260:. This gives a dimensionless cost of transport of about 0.39. If only the additional metabolic cost (above the resting rate) is counted then the most efficient speed will be lower. The optimal speed if both energy and distance traveled in a given time are taken into account (with some "price" for each) may be faster or slower than the speed giving the lowest COT.
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Previously it was thought that a running person (unlike running animals) uses the same energy whether they run a distance slowly or fast. More recent experiments have shown that was mistaken. Cost of transport when running does depend on speed — individual people have an optimal running speed.
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of maintaining bodily function, and so goes to infinity as speed goes to zero. A human achieves the lowest cost of transport when walking at about 6 kilometres per hour (3.7 mph), at which speed a person of 70 kilograms (150 lb) has a metabolic rate of about
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Steudel-Numbers, Karen L.; Wall-Scheffler, Cara M. (2009). "Optimal running speed and the evolution of hominin hunting strategies".
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processes (i.e., for animals), it is often called the metabolic cost of transport.
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It is calculated in one of two ways, both shown in the following definition:
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104:{\displaystyle \mathrm {COT} \triangleq {\frac {E}{mgd}}={\frac {P}{mgv}}}
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It is also called specific tractive force or specific resistance (see
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of transporting an animal or vehicle from one place to another. As a
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32:. It has a wide range of applications, from comparing human
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to observing the change in efficiency of trains over time.
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133:is the energy input to the system, which has mass
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293:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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237:. The cost of transport is non-dimensional.
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299:(10): 5448–5455.
230:{\displaystyle v}
210:{\displaystyle P}
186:{\displaystyle g}
166:{\displaystyle d}
146:{\displaystyle m}
126:{\displaystyle E}
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22:energy efficiency
18:cost of transport
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287:(May 12, 1998).
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