428:
imported must be labeled as required by the
Customs Service. A textile or wool product partially manufactured in the U.S. and partially manufactured in another country must be labeled to show both foreign and domestic processing. On a garment with a neck, the country of origin must be disclosed on the front of a label attached to the inside center of the neck, either midway between the shoulder seams or very near another label attached to the inside center of the neck. On a garment without a neck and on other kinds of textile products, the country of origin must appear on a conspicuous and readily accessible label on the inside or outside of the product. Catalogs and other mail order promotional materials for textile and wool products, including those disseminated on the Internet, must disclose whether a product is made in the U.S., imported, or both.
135:
38:
368:
229:
163:(220 BC-AD 200); brand names and place names were relatively commonplace on goods. Eckhardt and Bengtsson have argued that in the absence of a capitalist system, branding was connected to social systems and cultural contexts; that brand development was a consumer-initiated activity rather than the manufacturer-push normally associated with Western brand management practices.
397:(P.L. 107–171, Sec. 10816), however, contains a requirement that many retail establishments provide, starting on September 30, 2004, country-of-origin information on fresh fruits and vegetables, red meats, seafood, and peanuts. However, the consolidated FY2004 appropriation (P.L. 108–199) signed January 23, 2004, delayed this requirement for two years except for seafood.
50:
523:
their "correct" country of origin. Generally, articles only change their country of origin if the work or material added to an article in the second country constitutes a substantial transformation, or, the article changes its name, tariff code, character or use (for instance from wheel to car). Value added in the second country may also be an issue.
563:(e.g. scripts, shot lists, production records, publicity material, inventory lists, synopses etc.), the container (if not an integral part of the piece), or other sources (standard and special moving image reference tools). In law, definitions of "country of origin" and related terms are defined differently in different jurisdictions. The
576:
have different countries recognized as originating places for the purpose of different legal jurisdictions. Under copyright law in the United States and other signatories of the Berne
Convention, "country of origin" is defined in an inclusive way to ensure the protection of intellectual rights of writers and creators.
575:
have different definitions for a variety of reasons, including tax treatment, advertising regulations, distribution; even within the
European Union, different member states have different legislation. As a result, an individual work can have multiple countries as its "country of origin", and may even
506:
When shipping products from one country to another, the products may have to be marked with country of origin, and the country of origin will generally be required to be indicated in the export/import documents and governmental submissions. Country of origin will affect its admissibility, the rate of
435:
requires that each automobile manufactured on or after
October 1, 1994, for sale in the U.S. bear a label disclosing where the car was assembled, the percentage of equipment that originated in the U.S. and Canada, and the country of origin of the engine and transmission. Any representation that a car
315:
and weakest for "low involvement" product categories such as shampoo and candy. In various studies, it has also been proven that the country-of-origin effect also applies to services. Of particular interest is the country image effect on prices in the sense that price allows for the "monetization" of
302:
Research shows that consumers' broad general perceptions of a country, including of its national characteristics, economic and political background, history, traditions, and representative products, combine to create an overall image or stereotype that is then attached to the products of that country
286:
By the late 19th century, European countries began introducing country of origin labelling legislation. In the 20th century, as markets became more global and trade barriers removed, consumers had access to a broader range of goods from almost anywhere in the world. Country of origin is an important
166:
Diana Twede has shown that amphorae used in
Mediterranean trade between 1500 and 500 BCE exhibited a wide variety of shapes and markings, which provided information for purchasers during exchange. Systematic use of stamped labels dates appears to date from around the fourth century BCE. In a largely
1263:
Aiello, Gaetano; Donvito, Raffaele; Godey, Bruno; Pederzoli, Daniele; Wiedmann, Klaus-Peter; Hennigs, Nadine; Siebels, Astrid; Chan, Priscilla; Tsuchiya, Junji; Rabino, Samuel; Ivanovna, Skorobogatykh Irina; Weitz, Bart; Oh, Hyunjoo; Singh, Rahul (7 May 2009). "An international perspectiveon luxury
404:
requires that a product be manufactured in the U.S. of more than 50 percent U.S. parts to be considered Made in USA for government procurement purposes. For more information, review the Buy
American Act at 41 U.S.C. §§ 10a-10c, the Federal Acquisition Regulations at 48 C.F.R. Part 25, and the Trade
562:
The
International Federation of Film Archives defines the country of origin as the "country of the principal offices of the production company or individual by whom the moving image work was made". No consistent reference or definition exists. Sources include the item itself, accompanying material
306:
For example, a global survey carried out by
Nielsen reported that country-of-origin image has a significant influence on consumer perceptions and behaviours, and, in situations in which additional information is unavailable or difficult to get, can be the sole determinant of whether or not someone
246:
sprang up and competition between them intensified. In response to competitive pressures, towns began investing in developing a reputation for quality produce, efficient market regulation and good amenities for visitors. By the thirteenth century, English counties with important textile industries
522:
Today, many products are an outcome of a large number of parts and pieces that come from many different countries, and that may then be assembled together in a third country. In these cases, it is hard to know exactly what is the country of origin, and different rules apply as to how to determine
147:
has found archaeological evidence of brands, which often included origin of manufacture, dating to around 4,000 years ago. Producers began by attaching simple stone seals to products which, over time, were transformed into clay seals bearing impressed images, often associated with the producer's
106:
Place-based branding has a very ancient history. Archaeological evidence points to packaging specifying the place of manufacture dating back to some 4,000 years ago. Over time, informal labels evolved into formal, often regulated labels providing consumers with information about product quality,
427:
label on clothing and other textile or wool household products if the final product is manufactured in the U.S. of fabric that is manufactured in the U.S., regardless of where materials earlier in the manufacturing process (for example, the yarn and fiber) came from. Textile products that are
283:, for example, wrote about silk from China and spices from India. Consumers began to associate specific countries with merchandise - calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World.
319:
Several studies have shown that consumers tend to have a relative preference for products from their own country or may have a relative preference for or aversion against products that originate from certain countries (so-called affinity and animosity countries).
167:
pre-literate society, the shape of the amphora and its pictorial markings functioned as a brand, conveying information about the contents, region of origin and even the identity of the producer which were understood to function as signs of product quality.
275:
were strongly associated with cheeses. Casson and Lee have argued that the chartered markets of
England and Europe in medieval times were using the regional market's reputation as a sign of produce quality and that this acted as an early form of branding.
142:
The inclusion of place of origin on manufactured goods has an ancient history. In antiquity, informal branding which included details such as the name of manufacturer and place of origin were used by consumers as important clues as to product quality.
152:(southern Egypt) and dating to around 3,000 B.C.E., carries brand elements that would be very familiar to modern consumers. Inscriptions on the surface denote a specific place of manufacture, "finest oil of Tjehenu", a region in modern-day
182:, archaeological evidence also points to evidence of branding and labelling in relatively common use. Wine jars, for example, were stamped with names, such as "Lassius" and "L. Eumachius", probably references to the name of the producer.
328:
The requirements for
Country of Origin markings are complicated by the various designations which may be required such as "Made in X", "Product of X", "Manufactured in X" etc. They also vary by country of import and export. For example:
307:
buys a product. Its effect is strongest on consumers who do not know much about the product or product type and weakest on consumers who are well-informed. Sensitivity to country of origin varies by product category. It is strongest for
436:
marketer makes that is required by the AALA is exempt from the commission's policy. When a company makes claims in advertising or promotional materials that go beyond the AALA requirements, it will be held to the commission's standard.
316:
the country of origin cue. The country image effects on product prices reveal the extent to which consumer perceptions of different country images are reflected in willingness to pay for products associated with different countries.
2050:
610:
447:
393:) requires most imports, including many food items, to bear labels informing the ultimate purchaser of their country of origin. Meats, produce, and several other raw agricultural products generally were exempt. The
1216:
1792:
1172:
Johnson, Zachary S.; Tian, Yichao; Lee, Sangwon (2016). "Country-of-origin fit: When does a discrepancy between brand origin and country of manufacture reduce consumers' product evaluations?".
635:
Johnson, Zachary S.; Tian, Yichao; Lee, Sangwon (2016). "Country-of-origin fit: When does a discrepancy between brand origin and country of manufacture reduce consumers' product evaluations?".
2066:
2040:
1486:
Klein, Jill Gabrielle; Ettenson, Richard; Morris, Marlene D. (1998). "The Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the People's Republic of China".
1103:
1443:
Oberecker, Eva M.; Riefler, Petra; Diamantopoulos, Adamantios (2008). "The Consumer Affinity Construct: Conceptualization, Qualitative Investigation, and Research Agenda".
1557:
2391:
1649:
1208:
337:, there is a voluntary code for food. Other products are not subject to labelling requirements, but misleading labelling can result in prosecution under the
204:
bearing his personal brand and quality claims. The mosaic comprises four different amphora, one at each corner of the atrium, and bearing labels as follows:
2279:
1888:
1788:
119:(a) "the place from which the merchandise was directly received; that is the last border crossed or port entered before reaching its final destination;
2320:
1857:
416:
200:, was branding his amphora which travelled across the entire Mediterranean. Mosaic patterns in the atrium of his house were decorated with images of
232:
By the 19th century, formal labels featuring manufacturer name and place of manufacture had become relatively common. Picture Apothecary bottles,
174:
and cinnamon from a specific mountain in Arabia, and these place-based preferences stimulated trade throughout Europe and the Middle East. In
225:
Scauras' fish sauce was known to be of very high quality across the Mediterranean and its reputation travelled as far away as modern France.
1698:
138:
The distinctive shape and markings on amphorae provided consumers with information about the manufacturer and the place of origin for goods.
412:
gives any person (such as a competitor) who is damaged by a false designation of origin the right to sue the party making the false claim.
1082:
148:
personal identity thus providing information about the product and its quality. For instance, an object found in a royal burial tomb in
2229:
2097:
2045:
1345:
1247:
1042:
905:
880:
679:
386:
1300:
2249:
1905:
1604:
1565:
1033:; Chi, Cathy Yi (2009). "Nation Equity: Country-of-Origin Effects and Globalization". In Kotabe, Masaaki; Helsen, Kristaan (eds.).
1730:
1112:
2244:
1881:
1822:
2274:
1014:
845:
740:
Eckhardt, Giana M.; Bengtsson, Anders (2008). "Pulling the White Rabbit Out of the Hat: Consuming Brands in Imperial China".
99:
or the "nationality bias". In some regions or industries, country of origin labelling may adopt unique local terms such as
208:
1. G(ari) F(los) SCO/ SCAURI/ EX OFFI/NA SCAU/RI Translated as "The flower of garum, made of the mackerel, a product of
2239:
2158:
1521:
1105:
Country-of-origin effects on consumers' willingness to buy foreign products: an experiment in consumer decision making
432:
338:
76:
or product comes from. For multinational brands, CO may include multiple countries within the value-creation process.
31:
1762:
2381:
2361:
2024:
1874:
420:
1605:"CRS Report for Congress | Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition | Order Code 97-905"
1408:
Shimp, Terence A.; Sharma, Subhash (1987). "Consumer Ethnocentrism: Construction and Validation of the CETSCALE".
2366:
440:
1363:"Modeling price-related consequences of the brand origin cue: An empirical examination of the automobile market"
1847:
1663:
Aichner, Thomas (15 November 2013). "Country-of-origin marketing: A list of typical strategies with examples".
896:
Clarke, John R. (2008). "Domestic decoration: mosaics and stucco". In Dobbins, John J.; Foss, Pedar W. (eds.).
296:
1851:
1590:
103:
used to describe wine appellations based on the specific region where grapes are grown and wine manufactured.
1861:
2269:
970:
Casson, Mark; Lee, John S. (2011). "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective".
209:
2284:
2090:
1301:"Importance of the product country-of-origin factor on purchasing process in the context of globalisation"
516:
1338:
The country-of-origin affect on perception of services Entry mode decisions as a determinant of usability
1030:
2376:
2264:
1983:
1953:
443:
requires the country of origin of imported furs to be disclosed on all labels and in all advertising.
134:
1913:
600:
466:
Companies may indicate the origin of their products with a number of different marketing strategies:
345:
221:
4. LIQUAMEN/ OPTIMUM/ EX OFFICI/A SCAURI Translated as: "The best liquamen, from the shop of Scaurus"
295:
The effects of country of origin labeling on consumer purchasing have been extensively studied. The
218:
3. G F SCOM/ SCAURI Translated as: "The flower of garum, made of the mackerel, a product of Scaurus"
2254:
758:
Eckhardt, Giana M.; Bengtsson, Anders (10 November 2009). "A Brief History of Branding in China".
2138:
1918:
1705:
1680:
1503:
1468:
1460:
1425:
1390:
1281:
1189:
1154:
1146:
1129:
Nagashima, Akira (1970). "A Comparison of Japanese and U. S. Attitudes toward Foreign Products".
987:
949:
941:
810:
775:
723:
715:
652:
382:
1522:"Guidance Notes for Traders: Tackling Misleading Country of Origin Claims and Counterfeit Goods"
186:, found at Herculaneum, indicate that some bakers stamped their bread with the producer's name.
1059:
2183:
2173:
2128:
2083:
1382:
1341:
1311:
1243:
1038:
1010:
901:
876:
841:
837:
675:
531:
53:
Country of origin label for a product designed in the United States, but manufactured in China
1958:
1933:
1672:
1495:
1452:
1417:
1374:
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1181:
1138:
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979:
933:
829:
802:
767:
707:
644:
605:
590:
508:
401:
183:
351:
Country of Origin markings have been mandatory in Japan since 1962 and in China since 2005.
17:
2386:
2371:
2340:
2325:
2055:
1943:
1319:
1240:
Handbook of Research in International Marketing, Second Edition (Elgar Original Reference)
615:
501:
80:
65:
37:
1615:
367:
2315:
1998:
1973:
1938:
1923:
1737:
564:
394:
373:
355:
334:
248:
115:
Country of origin of a product can have several possible definitions. It can refer to:
2355:
2330:
2289:
2188:
2178:
1988:
1978:
1963:
1948:
1928:
1814:
1789:"Coordination of certain of the Member States' provisions on television broadcasting"
1684:
1472:
1285:
1193:
1158:
953:
869:
863:
830:
814:
793:
Twede, Diana (26 July 2016). "Commercial Amphoras: The Earliest Consumer Packages?".
779:
727:
695:
656:
572:
308:
149:
144:
1394:
1111:(Masters of Science thesis). Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia. Archived from
312:
1209:"Nearly 75% of Global Respondents List Country of Origin as a Key Purchase Driver"
390:
170:
The Romans preferred to purchase goods from specific places, such as oysters from
2310:
2214:
2193:
2153:
2003:
1968:
512:
424:
243:
228:
179:
160:
73:
69:
1142:
2294:
2019:
1993:
1378:
983:
924:
Curtis, Robert I. (October 1984). "A Personalized Floor Mosaic from Pompeii".
595:
409:
280:
1386:
1315:
1078:
1009:. Translated by Reynold, Siân. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
771:
2335:
2259:
1362:
806:
171:
42:
2051:
Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union
1532:
354:
The UK's Federation of Private Business has argued that the absence in the
49:
1766:
358:
of any mandatory marking rules "puts European citizens at a disadvantage".
2234:
2168:
2133:
2123:
1456:
1007:
The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century
670:
Field, Alexander J.; Clark, Gregory; Sundstorm, William A., eds. (2008).
122:(b) the country of consignment (i.e. from where the goods were sold); or,
1464:
991:
279:
Following the European age of expansion, goods were imported from afar.
159:
In China, place-names appear to have developed independently during the
2219:
2198:
2163:
1676:
1507:
1429:
1277:
1185:
1150:
648:
268:
264:
252:
201:
175:
100:
945:
719:
448:
mandatory country-of-origin labeling of food sold in the United States
247:
were investing in purpose built halls for the sale of cloth. London's
568:
451:
260:
1866:
1650:"Rules and Regulations Under the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939"
1499:
1421:
937:
711:
2148:
2143:
2114:
2106:
585:
366:
272:
227:
190:
153:
133:
48:
36:
299:
is also known as the "made-in image" and the "nationality bias."
1699:"ABC dell'import-export | La normativa comunitaria sull'origine"
2079:
1870:
189:
Umbricius Scauras, a manufacturer of fish sauce (also known as
455:
864:"Chapter 5: Earning a Living, Baker, Banker and Garam Maker"
2075:
255:
became associated with a particular type of cloth known as
1652:. Federal Register. Federal Trade Commission. 4 June 2014.
550:
is considered a sufficient step to label the end product
546:, which sells the final processed commodity to a country
534:
coding. For example, a rough commodity sold from country
491:
Use of typical landscapes or famous buildings from the CO
263:
was known for producing fine woollen cloth, the town of
83:
under various national laws and international treaties.
698:(February 2008). "Prehistories of Commodity Branding".
1639:(85th Congress, 2d Sess.; 15 U.S.C. 70, 72 Stat. 1717)
1361:
Saridakis, Charalampos; Baltas, George (2016-03-01).
215:
2. LIQU/ FLOS Translated as: "The flower of Liquamen"
2303:
2207:
2113:
2041:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
2033:
2012:
1904:
1299:UrbonaviÄŤius, Sigitas; GineikienÄ—, Justina (2009).
1060:"Country-of-Origin 1965-2004: A Literature Review"
868:
862:
303:or countries, as occurs for multinational brands.
125:(c) the country of original growth or extraction."
832:The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping
485:Use of famous or stereotypical people from the CO
542:, than subjected of a transformation in country
1815:"Copyright Law of the United States of America"
1593:, archived 1 March 2007, accessed 8 August 2023
242:During the Medieval period in Europe, numerous
72:, production, design, or brand origin where an
1731:"The FIAF Cataloguing Rules For Film Archives"
1558:"Export Requirements for United Arab Emirates"
2091:
2067:Products with protected designation of origin
1882:
871:The Fires of Vesuvius: Pompeii Lost and Found
479:Typical CO words embedded in the company name
419:, approved on 2 September 1958, and the 1939
27:Country of manufacture, production, or growth
8:
1035:The SAGE Handbook of International Marketing
530:of a product is intended as a change in the
2280:United Kingdom food information regulations
287:consideration in purchase decision-making.
2098:
2084:
2076:
1889:
1875:
1867:
1340:. MĂĽnchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. p. 116.
405:Agreements Act at 19 U.S.C. §§ 2501–2582.
30:For the legal term from European law, see
2321:Automatic identification and data capture
1858:Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH
965:
963:
919:
917:
674:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 101.
507:duty, its entitlement to special duty or
417:Textile Fiber Products Identification Act
1242:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 467.
2392:National production certification marks
1852:Complying with the Made in USA Standard
1207:Nielsen International (26 April 2016).
836:. Toronto, Canada: ECW Press. pp.
672:Research in Economic History, Volume 26
627:
267:became synonymous with a type of yarn;
107:manufacturer name and place of origin.
1585:
1583:
1219:from the original on 30 September 2017
1097:
1095:
130:History of country-of-origin labelling
1795:from the original on 25 February 2007
1264:brand and country-of-origin effect".
1088:from the original on 12 October 2013.
7:
2046:Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
1529:Department of Trade & Industry
1445:Journal of International Marketing
900:. Oxford: Routledge. p. 330.
25:
2250:List of food labeling regulations
1037:. SAGE Publications. p. 93.
744:European Conference Proceedings.
1825:from the original on 18 May 2011
1589:Federation of Private Business,
473:Use of quality and origin labels
433:American Automobile Labeling Act
2245:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
1603:Womach, Jasper (16 June 2005).
1564:. 18 April 2012. Archived from
926:American Journal of Archaeology
476:CO embedded in the company name
348:must include Country of Origin.
2275:Radio-frequency identification
1531:. October 2003. Archived from
742:Advances in Consumer Research.
558:Film and television production
470:Use of the phrase "Made in..."
1:
1410:Journal of Marketing Research
1067:Journal of Customer Behaviour
1058:Dinnie, Keith (1 July 2004).
611:Protected Geographical Status
450:(mCOOL) rule was defeated by
233:
194:
875:. Harvard University Press.
828:Paquet, Laura Byrne (2003).
371:Ford automobile hubcap with
2159:Pressure-sensitive adhesive
1704:(in French). Archived from
1665:Journal of Brand Management
1266:Journal of Brand Management
1174:Journal of Brand Management
972:The Business History Review
637:Journal of Brand Management
606:History of brand management
488:Use of CO flags and symbols
339:Trade Descriptions Act 1968
251:became a centre for cloth,
212:, from the shop of Scaurus"
85:Country of origin labelling
32:Country of origin principle
18:Country of origin labelling
2408:
2025:EUR.1 movement certificate
1791:. European Parliamentary.
1143:10.1177/002224297003400115
528:substantial transformation
499:
421:Wool Products Labeling Act
184:Carbonized loaves of bread
29:
2064:
1379:10.1007/s11002-014-9304-3
1238:Jain, Subhash C. (2012).
1005:Braudel, Fernand (1992).
984:10.1017/S0007680511000018
795:Journal of Macromarketing
760:Journal of Macromarketing
441:Fur Products Labeling Act
1862:Overview of "Swiss Made"
1848:Federal Trade Commission
1763:"Sources of information"
1079:10.1362/1475392041829537
772:10.1177/0276146709352219
297:country of origin effect
41:"Swiss Made" label on a
2270:Plain tobacco packaging
2230:Cigarette warning label
1591:The 'Made in' Manifesto
807:10.1177/027467022001009
517:government procurement
482:Use of the CO language
378:
324:Labelling requirements
239:
139:
54:
46:
2265:Nutrition facts label
1819:U.S. Copyright Office
1336:Peters, Nils (2011).
500:Further information:
370:
344:Food exported to the
231:
137:
52:
40:
1743:on 24 September 2015
1568:on 25 September 2012
1488:Journal of Marketing
1457:10.1509/jimk.16.3.23
1131:Journal of Marketing
1031:Durairaj, Maheswaran
898:The World of Pompeii
861:Beard, Mary (2008).
700:Current Anthropology
601:History of marketing
462:Marketing strategies
346:United Arab Emirates
291:Effects on consumers
93:place-based branding
79:There are differing
2255:Mandatory labelling
1769:on 5 September 2007
1612:Library of Congress
496:International trade
381:Section 304 of the
333:For imports to the
91:) is also known as
2139:In-mould labelling
1677:10.1057/bm.2013.24
1538:on 21 October 2012
1325:on 7 October 2013.
1278:10.1057/bm.2008.52
1186:10.1057/bm.2016.13
1118:on 7 October 2013.
649:10.1057/bm.2016.13
526:In principle, the
383:Tariff Act of 1930
379:
240:
140:
55:
47:
2382:International law
2362:Country of origin
2349:
2348:
2225:Country of origin
2184:Security printing
2174:Security hologram
2129:Die cutting (web)
2073:
2072:
1898:Country of origin
1621:on 10 August 2011
1367:Marketing Letters
532:harmonized system
64:) represents the
58:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
2399:
2367:Brand management
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1765:. Archived from
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1736:. Archived from
1735:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1614:. Archived from
1609:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1483:
1477:
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1434:
1433:
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1399:
1398:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1333:
1327:
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1324:
1318:. Archived from
1305:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1272:(5–6): 323–337.
1260:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
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1197:
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1102:Cai, Yi (2002).
1099:
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1027:
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1002:
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921:
912:
911:
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852:
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835:
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790:
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783:
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749:
738:
732:
731:
692:
686:
685:
667:
661:
660:
632:
591:Brand management
509:trade preference
402:Buy American Act
238:
235:
199:
196:
68:or countries of
21:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2341:Track and trace
2326:Label dispenser
2299:
2240:EU energy label
2203:
2109:
2104:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2056:Rules of origin
2029:
2008:
1900:
1895:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
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1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1711:on 4 March 2016
1708:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1624:
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1618:
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1569:
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1520:
1519:
1515:
1500:10.2307/1251805
1485:
1484:
1480:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1422:10.2307/3151638
1407:
1406:
1402:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1237:
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1232:
1222:
1220:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1128:
1127:
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1115:
1108:
1101:
1100:
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1085:
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1057:
1056:
1052:
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1024:
1017:
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689:
682:
669:
668:
664:
634:
633:
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624:
616:Nation branding
582:
560:
504:
502:Rules of origin
498:
464:
365:
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236:
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81:rules of origin
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2189:Security label
2186:
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2141:
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2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
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2007:
2006:
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1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
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1908:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1843:
1842:External links
1840:
1837:
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1780:
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1722:
1690:
1655:
1641:
1632:
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1347:978-3656020790
1346:
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1248:
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1199:
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1164:
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1050:
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938:10.2307/504744
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907:978-1134689743
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750:
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712:10.1086/523676
696:Wengrow, David
687:
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680:
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626:
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565:European Union
559:
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489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
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460:
458:in 2014–2015.
395:2002 farm bill
387:19 U.S.C.
374:Made in U.S.A.
364:
361:
360:
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356:European Union
352:
349:
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335:United Kingdom
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2331:Label printer
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2179:Release liner
2177:
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2018:
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2015:
2011:
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2002:
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1997:
1995:
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1987:
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1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
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1824:
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1213:Media Release
1210:
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1200:
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833:
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816:
812:
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801:(1): 98–108.
800:
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362:
357:
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347:
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340:
336:
332:
331:
330:
323:
321:
317:
314:
310:
309:durable goods
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300:
298:
290:
288:
284:
282:
277:
274:
270:
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262:
258:
254:
250:
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230:
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220:
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192:
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157:
155:
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145:David Wengrow
136:
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124:
121:
118:
117:
116:
110:
108:
104:
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97:made-in image
94:
90:
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75:
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67:
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39:
33:
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2377:Business law
2224:
2117:construction
1984:South Africa
1979:Saudi Arabia
1897:
1827:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1757:
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1738:the original
1725:
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1706:the original
1693:
1671:(1): 81–93.
1668:
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1616:the original
1611:
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1566:the original
1561:
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1533:the original
1528:
1516:
1491:
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1451:(3): 23–56.
1448:
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1320:the original
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1265:
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1221:. Retrieved
1212:
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1134:
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1124:
1113:the original
1104:
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1000:
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430:
414:
407:
399:
385:as amended (
380:
372:
327:
318:
313:luxury goods
305:
301:
294:
285:
278:
256:
244:market towns
241:
224:
188:
169:
165:
158:
141:
114:
105:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
61:
57:
56:
2311:Advertising
2215:Advertising
2194:Smart label
2154:Perforation
1994:Switzerland
1969:New Zealand
1223:16 February
978:(1): 9–37.
706:(1): 7–34.
538:to country
513:antidumping
425:Made in USA
391:§ 1304
257:Bristol red
237: 1860
180:Herculaneum
178:and nearby
161:Han dynasty
70:manufacture
45:chronograph
2356:Categories
2295:Wine label
2020:Made in EU
2013:For the EU
1919:Bangladesh
1906:By country
1829:14 January
1799:14 January
1773:14 January
1625:20 January
1016:0520081153
847:1550225839
622:References
596:CE marking
571:, and the
511:programs,
423:require a
410:Lanham Act
281:Marco Polo
111:Definition
2336:Packaging
2260:Nameplate
1954:Indonesia
1914:Australia
1747:3 January
1685:167403265
1572:9 October
1542:9 October
1473:146273890
1387:1573-059X
1316:1392-1258
1308:Ekonomika
1286:167841793
1194:167886281
1159:167941676
954:193011398
815:154514559
780:154558621
728:145736919
657:167886281
552:made in B
439:The 2010
431:The 1994
415:The 1958
408:The 1946
400:The 1933
172:Londinium
43:TAG Heuer
2235:Ecolabel
2169:Printing
2134:Hologram
2124:Adhesive
2107:Labeling
1823:Archived
1793:Archived
1715:18 March
1465:27755569
1395:59431918
1217:Archived
1083:Archived
992:41301368
586:Branding
580:See also
2220:Barcode
2208:Content
2199:Sticker
2164:Plastic
1959:Ireland
1944:Germany
1934:Croatia
1508:1251805
1430:3151638
1151:1250298
454:at the
377:imprint
269:Banbury
265:Worsted
253:Bristol
210:Scaurus
202:amphora
176:Pompeii
101:terroir
74:article
66:country
2387:Labels
2372:Brands
1999:Taiwan
1974:Russia
1939:France
1924:Canada
1683:
1506:
1471:
1463:
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1393:
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720:523676
718:
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569:Canada
515:, and
452:Canada
389:
261:Stroud
150:Abydos
95:, the
2149:Paper
2144:Label
2115:Label
1989:Spain
1964:Italy
1949:India
1929:China
1741:(PDF)
1734:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1702:(PDF)
1681:S2CID
1619:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
1536:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1504:JSTOR
1469:S2CID
1461:JSTOR
1426:JSTOR
1391:S2CID
1323:(PDF)
1304:(PDF)
1282:S2CID
1190:S2CID
1155:S2CID
1147:JSTOR
1116:(PDF)
1109:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
1063:(PDF)
988:JSTOR
950:S2CID
942:JSTOR
840:–25.
811:S2CID
776:S2CID
724:S2CID
716:JSTOR
653:S2CID
273:Essex
191:garum
154:Libya
2034:Laws
1831:2007
1801:2007
1775:2007
1749:2015
1717:2015
1627:2013
1574:2012
1562:USDA
1544:2012
1383:ISSN
1342:ISBN
1312:ISSN
1244:ISBN
1225:2018
1039:ISBN
1011:ISBN
902:ISBN
877:ISBN
842:ISBN
676:ISBN
446:The
311:and
271:and
2304:Use
2285:UPC
2004:USA
1850:, "
1673:doi
1496:doi
1453:doi
1418:doi
1375:doi
1274:doi
1182:doi
1139:doi
1075:doi
980:doi
934:doi
803:doi
768:doi
708:doi
645:doi
456:WTO
89:COL
2358::
1860:,
1821:.
1817:.
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