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36:
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Both Dublin and Cork city councils were so removed. In both cities, there was a body of opinion that the services provided by the councils were delivered more efficiently and fairly under the commissioners than under the previous system, where the executive function had been, in effect, vested in the
525:
form. Since it relies on candidates being elected at-large, minority populations are often unable to elect candidates of their choice. In addition, it may concentrate too much power in individual commissioners, who also manage city departments. The council–manager form became the preferred
581:
In 1926, a committee of commercial and industrial interests in Cork came together to consider a scheme of city government. Having regard to the city's experience of commissioners and recent experience in the United States a council–manager plan of city government was proposed.
433:
All governmental authority rests with the council or other elected body, except for certain executive or administrative duties that are assigned to the manager. However, the manager always is employed at the pleasure of the elected
414:" present in this type of legislative body is a largely ceremonial title, and may be selected by the council from among its members or elected as an at-large council member with no executive functions, similar to a non-executive
460:
The concept of the council–manager form of government was a product of a confluence of the prevailing modes of thought during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Probably the foremost influence was the
719:
479:, is credited as the first American city to appoint a city manager, which it did in 1908. This appointment attracted attention to the fledgling profession and caught the eye of
1023:
422:
309:
53:
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834:
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After discussion between the minister for local government and local representatives, the minister, Richard
Mulcahy, introduced as a government measure, the
574:(1921–1923), the Irish government found it necessary to remove the members of several local authorities and replace them temporarily by paid commissioners.
661:
Svara, James H. (21 October 2008). "Strengthening Local
Government Leadership and Performance: Reexamining and Updating the Winter Commission Goals".
723:
540:
Since the turn of the 21st century, there have been studies about hybrid forms of local governments that take elements of both council–manager and
444:
The manager must be responsible to, hired by, and can be dismissed only by the entire council, not one individual, such as a mayor or chairperson.
100:
483:, who would become known as the "father" of the council–manager form of government. The first large city to adopt the council–manager form was
72:
553:
302:
79:
465:; following along the thought lines of the movement, the municipal reformers of that time wanted to rid municipalities of the pervasive "
406:
to oversee the administrative operations, implement its policies, and advise it. The manager position is similar to that of a corporate
1013:
779:
491:
902:
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in that county, but since the 1990s, has the power to delegate these functions to any other officer of that borough or town council.
119:
86:
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forms. The cities that have modified their organizational structure from one of the pure forms have been called "adaptive" forms.
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enacted similar provision for Dublin City in 1930. Similar laws were passed for
Limerick in 1934 and Waterford in 1939 under the
347:
295:
68:
351:
57:
429:
for city managers, has listed at least three defining characteristics that distinguish a true council–manager government:
541:
530:, few cities adopted the commission form and many cities using the commission plan switched to the council–manager form.
159:
521:
The council–manager form of government developed, at least in part, as a response to some perceived limitations of the
495:
473:. The thought was to have a politically impartial administrator or manager to carry out the administrative function.
838:
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46:
640:
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By 2001 there were 3,302 cities with a population over 2,500 and 371 counties using the council–manager system.
93:
362:; this manager can be replaced by a simple majority at any time. It is used in roughly 40% of American cities.
437:
The manager is allocated their functions in codified form by the city charter or other law, not assigned them
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359:
239:
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cities with populations of 2,500 or more, according to the 2011 Municipal
Yearbook published by ICMA.
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The above acts have been replaced since that time, in substantially the same form, by the
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Executive leader and executive committees elected by the council from among themselves
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537:, is the largest city in the United States to retain a council–manager government.
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City
Executives: Leadership Roles, Work Characteristics, and Time Management.
507:
835:"Staunton, Virginia: Birthplace of the Council Manager Form of Government"
619:
The system was modified also in subsequent legislation, particularly the
379:
822:
The Rise of the City
Manager: A Public Professional in Local Government.
998:
609:
243:
387:
370:
The council-manager system is similar to the typical governance of a
335:
930:; Karuppusamy, Shanthi (July 2008). "The Adapted Cities Framework".
589:
and it became law despite opposition. The minister proposed and the
411:
166:
613:
488:
374:. Under the form, an elected governing body, usually called a
29:
252:
Executive leader elected by the council from among themselves
398:, and developing an overall vision, similar to a corporate
801:
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874:
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organizing for the city manager plan also prioritized
604:, which was brought into operation in August 1942, a
410:
appointed by a board of directors. The position of "
627:, which provided for the council–manager system in
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
971:"Taking Stock of the Council-Manager Form at 100"
631:once detached for local government purposes from
994:International City/County Management Association
423:International City/County Management Association
354:. In the council-manager government, an elected
858:Ammons, David N. and Charldean Newell. (1989).
621:City and County Management (Amendment) Act 1955
448:This system of government is used in 40.1% of
969:Svara, James H.; Nelson, Kimberly L. (2008).
303:
8:
890:, s.v. "COMMISSION FORM OF CITY GOVERNMENT,"
824:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
689:"Cities 101 — Forms of Municipal Government"
1024:Local government in the Republic of Ireland
816:
814:
805:
790:
469:" form of government and the abuses of the
229:Citizens vote on policy, officers, and laws
169:elected by the people, elected legislative
989:City Mayors feature on US council managers
526:alternative for progressive reform. After
310:
296:
209:Elected commission enacts laws and governs
131:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
653:
402:. The council or commission appoints a
382:, or similar title, is responsible for
142:
1019:Local government in the United States
554:Council Manager (Republic of Ireland)
260:Executive mayor elected by the people
7:
714:
712:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
837:. City of Staunton. Archived from
548:History in the Republic of Ireland
358:hires a manager to serve as chief
25:
905:. City of Phoenix. Archived from
744:Local Government Management, ICMA
188:hired by the elected City Council
675:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00977.x
279:
34:
578:councils and their committees.
386:functions such as establishing
45:needs additional citations for
587:Cork City Management Bill 1929
1:
862:State University of NY Press.
820:Stillman, Richard J. (1974).
348:New Zealand regional councils
872:Barber, Kathleen L. (1995).
703:"Council-manager government"
663:Public Administration Review
456:History in the United States
69:"Council–manager government"
756:"ICMA information brochure"
496:proportional representation
372:publicly traded corporation
1040:
602:County Management Act 1940
551:
523:city commission government
324:council–manager government
198:Executive and legislature
153:Executive and legislature
1014:Forms of local government
903:"From the Mayor's Office"
720:"2011 Municipal Yearbook"
641:Local Government Act 2001
625:Local Government Act 1985
568:Irish War of Independence
558:Following the turmoil of
427:professional organization
257:Elected mayor and cabinet
944:10.1177/1078087407311396
892:(accessed May 26, 2009).
888:Handbook of Texas Online
780:ICMA forms of government
608:is the manager of every
27:Form of local government
806:Svara & Nelson 2008
791:Svara & Nelson 2008
408:chief executive officer
352:Canadian municipalities
220:Direct democratic forms
240:Executive arrangements
999:National Civic League
570:(1919–1921), and the
977:. August 2008: 6–15.
932:Urban Affairs Review
841:on November 20, 2005
463:Progressive Movement
54:improve this article
286:Politics portal
691:. 21 October 2016.
477:Staunton, Virginia
418:in a corporation.
400:board of directors
330:commonly used for
248:Leader and cabinet
975:Public Management
876:. pp. 59–60.
562:(1914–1918), the
498:with adoption in
481:Richard S. Childs
467:political machine
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179:Council - Manager
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43:This article
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963:Bibliography
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911:. Retrieved
907:the original
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843:. Retrieved
839:the original
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793:, p. 7.
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764:. Retrieved
760:the original
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492:Progressives
485:Dayton, Ohio
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404:city manager
376:city council
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356:city council
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225:Town meeting
186:city manager
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171:City council
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135:Part of the
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
669:: S37–S49.
629:Galway City
595:Fianna Fáil
564:1916 rising
560:World War I
528:World War I
487:, in 1913.
441:by a mayor.
416:chairperson
384:legislative
378:, board of
1008:Categories
913:2008-09-04
845:2008-11-11
766:2009-12-19
730:2019-01-03
648:References
600:Under the
591:Oireachtas
504:Cincinnati
425:(ICMA), a
390:, passing
184:Executive
165:Executive
110:March 2014
80:newspapers
952:153593604
508:Cleveland
500:Ashtabula
394:, voting
360:executive
350:, and in
512:Hamilton
450:American
380:aldermen
366:Overview
336:counties
155:separate
610:borough
344:Ireland
338:in the
244:England
94:scholar
950:
566:, the
516:Toledo
514:, and
439:ad hoc
388:policy
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
948:S2CID
434:body.
412:mayor
346:, in
200:fused
167:mayor
101:JSTOR
87:books
614:town
489:Ohio
421:The
342:and
334:and
322:The
73:news
940:doi
671:doi
612:or
242:in
56:by
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