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deposits of
Banwari Trace and St. John, have been dated between 6000 and 5100 BC. These deposits, consisting of discarded shells, bone tools, and stone tools, represent extended use of crustaceans as a food source, as well as the use of stone and bone tools by human inhabitants. They are considered
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The
Ortoiroid are considered the first settlers of the archipelago of Puerto Rico; however, recent reexamination of data, artifacts, and agricultural evidence and assumptions about culture have suggested a more complex picture.
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They were known for their lithic technology but did not have ceramics. Ortoiroid artifacts include bone spearpoints, perforated animal teeth worn as jewelry, and stone tools, such as
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remains have been found at
Ortoitoid sites indicating that they constituted an important part of the diet. This diet also included turtles, crabs, and fish.
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in the West Indies. In many regions, they disappeared by approximately 400 BC; however, the Coroso culture survived until 200 AD.
515:
239:
Granberry, Julian & Vescelius, Gary. Languages of the Pre-Columbian
Antilles. University of Alabama Press 2004. pp 39-40.
101:, which date back at least to 5500 BC. At this time, Trinidad might have still been connected to the South American mainland.
59:
271:
Rouse, Irving. The Tainos: Rise & Decline of the People who
Greeted Columbus. Yale University Press 1992. p. 62.
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Rouse, Irving. The Tainos: Rise & Decline of the People who
Greeted Columbus. Yale University Press 1992. p. 81.
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Ortoiroid people lived in caves and the open. They buried their dead in the soil beneath shell middens.
136:, which spanned 1500—200 BC. The Coroso people lived in Puerto Rico, where the oldest known site is the
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associated with the
Ortoiroid are found near or on the coasts. Tobago has at least one Ortoiroid site,
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who began their migration into the
Antilles around 2000 BC. They were preceded by the
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The
Peoples of the Caribbean: an Encyclopedia of Archeology and Traditional Culture.
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site in southeast
Trinidad. They have also been called Banwaroid, after another
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144:. Krum Bay culture, which emerged between 800 BC and 225 BC, also extended to
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In the north, two distinct Ortoiroid subcultures have been identified: the
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373:"Rewriting History: There were people before the Caribs and Arawaks ."
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peoples (~4190-2165 BC). They are believed to have originated in the
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has 24 Ortoiroid shell-midden sites. Ortoiroid peoples settled on
421:
The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People who greeted Columbus
190:
was found at some sites and may have been used for body paint.
480:
A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny
140:, dating from 4000 BC. The Krum Bay people lived in the
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The two earliest Ortoiroid sites in Trinidad are the
132:, which flourished from 1500 BC–200 AD, and the
78:The Ortoiroid are believed to have developed in
407:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010.
34:were the second wave of human settlers of the
27:Second wave of human settlers of the Caribbean
8:
425:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
404:Rethinking Puerto Rican Precolonial History.
90:for the Ortoiroid is 5230 BC from Trinidad.
340:"Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area."
551:Extinct Indigenous peoples of the Americas
46:valley in South America, migrating to the
389:4 February 2010 (retrieved 9 July 2011).
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198:The Ortoiroid were displaced by the
511:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
222:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
120:from 2000 BC to 400 BC. The shell
58:. The name "Ortoiroid" comes from
25:
546:Indigenous peoples in Puerto Rico
183:, and pebbles used for grinding.
487:A Brief History of the Caribbean
531:Cultural history of Puerto Rico
467:. Latin American Bureau, 1990.
343:Southeast Archaeological Center
541:History of Trinidad and Tobago
526:Archaic period in the Americas
1:
536:Social history of Puerto Rico
156:Lifeways and material culture
521:Archaeology of the Caribbean
482:. Addison-Wesley Publishing.
383:Trinidad and Tobago Express
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401:RodrĂguez Ramos, Reniel.
345:(retrieved 9 July 2011).
212:History of the Caribbean
97:and at St. John's Road,
478:Kurlansky, Mark. 1992.
387:Archaeology Daily News.
363:RodrĂguez Ramos 17, 54.
516:Pre-Columbian cultures
217:History of Puerto Rico
179:, pestles, choppers,
82:before moving to the
437:Saunders, Nicholas J
106:archaeological sites
160:The Ortoiroid were
74:Settlement patterns
68:archaeological site
52:Trinidad and Tobago
378:2012-03-14 at the
485:Rogozinsky, Jan:
465:Far From Paradise
463:Ferguson, James:
451:978-1-57607-701-6
431:978-0-300-05181-0
413:978-0-8173-8327-5
173:manos and metates
16:(Redirected from
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445:ABC-CLIO, 2005.
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162:hunter-gatherers
134:Krum Bay culture
104:The majority of
88:radiocarbon date
32:Ortoiroid people
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458:Further reading
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380:Wayback Machine
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99:South Oropouche
86:. The earliest
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142:Virgin Islands
138:Angostura site
130:Coroso culture
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18:Coroso culture
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80:South America
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181:hammerstones
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64:shell midden
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177:net sinkers
84:West Indies
56:Puerto Rico
505:Categories
396:References
146:St. Thomas
110:Martinique
40:Casimiroid
309:Rouse 69.
283:Rouse 63.
188:Red ochre
166:Shellfish
118:St. Kitts
36:Caribbean
376:Archived
206:See also
48:Antilles
194:Decline
114:Antigua
60:Ortoire
44:Orinoco
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122:midden
228:Notes
50:from
491:ISBN
469:ISBN
447:ISBN
427:ISBN
409:ISBN
385:via
62:, a
30:The
54:to
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