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The TNUoS charges for a HH metered customer are based on their demand during three half-hour periods of greatest demand between November and February, known as the Triad. Due to the nature of electricity demand in the UK, the three Triad periods always fall in the early evening, and must be separated

1177:

Consumers of electricity are split into two categories: half-hourly metered (HH) and non-half-hourly metered (NHH). Customers whose peak demand is sufficiently high are obliged to have a HH meter, which, in effect, takes a meter reading every 30 minutes. The rates at which charges are levied on these

1079:

However, Bernard Quigg notes: "According to the 06/07 annual accounts for NGC UK transmission, NGC carried 350TW⋅h for an income of £2012m in 2007, i. e. NGC receives 0.66p per kW hour. With two years inflation to 2008/9, say 0.71p per kW⋅h.", but this also includes generators' connection fees.

956:

For each year's calculation, historic system demand metrics are analysed to determine three half-hour periods of high average demand; the three periods are known as triads. The periods are (a) the period of peak system demand, and (b) two other periods of highest demand which are separated from peak

1291:

tripped within seconds of each other, removing 1.378 GW of generation, which was in excess of the 1 GW of backup power (the size of the largest single expected loss) that the operator was maintaining at the time. The grid frequency fell to 48.8 Hz before automatic load-shedding disconnected 5%

960:

For power stations, the chargeable demand is only the net site demand (per CUSC rule 14.17.10), so when the site is net exporting (i.e. total metered generation at that site exceeds total separately metered station demand), that separately metered station demand shall not be liable for demand TNUoS

312:

Considered in the study, together with the increased demand, was the effect on the transmission system of the rapid advances in generator design resulting in projected power stations of 2,000–3,000 MW installed capacity. These new stations were mostly to be sited where advantage could be taken

1269:

The system frequency immediately dropped to 49.2 Hz, and subsequent additional trips of generation due to automatic protection caused the frequency to fall further to a low of 48.8 Hz. This caused the distribution networks to automatically disconnect some customers in order to arrest the

656:

Because of the power loss associated with this north to south flow, the effectiveness and efficiency of new generation capacity is significantly affected by its location. For example, new generating capacity on the south coast has about 12% greater effectiveness due to reduced transmission system

639:

Generated power entering the grid is metered at the high-voltage side of the generator transformer. Any power losses in the generator transformer are therefore accounted to the generating company, not to the grid system. The power loss in the generator transformer does not contribute to the grid

574:

or offsetting would be needed as is the case with 'net zero'). In 2020 about 40% of the grid's energy came from burning natural gas, and it is not expected that anywhere close to sufficient green power will be available to run the grid on zero carbon in 2025, except perhaps on the very windiest

336:

Continued reinforcement and extension of the 275 kV systems was examined as a possible solution. However, in addition to the technical problem of high fault levels, many more lines would have been required to obtain the estimated transfers at 275 kV. As this was not consistent with the

1236:

An oil leak had been left untreated, except for top-ups, for many months, pending a proper fix. This caused an alarm which was misinterpreted by the National Grid control room. While switching the presumed faulty equipment out, an incorrectly sized protection relay installed several years prior

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In order to be allowed to supply electricity to the transmission system, generators must be licensed (by BEIS) and enter into a connection agreement with NGET which also grants Transmission Entry Capacity (TEC). Generators contribute to the costs of running the system by paying for TEC, at the

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If the total TNUoS or Triad receipts (say £15,000/MW·year × 50,000 MW = £750 million/year) is divided by the total number of units delivered by the UK generating system in a year (the total number of units sold – say 360 terawatt-hours (1.3 EJ).), then a crude estimate can be made of

1194:

Constraint payments are payments to generators above a certain size, where the National Grid gives them dispatch instructions that they are unable to take the electricity that the generators would normally provide. This can be due to a lack of transmission capacity, a shortfall in demand, or

1245:

A week after the London blackout, on 5 September 2003, an incident occurred at Hams Hall substation which affected supply to 201,000 customers in east Birmingham. Affected customers included Network Rail, Birmingham International Airport, and the National Exhibition Centre, with a total of

1063:

This is the main source of income which National Grid uses to cover its costs for high-voltage long-distance transmission (lower voltage distribution is charged separately). The grid also charges an annual fee to cover the cost of generators, distribution networks and large industrial users

936:

The costs of operating the National Grid System are recouped by National Grid Electricity System Operator (NGESO) through levying of Transmission Network Use of System (TNUoS) charges on the users of the system. The costs are split between the generators and the users of electricity.

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Tariffs are set annually by NGESO, and the country is divided into zones, each with a different tariff for generation and consumption. In general, tariffs are higher for generators in the north and consumers in the south since there is generally a north–south flow of electricity.

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or negative by 2033, well ahead of the UK's national target to achieve this by 2050. It also aims to have the capability to be 'zero carbon' as early as 2025, meaning that if energy suppliers are able to produce sufficient green power, the grid could theoretically run without any

823:

National Grid is responsible for contracting short term generating provision to cover demand prediction errors and sudden failures at power stations. This covers a few hours of operation giving time for market contracts to be established to cover longer term balancing.

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in Suffolk, disconnected from the grid ("tripped") within minutes of each other. The total combined loss of generation caused by these trips was at least 1714 MW — larger than the maximum loss of 1260 MW which the grid was required to support that day.

2894: 1350:

On 4 November 2015 National Grid issued an emergency notice asking for voluntary power cuts because of "multiple plant breakdowns". No power cuts occurred but wholesale electricity prices rose dramatically, with the grid paying up to £2,500 per megawatt-hour.

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The third event occurred on 9 August 2019, when around a million customers across Great Britain found themselves without power. Lightning struck a transmission line at 4:52 pm, causing the loss of 500 MW embedded (mostly solar) generation. Almost immediately,

648:

In 2009–10 there was an average power flow of about 11 GW from the north of the UK, particularly from Scotland and northern England, to the south of the UK across the grid. This flow was anticipated to grow to about 12 GW by 2014. Completion of the

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generation TNUoS tariffs set by NGET. This is charged on a maximum-capacity basis. In other words, a generator with 100 MW of TEC who only generated at a maximum rate of 75 MW during the year would still be charged for the full 100 MW of TEC.

3063: 304:

At its inception in 1950, the 275 kV Transmission System was designed to form part of a national supply system with an anticipated total demand of 30,000 MW by 1970. The predicted demand was already exceeded by 1960. This rapid growth led the

1714: 635:

to the consumer, causing a total distribution loss of about 7.7%. Losses differ significantly for customers connected at different voltages; connected at high voltage the total losses are about 2.6%, at medium voltage 6.4% and at low voltage 12.2%.

325:, is an example. These developments shifted the emphasis on the transmission system from interconnection to bulk power transfers from the generation areas to the load centres, such as the anticipated transfer in 1970 of some 6,000 MW from the 587:

is progressing rapidly with only 1.6% of the UK's electricity coming from coal in 2020, compared with about 25% in 2015. 2020 saw the UK go more than two months without needing to burn any coal for electricity, the longest period since the

2132: 1608: 2883: 1203:

Power cuts due to faults in the national grid, or lack of generation to supply it with sufficient power, are very rare. The overall performance of the system is published on National Grid's website and includes a simple

805:. As of May 2021, 1.3 GW of battery storage was operating in the United Kingdom, with 16 GW of projects in the pipeline potentially deployable over the next few years. A 100 MW power Chinese-financed plant at 575:

days. Analysts such as Hartree Solutions considered in 2020 that getting to 'net zero' by 2050 would be challenging, even more so to reach 'net zero' by 2033. There has, however, been sustained progress towards

1211:

In 2020–21, issues affecting the low voltage distribution networks – for which National Grid is not responsible – caused almost all the 60 minutes or so per year, on average, of unplanned domestic power cuts.

848:

Fast Start: generation units that start from a standstill and deliver power within five minutes automatically, or within seven minutes of a manual instruction, with generation maintained for a minimum of four

72:, and ensuring that electricity generated anywhere on the grid can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere. The network serves the majority of Great Britain and some of the surrounding islands. It does not cover 1703: 1185:

TNUoS charges levied on NHH metered customers are much simpler. A supplier is charged for the sum of their total consumption between 16:00 and 19:00 every day over a year, multiplied by the relevant tariff.

5134: 1612: 4823: 2801: 2698: 584: 1448: 1274:

The Low Frequency Demand Disconnection and voltage control schemes also did not deliver as much demand reduction as they were intended to, but this did not have a significant impact on the outage.

1306:

trains to fail. Half were restarted by the drivers but the others required a technician to come out to the train to restart it. This led to substantial travel disruption for several hours on the

4941: 3225: 3064:"Commercial Opportunities for Back-Up Generation and Load Reduction via National Grid, the National Electricity Transmission System Operator (NETSO) for England, Scotland, Wales and Offshore" 6254: 240:. This opened in 1901, and by 1912 had developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe. The rest of the country, however, continued to use a patchwork of small supply networks. 1812: 4798: 1965: 4923: 4540: 2399: 2362: 4853: 4848: 4079: 2772: 2124: 1616: 3737: 3525: 855:

Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR): generation of at least 3 MW, from a single or aggregation of sites, within four hours of instruction and maintained for at least two hours.

2989: 4890: 4745: 2734: 1428: 3831: 1993: 809:, Wiltshire was reported to be the largest in Europe when it opened in July 2021; when a 50 MW extension is completed, the site's storage capacity will be 266 MWh. 6259: 5069: 4550: 2565: 2097: 5401: 4991: 4818: 1325:

concluded in January 2020. It found that Little Barford and Hornsea One had failed to remain connected to the grid following the lightning strike, and their operators –

1940: 1292:

of the local distribution networks (1.1 million customers) for 15 to 20 minutes; this action stabilised the remaining 95% of the system and prevented a wider blackout.

1067:

Triad charges encourage users to cut load at peak periods; this is often achieved by using diesel generators. Such generators are also routinely used by National Grid.

4996: 4933: 3759: 3505:

UK Electricity Networks: The nature of UK electricity transmission and distribution networks in an intermittent renewable and embedded electricity generation future

4570: 5495: 5428: 5317: 5119: 4803: 4697: 4560: 3669: 1443: 1138: 161: 4858: 4692: 3771: 3511: 1630: 2805: 2709: 6168: 5281: 5064: 5381: 4770: 4582: 3730: 917: 2540: 1866: 1337:£1.5M for beginning to reconnect customers before being cleared to do so, although this breach of procedure did not affect the recovery of the system. 5370: 4986: 4956: 4843: 4545: 1249:

This was attributed to an error made by National Grid when commissioning protection systems after upgrading components in the substation that August.

3236: 2511: 2496: 251:

industrialist, to solve the problem of Britain's inefficient and fragmented electricity supply industry. Weir consulted Merz, and the result was the

5433: 4592: 2592: 2442: 2335: 1377: 2205: 1103:

market. "Dynamic Containment" started in October 2020, initially priced at £17 per MW per hour, and Dynamic Regulation (DR) started in April 2022.

5184: 4635: 3553: 3356:

Interim Report into the Low Frequency Demand Disconnection (LFDD) following Generator Trips and Frequency Excursion on 9 Aug 2019 - 16 August 2019

1819: 358:, the Supergrid is defined as those parts of the British electricity transmission system that are connected at voltages in excess of 200 kV. 196: 2916: 897:

The English and Welsh parts of the National Grid are controlled from the National Grid Control Centre which is located in St Catherine's Lodge,

87:

operating at 50 hertz. Most of the physical HV parts of the grid consists of 400 kV lines as well as some 275 kV lines that collectively form a

6249: 5179: 4915: 4873: 4760: 3794: 3390: 3113: 1976: 1550: 1096:

over the course of the year. This represents the reduction in costs caused by having a generator close to the centre of demand of the country.

713: 526: 30:

This article is about the power grid in Great Britain. For the UK Ordnance Survey National Grid for mapping co-ordinates in Great Britain, see

3226:"Report of the National Grid Investigation into the Frequency Deviation and Automatic Demand Disconnection that occurred on the 27th May 2008" 2958: 2396: 2359: 5460: 5084: 4655: 3723: 838:, except in exceptional circumstances. These are used on a second by second basis to either lower the demand or to provide extra generation. 695: 2776: 2618: 6264: 6226: 5411: 5386: 5301: 5271: 4682: 4600: 3659: 1295:

Although power was maintained at all times to the railway network (but not to the signalling system), the reduction in frequency caused 60

306: 107: 3278: 2179: 6065: 5094: 4905: 4793: 4707: 4630: 2990:"What is the cost per kWh of bulk transmission / National Grid in the UK (note this excludes distribution costs) | Claverton Group" 2750: 6173: 5643: 5488: 4555: 4476: 3415: 2830: 2309: 845:

Fast Reserve: rapid delivery (within two minutes) of increased generation or reduced demand, sustainable for a minimum of 15 minutes.

313:

of a surplus of cheap low-grade fuel and adequate supplies of cooling water, but these sites did not coincide with the load centres.

5793: 5240: 4966: 4735: 4565: 4527: 3469: 2744: 1371: 1164: 183: 2004: 2281: 657:

power losses compared to new generating capacity in north England, and about 20% greater effectiveness than in northern Scotland.

5104: 4978: 3689: 1472: 875: 1582: 1333:

respectively – agreed to each pay £4.5 million to Ofgem's redress fund. Additionally, Ofgem fined distribution network operator

5956: 5881: 5752: 5421: 5235: 4493:

Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in

3611: 2569: 2039: 1397: 1311: 1092:

In some cases, there are negative TNUoS tariffs. These generators are paid an amount based on their peak net supply over three

775: 3171: 549:

in the UK grid is around 300–360 TWh (1.1–1.3 EJ), with an average load factor of 72% (i.e. 3.6×10/(8,760 × 57×10).

5149: 4833: 3586: 2286: 1745: 1663: 1142: 719:

As of 2024, the total capacity of these connectors is over 9 GW. They include direct-current cables to northern France (2 GW

165: 6128: 6060: 6050: 5926: 5826: 5481: 5337: 5322: 5159: 5114: 5001: 4882: 4750: 4675: 4625: 4289: 3684: 3664: 3197: 1433: 1366: 818: 802: 298: 252: 77: 31: 4610: 2060: 752: 5981: 5941: 5518: 5129: 4813: 4720: 4670: 4414: 4256: 3746: 1438: 1284: 1229:

In the early evening of 28 August 2003, a power cut affected 476,000 customers in the south London area, as well as the

928: 221: 127: 2486: 6208: 6203: 5921: 5896: 5886: 5862: 5857: 5563: 5438: 4730: 4715: 4640: 4377: 4280: 3546: 3433:

Stacey, Kiran; Adams, Christopher (5 November 2015). "National Grid in emergency plea for heavy users to power down".

1656:

Electricity supply in the United Kingdom : a chronology – from the beginnings of the industry to 31 December 1985

1402: 217: 123: 54: 4497:

Ultimate parent company is not UK-based Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK

2884:"Power struggle: The National Grid was created to provide energy for all – but that's when the problems really began" 1704:"Power struggle: The National Grid was created to provide energy for all – but that's when the problems really began" 1127: 3454:

Electricity Before Nationalisation, A Study in the Development of the Electricity Supply Industry in Britain to 1948

6123: 5841: 5811: 5588: 5396: 5164: 5139: 4322: 4151: 2145: 1922: 1418: 1382: 827: 571: 432: 403: 342: 314: 233: 213: 84: 3503: 3088: 2499: 1146: 1131: 1076:

transmission costs, and one gets the figure of around 0.2p/kW⋅h. Other estimates also give a figure of 0.2p/kW⋅h.

154: 6178: 5667: 5628: 5347: 5286: 4363: 260: 2079: 905:

in Berkshire. It is sometimes described as being a 'secret' location. As of 2015 the system is under consistent

41: 6153: 5961: 5901: 5558: 5327: 5174: 5059: 4740: 2021: 795: 687:

Some of these HVDC lines transfer power from renewable sources such as hydro and wind. For names, see also the

632: 567: 2156: 1767: 6092: 6082: 6072: 5391: 5342: 5109: 4788: 4645: 4109: 3815: 3627: 3606: 3591: 912:

Although the transmission network in Scotland is owned by separate companies – SP Transmission plc (part of

538: 530: 411: 286: 17: 3198:"Report on support investigations into recent blackouts in London and West Midlands Volume 1 - Main report" 852:

Demand Management: reduction in demand of at least 25 MW from large power users, for at least an hour.

6013: 5876: 5659: 5548: 5245: 5006: 4900: 4297: 3977: 3581: 3539: 1303: 1299: 1215:

Since 1990, there have been a small number of prominent power outages which were linked to National Grid:

791: 787: 3519: 3491: 2933: 2450: 1237:

caused a circuit breaker to trip, resulting in the loss of supply to two major south London substations.

6148: 5916: 5911: 5891: 4863: 4348: 4156: 3699: 3576: 1423: 706: 688: 589: 69: 2483: 2233: 301:. In 1949, the British Electricity Authority decided to upgrade the grid by adding 275 kV links. 5742: 5504: 4838: 4808: 4660: 3643: 3457: 3371: 2471: 2101: 1307: 1224: 748: 631:

Although overall losses in the National Grid are low, there are significant further losses in onward

294: 290: 244: 92: 3023: 1557: 263:, which set up the UK's first synchronised, nationwide AC grid, running at 132 kV, 50 Hz. 6113: 5946: 5846: 5821: 5774: 5583: 5573: 5538: 5416: 5124: 5074: 4575: 4353: 4246: 4030: 3461: 2856: 2491: 1330: 831: 366: 278: 237: 1893: 1195:

unexpected excess generation. A constraint payment is recompense for the reduction in generation.

5987: 5598: 5250: 5079: 4650: 4302: 3780: 3616: 3303: 1230: 879: 720: 271: 57: 3130: 2834: 229: 1844: 1233:

and some rail services, for approximately 40 minutes. A total of 724 MW of load was lost.

6138: 6018: 5623: 5291: 5169: 4422: 4394: 4317: 4266: 4236: 4172: 3944: 3930: 3679: 3465: 3288: 3257: 2740: 2254: 1787: 1741: 1669: 1659: 1334: 1288: 1205: 650: 576: 362: 111: 35: 3036: 6087: 6028: 5732: 5727: 5704: 5613: 5553: 5276: 5154: 4456: 3937: 3901: 3884: 3134: 1779: 1315: 699: 611: 580: 546: 100: 73: 3353: 3146: 6118: 6077: 6055: 5936: 5906: 5871: 5831: 5633: 5144: 4045: 4009: 3970: 3621: 2889: 2403: 2366: 2266: 1899: 1709: 1413: 1361: 950: 392: 381: 318: 266: 256: 2541:"Siemens Energy and Sumitomo Electric awarded EPC contract for Ireland-UK interconnector" 3049: 6143: 6133: 5931: 5543: 5255: 4951: 4946: 4687: 4535: 4261: 4226: 4196: 3924: 3908: 3895: 2643: 2210: 1524: 920:) in the north – overall control rests with National Grid Electricity System Operator. 744: 732: 562: 542: 377: 369:

grid link within Great Britain, although interconnectors to foreign grids already used

2733:

Gross, R; Heptonstall, P; Anderson, D; Green, T; Leach, M & Skea, J (March 2006).

1867:"National Grid builds UK's first T-pylon in East Huntspill as Hinkley work progresses" 841:

Reserve services are a group of services each acting within different response times:

653:

in 2018 added capacity for a flow of 2.2 GW between Western Scotland and North Wales.

6243: 6163: 5951: 5836: 5816: 5747: 5737: 5694: 5578: 5533: 4828: 4404: 4358: 4343: 4307: 4216: 4183: 4166: 4114: 3963: 3801: 3674: 3601: 1586: 1100: 913: 604: 534: 509: 469: 453: 330: 115: 65: 61: 3367: 122:

in the north. Infrastructure connecting offshore wind farms to the grid is owned by

6183: 6158: 6023: 5992: 5806: 5608: 5225: 5049: 4783: 4778: 4466: 4251: 4201: 3951: 3919: 3262: 1407: 558: 376:

In 2021 a new non-lattice design of electricity pylon, the T-pylon, was built near

225: 209: 103:, the Republic of Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, and Denmark. 1178:

customers' electricity suppliers therefore varies 17,520 times a (non-leap) year.

365:

from Scotland to North Wales was built in 2013–2018. This was the first major non-

2593:"Moroccan solar-plus-wind to be linked to GB in 'ground-breaking' Xlinks project" 505:

Capacity (2005/6): 79.9 GW (or 80 GW per the 2008 Seven Year Statement)

6008: 5976: 5769: 5757: 5677: 5603: 5593: 5523: 5296: 5230: 4231: 4221: 4065: 4040: 4025: 3983: 2416: 1116: 906: 874:

The largest credible single generation failure event, which is currently either

756: 477: 322: 224:

in the United States. The first use of this system in the United Kingdom was by

143: 96: 3715: 2080:"National Grid connection 'vital' for Scottish islands' renewables development" 1314:

was also disrupted, and a weakness was exposed in backup power arrangements at

766:) is scheduled for 2024. Further potential schemes include links with Germany ( 5971: 5966: 5779: 5762: 5618: 4755: 4620: 4471: 4338: 4241: 4206: 4146: 4138: 4104: 4060: 3988: 2706:

Operating the Electricity Transmission Networks in 2020 – Initial Consultation

1326: 1296: 1262: 898: 767: 346: 277:

The grid was created with 6,400 kilometres (4,000 mi) of cables – mostly

3391:"Blackout investigation: Power firms fined as Ofgem 'accelerates' ESO review" 1791: 309:(created in 1958) to carry out a study in 1960 of future transmission needs. 5687: 5682: 5568: 5528: 4615: 4451: 4211: 4004: 3853: 3704: 3513:

The electricity supply industry and the Central Electricity Generating Board

3283: 1673: 1497: 1387: 1258: 902: 763: 736: 716:(off-island transmission capacity relative to production capacity) was 6%. 615: 502:

Annual electrical energy used in the UK is around 360 TWh (1.3 EJ)

385: 354: 282: 88: 3114:"National Grid ESO's newest frequency service Dynamic Regulation goes live" 2482:

COM/2015/082 final: "Achieving the 10% electricity interconnection target"

2180:"National Grid: UK's electricity system could go carbon-negative from 2033" 1783: 1257:

On 27 May 2008 starting at 11:34, two of Britain's largest power stations,

2917:

U.K. Power Grid is Under Attack From Hackers Every Minute, Says Parliament

2336:"Carbon in UK Power – Part 2: Is It Time to Prioritise Carbon Over Price?" 2003:. Department of Energy & Climate Change. 27 March 2014. Archived from 1975:. Department of Energy & Climate Change. 31 March 2016. Archived from 5801: 5406: 4191: 4161: 4094: 4050: 3890: 3808: 1894:"National Grid drops Beijing-backed supplier over UK power network fears" 728: 493: 457: 326: 2857:"National Grid Control Centre Visit | Royal Meteorological Society" 665: 5722: 5712: 5473: 4605: 4481: 4461: 4446: 4399: 4312: 4119: 4099: 3957: 3914: 3821: 3596: 3375: 3325: 2516: 2238: 858:

BM Start-Up: mainstream major generation units maintained in either an

771: 740: 248: 168: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 119: 3147:"National Electricity Transmission System Performance Report, 2021-22" 916:) in the south, and Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission plc (part of 5717: 4725: 1392: 806: 461: 338: 201: 2369:, Simon Minett, director, DELTA Energy and Environment, October 2005 2234:"Britain sees greenest year for electricity in 2020 – National Grid" 488:

The following figures are taken from the 2005 Seven Year Statement.

5332: 5054: 4895: 4055: 4035: 3872: 3694: 3205: 2619:"Top ten UK battery storage projects forecast for 2021 completion" 2472:

https://www.ssen-transmission.co.uk/projects/project-map/shetland/

1322: 927: 835: 724: 705:

The UK grid is connected to adjacent European electrical grids by

664: 473: 410: 402: 352:

In the 2010 issue of the code that governs the National Grid, the

265: 195: 40: 5135:

Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform

2512:"ElecLink: IGC approves start of tests at the converter stations" 2125:"UK electricity demand close to record low Sunday: National Grid" 391:

In 2023, the National Grid began removing equipment from China's

27:

High-voltage electric power transmission network in Great Britain

5672: 3531: 2644:"Biggest storage battery in Europe built near Wiltshire village" 786:

The UK grid has access to large pumped storage systems, notably

465: 370: 5477: 5368: 5205: 5031: 4515: 3757: 3719: 3535: 3878: 3787: 2669: 1766:

Booth, E.S.; Clark, D.; Egginton, J.L.; Forrest, J.S. (1962).

1110: 521:

Length of 132 kV (or lower) grid; 5,250 km (circuit)

452:

The contiguous synchronous grid covers England (including the

285:, when South Wales provided power to replace lost output from 137: 3497: 3131:

http://ireland2050.ie/questions/what-are-constraint-payments/

1449:

List of high-voltage transmission links in the United Kingdom

885:

The general anticipated availability of all generation plants

3485: 2282:"Britain goes two months without burning coal amid lockdown" 2206:"U.K. Power Grid Heads for Greenest Year as Renewables Grow" 444: 110:

in 1990, the National Grid in England and Wales is owned by

3848: 2693: 2691: 2310:"Carbon in UK Power – Part 1: Lower Costs or Least Carbon?" 1631:"Electricity Act 1926 | Electricity System | IESIS Energy" 1206:

high-level figure for the transmission system availability

762:

A further 500 MW link with the Republic of Ireland (

525:

Total generating capacity is supplied roughly equally by

3354:

https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/151081/download

957:

system demand and from each other by at least ten days.

790:

which can provide 1.7 GW for 5–6 hours, and the smaller

778:(3.6 GW from new battery-backed solar generation). 3522:, BBC News, map revised by Deloitte & Touche (2003) 3172:"RIIO-1 Electricity Distribution Annual Report 2020-21" 1686:

The Secret Life of the National Grid: Wiring the Nation

1393:

2007 switching station flood at Walham, Gloucestershire

270:

National Grid helicopter inspecting overhead cables in

600:

Figures are again from the 2005 Seven Year Statement.

3416:"Companies pay £10.5 million over 9 August power cut" 1429:

List of high voltage underground and submarine cables

870:

These reserves are sized according to three factors:

259:" supply system be created. The 1926 Act created the 2983: 2981: 2979: 2959:"Transmission Network Use of System (TNUoS) Charges" 961:

charges in relation to the station demand at triad.

627:

Total losses: 1,423.5 MW (2.29% of peak demand)

621:

Substation transformer heating losses: 142.4 MW

515:

Length of 400 kV grid: 11,500 km (circuit)

6192: 6102: 6039: 6001: 5855: 5792: 5703: 5658: 5651: 5511: 5310: 5264: 5216: 5093: 5042: 4977: 4965: 4932: 4914: 4881: 4872: 4769: 4706: 4591: 4526: 4439: 4413: 4385: 4376: 4331: 4288: 4279: 4182: 4137: 4128: 4087: 4078: 4018: 3997: 3862: 3841: 3830: 3770: 3652: 3636: 3569: 3220: 3218: 3216: 1498:"Nikola Tesla: Father of Our Modern Energy Systems" 624:

Generator transformer heating losses: 157.3 MW

518:

Length of 275 kV grid: 9,800 km (circuit)

421: 5402:Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme 5070:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 2882: 1892: 1772:Proceedings of the IEE - Part A: Power Engineering 1702: 694:There is a 40 MW AC cable to the Isle of Man, the 6255:Electric power transmission in the United Kingdom 3326:"Major power failure affects homes and transport" 3052:, published 29 March 2021, accessed 30 April 2021 3037:History repeats itself: trends are hard to change 293:power stations. The grid was nationalised by the 3039:, published 26 March 2018, accessed 3 April 2018 3026:, published 29 March 2017, accessed 3 April 2018 460:(including some of the Scottish islands such as 3368:"GB : Frequency drops off the chart to..." 3251: 3249: 3013:Inenco, 2015/16 Triads, published 31 March 2016 2010:on 8 October 2016 – via Internet Archive. 618:; can be 100 MW higher in adverse weather) 5318:Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology 5120:Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 3670:High-voltage substations in the United Kingdom 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 2699:"Appendix D Description of Balancing Services" 1768:"The 400 kV grid system for England and Wales" 1444:High-voltage substations in the United Kingdom 583:falling by 53% in the five years to 2020. The 5489: 3731: 3547: 3528:, National Grid's Seven Year Statement (2008) 3256:Milner, Mark; Wearden, Graeme (28 May 2008). 2923:, 9 January 2015. Retrieved: 20 January 2015. 2568:. National Grid. 12 July 2016. Archived from 1585:. North Northumberland Online. Archived from 407:UK electricity production by source 1985–2020 99:, and DC connectors to Northern Ireland, the 8: 3279:"Blackouts hit thousands as generators fail" 1982:on 3 July 2016 – via Internet Archive. 1556:. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from 18:Control of the National Grid (Great Britain) 5065:Department for Energy Security and Net Zero 4698:Timeline of the electricity supply industry 3277:Ahmed, Murad; Hawkes, Steve (28 May 2008). 1696: 1694: 1692: 1145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5655: 5496: 5482: 5474: 5382:Association for the Conservation of Energy 5365: 5213: 5202: 5039: 5028: 4878: 4523: 4512: 4382: 4285: 4134: 4084: 3838: 3767: 3754: 3738: 3724: 3716: 3554: 3540: 3532: 3520:Map of GB power stations and national grid 3492:Carbon-intensity variations in the GB grid 2708:, National Grid, June 2009, archived from 2406:, 2009 Seven Year Statement, National Grid 1966:"UK Energy Statistics, 2015 & Q4 2015" 1057:Wednesday 10 February 2021, 18:00 - 18:30 918:Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks 6260:1933 establishments in the United Kingdom 3695:Record of Inter System Safety Precautions 1473:"The GB electricity transmission network" 1165:Learn how and when to remove this message 1071:Estimating costs per kW⋅h of transmission 987:Wednesday 25 November 2015, 17:00 – 17:30 317:'s 4 × 500 MW machines, in the 200:Electricity pylons in a suburban area of 184:Learn how and when to remove this message 3089:"Grid Operations | Claverton Group" 2378:Metering Code of Practice 1 (Elexon Ltd) 1761: 1759: 1757: 1378:Energy security and renewable technology 966: 751:); the Republic of Ireland (500 MW HVDC 5185:United Kingdom Climate Change Programme 1941:"International Energy Statistics – EIA" 1551:"Kelvin to Weir, and on to GB SYS 2005" 1523:Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1461: 1310:and Thameslink services. The supply to 813:Reserve services and frequency response 610:Fixed losses: 266 MW (consists of 499:Minimum demand (2020 May): 15.3 GW 4761:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 3516:, Competition Commission Report (1987) 2736:The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency 2262: 2252: 1054:Thursday 7 January 2021, 17:30 - 18:00 1015:Monday 11 December 2017, 17:30 – 18:00 1007:Monday 23 January 2017, 17:00 – 17:30 1004:Thursday 5 January 2017, 17:00 – 17:30 418: 243:In 1925, the British government asked 5085:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets 4656:Isle of Man to England Interconnector 2123:Edwardes-Evans, Henry (11 May 2020). 1051:Monday 7 December 2020, 17:00 - 17:30 1001:Monday 5 December 2016, 17:00 – 17:30 993:Monday 15 February 2016, 18:00–18:30 696:Isle of Man to England Interconnector 255:, which recommended that a "national 7: 5412:Energy efficiency in British housing 5387:British Energy Efficiency Federation 5302:Utilities Intermediaries Association 5272:Association for Decentralised Energy 4683:New Electricity Trading Arrangements 4601:Association of Electricity Producers 4400:Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission 3660:Central Electricity Generating Board 2617:McCorkindale, Mollie (19 May 2021). 2539:Stanford, Anna (21 September 2021). 1847:. National Grid & Scottish Power 1467: 1465: 1208:. For 2021–22, this was 99.999612%. 1143:adding citations to reliable sources 1021:Monday 5 February 2018, 18:00–18:30 1018:Monday 26 February 2018, 18:30–19:00 990:Tuesday 19 January 2016, 17:00–17:30 888:Anticipated demand prediction errors 878:(1,260 MW) or one cable of the 698:and a 260km 600MW HVDC cable to the 415:Electricity supplied (net) 1920–2014 307:Central Electricity Generating Board 166:adding citations to reliable sources 108:Central Electricity Generating Board 4906:Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 2591:Grundy, Alice (25 September 2021). 2360:Time to Take a Fresh Look at CHP... 2204:Rachel Morison (29 December 2020). 114:. In Scotland the grid is owned by 6174:Renewable energy commercialization 4556:Confederation of UK Coal Producers 4477:United Downs Deep Geothermal Power 3050:Winter 20-21 TRIAD dates announced 2135:from the original on 3 March 2021. 1923:"Electricity production by source" 1701:Gerard Gilbert (22 October 2010). 964:Triad dates in recent years were: 472:which have limited connectivity), 25: 5241:Centre for Alternative Technology 4736:Nuclear Decommissioning Authority 3498:Real-time electricity market data 2897:from the original on 18 June 2022 2802:"NETA Despatch Instruction Guide" 2232:Reuters Staff (11 January 2021). 2078:McCulloch, Scott (8 March 2016). 1717:from the original on 18 June 2022 1658:. The Electricity Council. 1987. 1410:– calculating the cost of back-up 1372:Economics of nuclear power plants 747:); Northern Ireland (500 MW HVDC 714:electricity interconnection level 492:Maximum demand (2005/6): 63 395:over national security concerns. 6222: 6221: 5642: 5455: 5105:Carbon Emission Reduction Target 4824:Natural gas-fired power stations 3690:Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation 1115: 876:Sizewell B nuclear power station 834:frequency within ±1% of 50 439: 427: 208:At the end of the 19th century, 142: 5422:Energy Saving Trust Recommended 5236:Campaign against Climate Change 3612:Huddersfield Narrow Canal Pylon 3389:Stoker, Liam (3 January 2020). 3235:. February 2009. Archived from 3024:2016/17 Triad Periods Confirmed 2449:. National Grid. Archived from 2334:Adam Lewis (22 December 2020). 2022:"Energy Trends: UK electricity" 1549:Alan Shaw (29 September 2005). 1398:List of energy storage projects 380:, Somerset for the new 35 mile 232:consulting partnership, at his 153:needs additional citations for 106:Since the privatisation of the 78:Irish single electricity market 5207:Non-governmental organisations 5150:Energy performance certificate 4834:North Sea Transition Authority 3587:Aust Severn Powerline Crossing 3133:What are constraint payments? 2308:Adam Lewis (8 December 2020). 2287:Natural History Museum, London 882:interconnector (1,000 MW) 739:); the Netherlands (1 GW HVDC 496:(approx.) (81.39% of capacity) 212:established the principles of 1: 6250:National Grid (Great Britain) 6169:Renewable Energy Certificates 6129:Cost of electricity by source 6051:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 5927:High-voltage shore connection 5338:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre 5323:Energy Technologies Institute 5160:Low Carbon Building Programme 5002:North Seas Energy Cooperation 4751:Office for Nuclear Regulation 4257:TotalEnergies Gas & Power 3685:National Grid Reserve Service 3665:Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 2739:. UK Energy Research Centre. 2040:"Historical electricity data" 1434:National Grid Reserve Service 1367:Cost of electricity by source 932:400 kV power line in Cheshire 819:National Grid Reserve Service 299:British Electricity Authority 253:Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 32:Ordnance Survey National Grid 6184:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread 5982:Transmission system operator 5942:Mains electricity by country 5519:Automatic generation control 5130:CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme 4942:Hydroelectric power stations 4814:National Transmission System 4721:Franco-British Nuclear Forum 3747:Energy in the United Kingdom 3456:. London & Basingstoke: 3302:George South (28 May 2008). 2831:"Wind Turbine Price List Uk" 2447:National Grid – UK – Library 2441:PLC, National Grid Company. 2280:Katie Pavid (15 June 2020). 2178:Sarah Green (27 July 2020). 2098:"National Grid - SYS 2005 -" 1439:Energy in the United Kingdom 1285:Little Barford Power Station 755:), and Denmark (1.4 GW 128:transmission system operator 124:offshore transmission owners 6265:Wide area synchronous grids 6209:List of electricity sectors 6204:Electric energy consumption 5922:High-voltage direct current 5897:Electric power transmission 5887:Electric power distribution 5564:Energy return on investment 5439:National Home Energy Rating 5282:Energy Networks Association 4992:List of offshore wind farms 4731:National Nuclear Laboratory 4716:Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor 4641:Grid Trade Master Agreement 3486:National Grid data overview 3366:@enappsys (9 August 2019). 3258:"Q&A: Blackout Britain" 2443:"2002 Seven Year Statement" 2387:Metering Code of Practice 2 1403:List of major power outages 1246:301 MW of load lost. 828:Frequency-response reserves 445:Current grid status, charts 399:Characteristics of the grid 218:electric power distribution 126:. National Grid plc is the 55:electric power transmission 6281: 6124:Carbon offsets and credits 5842:Three-phase electric power 5397:Code for Sustainable Homes 5165:Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation 5140:Display Energy Certificate 4997:List of onshore wind farms 4364:Wales & West Utilities 4323:Western Power Distribution 4152:Engie Energy International 2934:"Our Transmission Network" 2566:"Interconnectors: Iceland" 1419:Three-phase electric power 1383:Intermittent energy source 1222: 816: 234:Neptune Bank Power Station 116:ScottishPower Transmission 85:wide area synchronous grid 29: 6217: 6179:Renewable Energy Payments 5668:Fossil fuel power station 5640: 5451: 5377: 5364: 5348:UK Energy Research Centre 5287:Energy Retail Association 5212: 5201: 5038: 5033:Government and regulation 5027: 4924:Geothermal power stations 4631:Energy switching services 4541:Coal-fired power stations 4522: 4511: 4490: 3766: 3753: 2421:www.westernhvdclink.co.uk 2397:Effect on Power Transfers 1609:"Lighting by electricity" 830:act to keep the system's 770:, 1.4 GW); Iceland ( 438: 433:Current grid status, maps 426: 361:The 2.2 GW undersea 297:, which also created the 261:Central Electricity Board 220:while he was working for 95:: an AC connector to the 5962:Single-wire earth return 5902:Electrical busbar system 5559:Energy demand management 5429:Greenhouse gas emissions 5328:Met Office Hadley Centre 5175:Renewable Heat Incentive 5115:Climate Change Agreement 5060:Climate Change Committee 4849:Oil-fired power stations 4804:Greenhouse gas emissions 4741:Nuclear Liabilities Fund 4611:East–West Interconnector 4561:Greenhouse gas emissions 3304:"iPM: Blackout Britain?" 2365:27 February 2008 at the 2061:"Over the hills to Skye" 1583:"Survey of Belford 1995" 953:so as to be less peaky. 774:, around 1 GW) and 753:East–West Interconnector 679: Under construction 633:electricity distribution 607:in cables: 857.8 MW 568:greenhouse gas emissions 557:The National Grid has a 93:undersea interconnectors 45:Map of the National Grid 6093:Residual-current device 6083:Power system protection 6073:Generator interlock kit 5392:Close the Door campaign 5343:Sunbury Research Centre 5110:Climate Change Act 2008 4789:Forties pipeline system 4646:Gridlink Interconnector 3628:Severn-Wye Cable Tunnel 3607:Gridlink Interconnector 3592:Blackhillock Substation 3526:The Transmission System 3452:Hannah, Leslie (1979). 2157:"Zero-carbon explained" 1813:"the British Grid Code" 743:); Norway (1.4 GW HDVC 130:for the whole GB grid. 83:The National Grid is a 76:, which is part of the 34:. For the company, see 5877:Distributed generation 5549:Electric power quality 5246:National Energy Action 5007:Wind power in Scotland 4901:Renewable Fuels Agency 4891:Biofuel power stations 4746:Nuclear power stations 4313:SSE Power Distribution 4298:Electricity North West 3978:Rockhopper Exploration 3582:400 kV Thames Crossing 3437:. pp. front page. 2417:"Western Link project" 2065:Over the hills to Skye 1994:"UK Energy Statistics" 1784:10.1049/pi-a.1962.0143 1736:Cochrane, Rob (1985). 1374:– for cost comparisons 933: 788:Dinorwig Power Station 735:); Belgium (1 GW HVDC 707:submarine power cables 691: 416: 408: 274: 205: 46: 6149:Fossil fuel phase-out 5917:Electricity retailing 5912:Electrical substation 5892:Electric power system 5180:Renewables Obligation 4864:Petroleum Revenue Tax 4349:Northern Gas Networks 4157:Horizon Nuclear Power 3700:Registered power zone 3577:275 kV Forth Crossing 3508:, Scott Butler (2001) 1424:List of HVDC projects 1099:National Grid uses a 931: 668: 590:Industrial Revolution 414: 406: 269: 199: 118:in the south, and by 44: 5505:Electricity delivery 4839:Offshore Energies UK 4809:Hydrocarbon Oil Duty 4661:Moyle Interconnector 4583:Open-pit coal mining 3644:2003 London blackout 3458:Macmillan Publishers 3328:. BBC. 9 August 2019 3093:Claverton-energy.com 3068:Claverton-energy.com 2994:Claverton-energy.com 2773:"Agenda 22 May 2007" 2495:, 25 February 2015. 2402:28 July 2012 at the 1321:An investigation by 1308:East Coast Main Line 1225:2003 London blackout 1139:improve this section 801:There are also some 749:Moyle Interconnector 673: Existing links 512:connected to it: 181 295:Electricity Act 1947 162:improve this article 53:is the high-voltage 6114:Availability factor 6066:Sulfur hexafluoride 5947:Overhead power line 5847:Virtual power plant 5822:Induction generator 5775:Sustainable biofuel 5584:Home energy storage 5574:Grid energy storage 5539:Droop speed control 5417:Energy Saving Trust 5371:Energy conservation 5125:Climate Change Levy 5075:Energy Saving Trust 4987:Offshore wind power 4626:Electricity billing 4576:National Coal Board 4551:Coal mining regions 4354:Phoenix Natural Gas 4247:Phoenix Natural Gas 4031:Amec Foster Wheeler 3462:Electricity Council 3022:Trident Utilities, 2863:. 24 September 2012 2715:on 23 December 2011 2492:European Commission 2453:on 19 December 2005 2104:on 8 September 2012 2028:. 30 November 2023. 1873:. 14 September 2021 1738:Power to the People 1635:www.iesisenergy.org 1190:Constraint payments 893:Control of the grid 367:alternating current 321:coalfield near the 238:Newcastle upon Tyne 230:Merz & McLellan 5988:Transmission tower 5599:Nameplate capacity 5251:Stop Climate Chaos 5080:Environment Agency 4854:Oil infrastructure 4819:Natural gas fields 4799:Gas infrastructure 4651:HVDC Cross-Channel 4405:SP Energy Networks 4308:SP Energy Networks 4303:Northern Powergrid 3617:HVDC Cross-Channel 3242:on 4 January 2010. 2837:on 3 November 2010 2623:Solar Power Portal 2265:has generic name ( 1903:. 17 December 2023 1871:Burnham-On-Sea.com 1613:The National Trust 1231:London Underground 1084:Generation charges 951:manage their usage 934: 924:Transmission costs 880:HVDC Cross-Channel 721:HVDC Cross-Channel 712:In 2014, the UK's 692: 689:annotated version. 547:energy transmitted 417: 409: 275: 272:Greater Manchester 206: 47: 6235: 6234: 6139:Environmental tax 6019:Cascading failure 5788: 5787: 5624:Utility frequency 5471: 5470: 5447: 5446: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5292:Green Power Forum 5197: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5170:Planning Act 2008 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 4636:Green electricity 4507: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4372: 4371: 4318:UK Power Networks 4275: 4274: 4267:Utility Warehouse 4237:Outfox the Market 4173:Vedanta Resources 4074: 4073: 3945:Melrose Resources 3938:JKX Oil & Gas 3931:Hardy Oil and Gas 3713: 3712: 3680:National Grid plc 3422:. 3 January 2020. 3291:on 9 August 2011. 3151:National Grid ESO 3048:Now Then Energy, 2963:National Grid ESO 2520:. 15 October 2020 2340:Hartree Solutions 2314:Hartree Solutions 1927:Our World in Data 1335:UK Power Networks 1312:Newcastle Airport 1289:Hornsea Wind Farm 1175: 1174: 1167: 1061: 1060: 651:Western HVDC Link 585:phase out of coal 577:carbon neutrality 450: 449: 363:Western HVDC Link 194: 193: 186: 112:National Grid plc 91:. It has several 36:National Grid plc 16:(Redirected from 6272: 6225: 6224: 6134:Energy subsidies 6088:Protective relay 6029:Rolling blackout 5656: 5646: 5614:Power-flow study 5554:Electrical fault 5498: 5491: 5484: 5475: 5459: 5458: 5366: 5277:Energy Institute 5214: 5203: 5155:Fossil Fuel Levy 5040: 5029: 4934:Hydroelectricity 4879: 4524: 4513: 4492: 4457:Aquamarine Power 4383: 4286: 4135: 4085: 3902:Desire Petroleum 3885:Capricorn Energy 3839: 3768: 3755: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3717: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3533: 3475: 3439: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3287:. 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5189: 5145:Energy Act 2013 5096: 5095:Legislation and 5089: 5034: 5011: 4973: 4961: 4928: 4910: 4868: 4765: 4702: 4676:Reserve Service 4587: 4518: 4499: 4486: 4427: 4409: 4368: 4327: 4271: 4178: 4130: 4124: 4070: 4046:John Wood Group 4014: 4010:Murco Petroleum 3993: 3971:Regal Petroleum 3864: 3858: 3833: 3826: 3762: 3749: 3744: 3714: 3709: 3648: 3632: 3622:HVDC Kingsnorth 3565: 3560: 3482: 3472: 3451: 3448: 3446:Further reading 3443: 3442: 3435:Financial Times 3432: 3431: 3427: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3214: 3209:. 25 June 2004. 3200: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3129: 3125: 3120:. 8 April 2022. 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3062:Andrews, Dave. 3061: 3060: 3056: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2988:Andrews, Dave. 2987: 2986: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2890:The Independent 2881: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2811:on 14 July 2011 2808: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2782:on 14 July 2011 2779: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2753:on 21 June 2008 2747: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2572:on 21 July 2016 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2404:Wayback Machine 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2367:Wayback Machine 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2261: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2084:businessInsider 2077: 2076: 2072: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2007: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1900:Financial Times 1891: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1765: 1764: 1755: 1748: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1710:The Independent 1700: 1699: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1666: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1563:on 4 March 2009 1560: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1504:. 30 March 2022 1496: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1414:Load management 1362:Demand response 1357: 1348: 1343: 1341:Minor incidents 1280: 1255: 1243: 1227: 1221: 1201: 1199:Major incidents 1192: 1171: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1136: 1120: 1109: 1086: 1073: 947: 926: 895: 821: 815: 784: 686: 682: 680: 676: 674: 670: 663: 661:Interconnectors 646: 598: 555: 553:Decarbonisation 486: 440: 428: 422:External images 401: 393:NARI Technology 382:Hinkley Point C 319:Nottinghamshire 190: 179: 173: 170: 159: 147: 136: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6278: 6276: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6242: 6241: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6194:Statistics and 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144:Feed-in tariff 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5932:Interconnector 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5882:Dynamic demand 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5812:Combined cycle 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5589:Load-following 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Electric power 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5256:Tyndall Centre 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4952:Severn Barrage 4949: 4947:Mersey Barrage 4944: 4938: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4859:Oil refineries 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4693:Power stations 4690: 4688:North Sea Link 4685: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4571:miners' strike 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4536:Coal Authority 4532: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4517:Energy sources 4516: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4262:Utilita Energy 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4227:Octopus Energy 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4197:Bristol Energy 4194: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3925:Harbour Energy 3922: 3917: 3912: 3909:Emerald Energy 3905: 3898: 3896:Dana Petroleum 3893: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3868: 3866: 3865:and production 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3781:Anglo American 3776: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3509: 3501: 3495: 3494:, earth.org.uk 3489: 3481: 3480:External links 3478: 3477: 3476: 3470: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3425: 3407: 3381: 3374:) – via 3358: 3339: 3317: 3294: 3269: 3245: 3212: 3189: 3178:. 8 March 2022 3163: 3138: 3123: 3105: 3080: 3054: 3041: 3028: 3015: 3006: 2975: 2950: 2925: 2908: 2874: 2848: 2822: 2793: 2764: 2745: 2725: 2687: 2661: 2650:. 15 July 2021 2635: 2609: 2583: 2557: 2531: 2503: 2475: 2464: 2433: 2408: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2352: 2326: 2300: 2272: 2224: 2196: 2170: 2148: 2138: 2115: 2089: 2070: 2052: 2031: 2013: 1985: 1957: 1932: 1914: 1884: 1858: 1845:"Western Link" 1836: 1804: 1753: 1746: 1728: 1688: 1679: 1664: 1647: 1622: 1600: 1574: 1541: 1525:"NIKOLA TESLA" 1515: 1489: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1279: 1276: 1254: 1251: 1242: 1241:September 2003 1239: 1223:Main article: 1220: 1217: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1173: 1172: 1123: 1121: 1114: 1108: 1107:Demand charges 1105: 1085: 1082: 1072: 1069: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 991: 988: 985: 981: 980: 977: 974: 971: 946: 943: 925: 922: 894: 891: 890: 889: 886: 883: 868: 867: 856: 853: 850: 846: 817:Main article: 814: 811: 803:grid batteries 783: 780: 745:North Sea Link 733:Channel Tunnel 685: Proposed 681: 675: 669: 662: 659: 645: 642: 629: 628: 625: 622: 619: 608: 597: 594: 572:carbon capture 563:carbon neutral 559:stretch target 554: 551: 543:power stations 523: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510:power stations 506: 503: 500: 497: 485: 482: 448: 447: 436: 435: 424: 423: 400: 397: 378:East Huntspill 192: 191: 150: 148: 141: 135: 132: 66:power stations 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6277: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6238: 6228: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6164:Pigouvian tax 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6101: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6061:Earth-leakage 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002:Failure modes 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952:Power station 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5837:Rankine cycle 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5817:Cooling tower 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5660:Non-renewable 5657: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Grid strength 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534:Demand factor 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5464: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217:Charities and 5215: 5211: 5204: 5200: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043:Organisations 5041: 5037: 5030: 5026: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4829:North Sea oil 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4794:Fuel protests 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4666:National Grid 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4510: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4424: 4423:National Grid 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4395:National Grid 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4344:Firmus Energy 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4217:Firmus Energy 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4167:Vattenfall UK 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4115:ScottishPower 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3964:Pharos Energy 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3802:GCM Resources 3799: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3675:Lattice Group 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3602:Fawley Tunnel 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563:National Grid 3557: 3552: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488:, iamkate.com 3487: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3471:0-8018-2145-2 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3233:National Grid 3227: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2875: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2752: 2748: 2746:1-903144-04-3 2742: 2738: 2737: 2729: 2726: 2711: 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