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in North
America. The historical function of the council circles is debated. Some suggest that the talking circles are ceremonial, and others support a hypothesis that they were places for political discussion that suggest
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In current use, the council circle is often synonymous with the talking circle, and is a means of group communication that promotes input from all the members. The practice has been adopted by people of many cultures. A
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to create egalitarian forums. Photographs show that some talking sticks were very tall, suggesting that circle participants would have stood when speaking.
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Talking sticks in the context of the council circle may have been used pre-historically by
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Understanding
Northwest coast art: a guide to crests, beings, and symbols
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Circle of
Strength – Restoring Relationship Through Empathy
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Talking Circle – A Place for Peace, Harmony and
Reflection
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