438:(1485–1509) in 1485, and in order to replenish the royal treasury, a new importance was placed on fully exploiting such rights. Surveyors, commissioners and from 1514 county feodaries were appointed to actively search for and spy out potential royal wardships, and in each county there were established over wards retained by the king a master, receiver-general, auditor and particular receiver. Liberal rewards were paid to anyone providing information allowing the discovery of a new crown ward. Over all was appointed a "Master of the King's Wards", to be held at the king's pleasure, first established in late 1503, to supervise royal wardships and administer the lands and revenues of wards during the period of crown control, and to sell those not to be retained. The revenues were paid to the
169:
74:
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40:
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would be held, resulting in a certification witnessed by prominent men from his local area who certified that he had reached the age of 21. Such certificate then formed the basis for the king to issue a writ to the custodian of the land in question to release it to the heir, who then obtained
396:
Grant to
William Martyn, esquire, and William Twynyho, esquire, of the keeping of the lands late of John Trenchard, tenant in chief, and after the death of Margaret, widow of the said John, of the lands which she holds in dower; with the wardship and marriage of Thomas Trenchard, his son and
3610:
496:
In 1540 the office of "Master of the King's Wards" was replaced by the Court of Wards, which assumed complete control of wards and the administration of their lands. This was inspired by the successful establishment of the
1903:
309:
attempted to negotiate with
Parliament a regular income of £200,000 a year in return for the abolition of the hated Court of Wards. While the negotiations failed, the episode showed Parliament that the
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2203:
2198:
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The master originally was required to declare his accounts orally to the king's own person four times a year, which in 1531 was altered to require the rendering of such accounts to general surveyors.
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2455:
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2445:
509:
The office of "Surveyor of the King's
Liveries" was in existence between 1514 and 1542, when the office was joined to the Court of Wards, becoming the "King's Court of Wards and Liveries".
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2393:
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1513:
1508:
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501:
in 1536, and it followed a similar organisation. The court had a seal and met in quarterly sessions. The other officials included a surveyor, attorney, receiver-general and two auditors.
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2018:
2013:
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1996:
1991:
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Such right entitled the king to all the revenues of the deceased's estate, excluding those lands, generally one third of the estate, allocated to his widow as
380:
to a favoured courtier as a reward for services, which saved cash having to be found from the privy purse. On attainment of his majority at the age of 21, a
3638:
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3749:
624:
3674:
2104:
883:
563:
484:
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457:
1442:
618:
3851:
3846:
605:
357:, custody of an "idiot", etc.), that is to say a right of royal prerogative dating back to the feudal principle of seigneurial guardianship. King
191:
96:
3779:
372:, until the heir reached his majority of 21, or 14 if a female. The king generally sold such wardships to the highest bidder or granted them
3686:
599:
581:
3633:
2432:
783:
1301:
725:
1002:
575:
295:
43:
1312:
1251:
434:
The systems for the exploitation of royal feudal incidents fell into decay by the 15th century, but following the accession of
469:
3658:
1237:
941:
1334:
1323:
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1287:
1276:
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1367:
777:
419:
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1435:
1356:
1265:
990:
536:
3881:
1378:
1014:'February 1646: Ordinance for removing the Court of Wards', Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660 (1911),
811:
1518:
334:
229:
134:
3757:
1451:
710:
2120:
1465:
439:
381:
1428:
587:
411:
1150:
Richardson, W.C., Tudor
Chamber Administration 1485–1547, Baton Rouge Louisiana, 1952, pp.487–8, Appendix 5
361:
of
England prevented his tenants from depriving him of royal revenue by sponsoring the 1535 law called the
3575:
1979:
655:
498:
31:
1401:
3830:
2404:
704:
181:
173:
86:
78:
1389:
Herbert
Searvant in the Chapman Trials, Asgard House, 2020, Widmayer Gus G., ch. 6, ISBN 9781663546982.
759:
3601:
3586:
1470:
841:
435:
3670:
2006:
1415:
789:
750:
330:
964:
Steer, F. W. (1964). "The monography of archives, 3: The Court of Wards and
Liveries in session".
3581:
915:
299:
272:
3624:
1890:
1485:
1126:
998:
937:
415:
322:
311:
3772:
3727:
3708:
973:
685:
422:, the name and age of the deceased and the name and age of his heir. A copy was sent to the
1015:
325:, the Court of Wards and Liveries lost its principal function, due to the abolition by the
3767:
820:
719:
668:
661:
649:
362:
350:
326:
418:
which identified the size and location of the holdings, the rents and services due under
3806:
3597:
771:
675:
643:
612:
529:
475:
377:
306:
3840:
522:
463:
354:
39:
1071:
Exchequer
Accounts, Various, 413/2 (I), folio 8d, quoted by Richardson, 1952, p.166
209:
114:
3813:
1475:
593:
1045:
Seymour, John. "Parens
Patriae and Wardship Powers: Their Nature and Origins".
3818:
3649:
1225:
An
Introduction to the History and Records of the Courts of Wards and Liveries
977:
929:
637:
542:
358:
261:
249:
17:
353:
was one of the king's ancient "feudal incidents" (amongst escheat, marriage,
423:
338:
318:
288:
280:
260:; but as well as the revenue collection, the court was also responsible for
257:
196:
101:
302:
and also, until they came of age, for the administration of their estates.
407:
253:
1050:
386:
265:
224:
129:
995:
God's Englishman : Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
442:, that is to say the king's private funds, not into the Treasury.
369:
329:
of feudal tenure. The court was formally abolished soon after the
38:
1420:
392:
An example of such grant made on 20 November 1495 is as follows:
1424:
91:
An Act for the Establishment of the Court of the King's Wards.
410:
of the county in which he held land was required to hold an
1137:
1135:
716:
Sir William Fleetwood (1551–1616) (1594 – 3 February 1610)
298:
was responsible for the upbringing of orphaned heirs to
936:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 344.
3790:
426:, and after 1540 to the Court of Wards and Liveries.
1397:
1395:
795:
Henry Calthorpe (23 January 1636 –29 September 1637)
3748:
3725:
3707:
3647:
3623:
3595:
2431:
2402:
2117:
2097:
1496:
1484:
1458:
707:(by 1508–1558/64) (30 January 1545 – December 1550)
235:
223:
218:
208:
203:
190:
180:
154:
140:
128:
123:
113:
108:
95:
85:
59:
688:(1572–1658) (17 April 1618 – 1647) (last surveyor)
186:An Act concerning the Order of Wards and Liveries.
3877:Courts and tribunals disestablished in the 1660s
3857:Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales
792:(1571–1635) (2 February 1621 – 26 December 1635)
701:Richard Lee (26 February 1544 – 30 January 1545)
698:Philip Paris (2 August 1540 – 26 February 1544)
615:(1563–1635) (30 September 1624 – 16 March 1635)
550:List of officers of Court of Ward and Liveries
2439:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1436:
798:Sir Rowland Wandesford (29 September 1637 – )
765:Richard Kingsmill (c.1528–1600) (1573 – 1589)
430:Increased exploitation of wardships by Tudors
8:
3639:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
681:Sir Humphrey May (January 1618 – April 1618)
256:. Its purpose was to administer a system of
248:was a court established during the reign of
3675:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
1049:, vol. 14, no. 2, 1994, pp. 159–88. JSTOR,
901:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 96.
899:An Introduction to the History of Education
854:Marmaduke Servant (c.1578-1605) (died 1605)
832:James Tooke (9 June 1634 – 5 February 1638)
814:(1507–1588) (1544 – 1588) (jointly to 1551)
271:The court was established from 1540 by two
3722:
3699:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
3592:
1493:
1443:
1429:
1421:
920:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
884:William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester
835:Charles Maynard (22 May 1634 – 5 Feb 1638)
481:Sir Thomas Englefield (22 May 1526 – 1534)
406:On the death of every tenant-in-chief the
151:
56:
3872:Courts and tribunals established in 1540
2437:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
829:Thomas Tooke (5 June 1624 – 9 June 1634)
826:John Tooke (22 March 1610 – 22 May 1634)
808:Sir John Peryent (1544 – 1551) (jointly)
621:(c.1579–1652) (16 March 1635 – May 1641)
554:(Source: Richardson, 1952, p. 488)
517:(Source: Richardson, 1952, p. 487)
453:(Source: Richardson, 1952, p. 487)
3797:
1297:
1295:
1261:
1259:
1247:
1245:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
956:
3862:The National Archives (United Kingdom)
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
934:Education and Society in Tudor England
913:
908:Tudor Chamber Administration 1485–1547
3687:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
713:(aft.1522-1594)) (3 July 1584 – 1594)
590:(died 1612) (1612 – 13 November 1612)
7:
3758:United Kingdom statutory instruments
966:Journal of the Society of Archivists
786:(c.1552–1629) (November 1608 – 1621)
722:(died 1641) (3 February 1610 – 1641)
596:(c.1553–1614) (November 1612 – 1614)
569:Sir Francis Eaglefield (1554 – 1558)
505:Amalgamation with Office of Liveries
762:(1531–1573) (23 April 1571 – ?1573)
294:As Master of the Court, from 1561,
46:presiding over the Court of Wards,
3867:1660s disestablishments in England
1051:http://www.jstor.org/stable/764616
572:Sir Thomas Parry (c.1558 – c.1561)
25:
671:(1553–1616) (1607 – 31 July 1616)
472:(24 January 1518 – November 1526)
3824:
3812:
3800:
167:
72:
3659:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
1047:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
625:William, Viscount Saye and Sele
492:Establishment of Court of Wards
3852:Dissolution of the Monasteries
3847:1540 establishments in England
3763:Scottish statutory instruments
838:?Walter Prichard (1638) ?
478:(8 December 1520 – March 1521)
466:(14 June 1513 – December 1520)
1:
3780:Church of England instruments
1459:Pre-parliamentary legislation
728:(1641 – 1643) (last receiver)
726:William Fleetwood (1603–1674)
539:(20 April 1535 – autumn 1536)
513:List of Surveyors of Liveries
460:(9 December 1503 – June 1513)
349:Wardship of minor heirs of a
47:
1490:the Kingdom of Great Britain
864:Leonard Taylor (1565-c.1595)
780:(c.1560–1625) (1605 – ?1606)
658:(c.1528–1600) (1590 – ?1600)
646:(by 1515–1581) (1546 – 1581)
886:, first Master of the Court
753:(c.1520–1569) (1561 – 1568)
627:(1582–1662) (1641 – ?)
584:(21 May 1599 – 24 May 1612)
402:Identification of wardships
331:restoration of the monarchy
285:Wards and Liveries Act 1541
246:Court of Wards and Liveries
156:Wards and Liveries Act 1541
3898:
1098:Richardson, 1952, pp.168–9
1053:. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
906:Richardson, W. C. (1952).
774:(1548–1605) (1597 – ?1605)
744:Richard Goodrich (1546 – )
532:(15 September 1529 – 1535)
335:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
230:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
149:United Kingdom legislation
135:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
54:United Kingdom legislation
29:
27:Court in England 1540–1660
2118:Acts of Parliament of the
1116:Richardson, 1952, p.295–6
978:10.1080/00379816009513779
897:Aldrich, Richard (1982).
844:(1614–1691) (1643 – 1646)
823:(died 1608) (1607 – 1608)
664:(died 1608) (1600 – 1607)
640:(died 1550) (1542 – 1546)
608:(1575–1645) (1619 – 1623)
602:(1544–1632) (1614 – 1618)
166:
161:
71:
66:
2435:of the United Kingdom of
2121:Kingdom of Great Britain
1466:List of English statutes
1018:, accessed 19 April 2007
910:. Baton Rouge Louisiana.
756:Richard Onslow (1568 – )
747:Nicholas Bacon (1547 – )
738:Thomas Polsted (1540 – )
487:(3 November 1526 – 1540)
449:List of Masters of Wards
440:Treasurer of the Chamber
382:proof of age inquisition
1904:Interregnum (1642–1660)
1141:Richardson, 1952, p.296
1107:Richardson, 1952, p.295
1089:Richardson, 1952, p.293
1080:Richardson, 1952, p.493
1062:Richardson, 1952, p.495
1036:Richardson, 1952, p.118
1027:Richardson, 1952, p.167
566:(26 July 1540–May 1554)
412:inquisition post mortem
277:Court of Wards Act 1540
61:Court of Wards Act 1540
2098:Parliament of Scotland
817:Walter Tooke (1588 – )
768:James Morris (1589 – )
741:John Sewster (1541 – )
652:(1581 – December 1587)
578:(1561 – 4 August 1598)
499:Court of Augmentations
399:
314:could be up for sale.
51:
32:Court of Wards (India)
3750:Secondary legislation
2405:Parliament of Ireland
1497:Parliament of England
1379:History of Parliament
1368:History of Parliament
1357:History of Parliament
1346:History of Parliament
1335:History of Parliament
1324:History of Parliament
1313:History of Parliament
1302:History of Parliament
1288:History of Parliament
1277:History of Parliament
1266:History of Parliament
1252:History of Parliament
1238:History of Parliament
394:
174:Parliament of England
79:Parliament of England
42:
3671:Acts of Senedd Cymru
3602:European Communities
1471:Charter of Liberties
30:For other uses, see
3576:Halsbury's Statutes
1488:of states preceding
1486:Acts of parliaments
720:Sir Miles Fleetwood
600:Sir William Knollys
558:Master of the Wards
3882:Monarchy and money
3582:Legislation.gov.uk
2433:Acts of Parliament
772:Sir Thomas Hesketh
678:(1563–1635) (1617)
619:Francis Cottington
564:Sir William Paulet
485:Sir William Paulet
476:Sir Edward Belknap
470:Sir Richard Weston
420:feudal land tenure
414:and report to the
317:In February 1646 (
273:Acts of Parliament
52:
3788:
3787:
3773:Acts of Adjournal
3744:
3743:
3736:1972–2009/2015–16
3709:Orders in Council
3625:Church of England
3619:
3618:
2113:
2112:
1980:Habeas Corpus Act
1891:Petition of Right
1416:National Archives
1402:Vetusta Monumenta
1127:Thomas Englefield
656:Richard Kingsmill
464:Sir Thomas Lovell
416:Court of Chancery
323:English Civil War
312:royal prerogative
283:. c. 46) and the
242:
241:
219:Other legislation
162:Act of Parliament
147:
146:
124:Other legislation
67:Act of Parliament
16:(Redirected from
3889:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3768:Acts of Sederunt
3728:Northern Ireland
3723:
3596:relating to the
3593:
1494:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1404:
1399:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
991:Christopher Hill
988:
982:
981:
961:
947:
925:
919:
911:
902:
778:Sir Henry Hobart
760:Thomas Wilbraham
693:Receiver-General
686:Benjamin Rudyerd
606:Lionel Cranfield
237:Status: Repealed
171:
170:
157:
152:
142:Status: Repealed
76:
75:
62:
57:
49:
21:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3740:
3721:
3703:
3648:Legislation of
3643:
3615:
3591:
3571:
3443:
2940:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2398:
2119:
2109:
2093:
1489:
1480:
1454:
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1412:
1407:
1400:
1393:
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1704:
1702:
1699:
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1692:
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1679:
1677:
1674:
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1669:
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1664:
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1614:
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1609:
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1599:
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1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1520:Temp. incert.
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1477:
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1372:
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1296:
1292:
1289:
1284:
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1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:. p. 17.
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
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1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:0-14-139036-0
1000:
996:
992:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
951:
945:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
917:
909:
904:
900:
895:
894:
890:
885:
882:
881:
877:
873:
872:
868:
863:
862:
858:
853:
852:
848:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:William Tooke
810:
807:
806:
802:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:Sir James Ley
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:Robert Nowell
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:George Goring
709:
706:
705:John Beaumont
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
687:
683:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:
631:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:Lord Burghley
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
549:
544:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
519:
518:
512:
510:
504:
502:
500:
491:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
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456:
455:
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448:
446:
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441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
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401:
398:
393:
390:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
308:
303:
301:
297:
296:William Cecil
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
234:
231:
228:
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217:
213:
211:
207:
202:
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195:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
165:
160:
153:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
122:
118:
116:
112:
107:
103:
100:
98:
94:
90:
88:
84:
80:
70:
65:
58:
45:
44:William Cecil
41:
37:
33:
19:
3717:1994 to date
3652:institutions
3611:1972 to date
3587:Short titles
3574:
2403:Acts of the
1902:
1519:
1385:
1374:
1363:
1352:
1341:
1330:
1319:
1308:
1283:
1272:
1233:
1224:
1146:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1010:
994:
986:
969:
965:
959:
933:
907:
898:
588:George Carew
582:Robert Cecil
553:
537:Richard Rich
516:
508:
495:
452:
444:
433:
405:
395:
391:
373:
367:
348:
316:
307:King James I
304:
293:
284:
276:
270:
245:
243:
214:1 April 1542
210:Royal assent
119:24 July 1540
115:Royal assent
36:
1476:Magna Carta
1223:Bell, H.E.
997:, page 26;
930:Simon, Joan
594:Walter Cope
545:(1537–1542)
258:feudal dues
225:Repealed by
130:Repealed by
3841:Categories
3600:(formerly
952:References
943:0521064732
842:John Heath
790:Walter Pye
638:John Hynde
543:John Hynde
359:Henry VIII
341:. c. 24).
291:. c. 22).
250:Henry VIII
182:Long title
87:Long title
2423:1751–1800
2418:1701–1750
2214:1760–1764
2209:1755–1759
2204:1750–1754
2199:1745–1749
2194:1740–1744
2189:1735–1739
2184:1730–1734
2179:1725–1729
2174:1720–1724
2169:1715–1719
1546:1422–1460
1541:1413–1421
1536:1399–1411
1531:1377–1397
1526:1327–1376
1514:1308–1325
1509:1275–1307
1504:1225–1267
916:cite book
859:Messenger
424:Exchequer
408:escheator
339:12 Cha. 2
319:New Style
305:In 1610,
289:33 Hen. 8
281:32 Hen. 8
197:33 Hen. 8
102:32 Hen. 8
3650:devolved
3627:measures
1129:(d.1514)
932:(1966).
878:See also
733:Attorney
632:Surveyor
300:peerages
268:issues.
262:wardship
192:Citation
97:Citation
3807:England
3793:Portals
2413:to 1700
2105:to 1707
1125:Son of
891:Sources
803:Auditor
345:History
333:by the
254:England
199:. c. 22
104:. c. 46
1016:p. 833
1001:
940:
869:Clerks
387:seizin
374:gratis
355:relief
266:livery
849:Usher
397:heir.
370:dower
204:Dates
109:Dates
3726:for
3692:List
3680:List
3673:and
3664:List
3634:List
3567:2024
3562:2023
3557:2022
3552:2021
3547:2020
3542:2019
3537:2018
3532:2017
3527:2016
3522:2015
3517:2014
3512:2013
3507:2012
3502:2011
3497:2010
3492:2009
3487:2008
3482:2007
3477:2006
3472:2005
3467:2004
3462:2003
3457:2002
3452:2001
3447:2000
3439:1999
3434:1998
3429:1997
3424:1996
3419:1995
3414:1994
3409:1993
3404:1992
3399:1991
3394:1990
3389:1989
3384:1988
3379:1987
3374:1986
3369:1985
3364:1984
3359:1983
3354:1982
3349:1981
3344:1980
3339:1979
3334:1978
3329:1977
3324:1976
3319:1975
3314:1974
3309:1973
3304:1972
3299:1971
3294:1970
3289:1969
3284:1968
3279:1967
3274:1966
3269:1965
3264:1964
3259:1963
3254:1962
3249:1961
3244:1960
3239:1959
3234:1958
3229:1957
3224:1956
3219:1955
3214:1954
3209:1953
3204:1952
3199:1951
3194:1950
3189:1949
3184:1948
3179:1947
3174:1946
3169:1945
3164:1944
3159:1943
3154:1942
3149:1941
3144:1940
3139:1939
3134:1938
3129:1937
3124:1936
3119:1935
3114:1934
3109:1933
3104:1932
3099:1931
3094:1930
3089:1929
3084:1928
3079:1927
3074:1926
3069:1925
3064:1924
3059:1923
3054:1922
3049:1921
3044:1920
3039:1919
3034:1918
3029:1917
3024:1916
3019:1915
3014:1914
3009:1913
3004:1912
2999:1911
2994:1910
2989:1909
2984:1908
2979:1907
2974:1906
2969:1905
2964:1904
2959:1903
2954:1902
2949:1901
2944:1900
2936:1899
2931:1898
2926:1897
2921:1896
2916:1895
2911:1894
2906:1893
2901:1892
2896:1891
2891:1890
2886:1889
2881:1888
2876:1887
2871:1886
2866:1885
2861:1884
2856:1883
2851:1882
2846:1881
2841:1880
2836:1879
2831:1878
2826:1877
2821:1876
2816:1875
2811:1874
2806:1873
2801:1872
2796:1871
2791:1870
2786:1869
2781:1868
2776:1867
2771:1866
2766:1865
2761:1864
2756:1863
2751:1862
2746:1861
2741:1860
2736:1859
2731:1858
2726:1857
2721:1856
2716:1855
2711:1854
2706:1853
2701:1852
2696:1851
2691:1850
2686:1849
2681:1848
2676:1847
2671:1846
2666:1845
2661:1844
2656:1843
2651:1842
2646:1841
2641:1840
2636:1839
2631:1838
2626:1837
2621:1836
2616:1835
2611:1834
2606:1833
2601:1832
2596:1831
2591:1830
2586:1829
2581:1828
2576:1827
2571:1826
2566:1825
2561:1824
2556:1823
2551:1822
2546:1821
2541:1820
2536:1819
2531:1818
2526:1817
2521:1816
2516:1815
2511:1814
2506:1813
2501:1812
2496:1811
2491:1810
2486:1809
2481:1808
2476:1807
2471:1806
2466:1805
2461:1804
2456:1803
2451:1802
2446:1801
2394:1800
2389:1799
2384:1798
2379:1797
2374:1796
2369:1795
2364:1794
2359:1793
2354:1792
2349:1791
2344:1790
2339:1789
2334:1788
2329:1787
2324:1786
2319:1785
2314:1784
2309:1783
2304:1782
2299:1781
2294:1780
2289:1779
2284:1778
2279:1777
2274:1776
2269:1775
2264:1774
2259:1773
2254:1772
2249:1771
2244:1770
2239:1769
2234:1768
2229:1767
2224:1766
2219:1765
2164:1714
2159:1713
2154:1712
2149:1711
2144:1710
2139:1709
2134:1708
2129:1707
2089:1706
2084:1705
2079:1704
2074:1703
2069:1702
2064:1701
2059:1700
2054:1698
2049:1697
2044:1696
2039:1695
2034:1694
2029:1693
2024:1692
2019:1691
2014:1690
2002:1689
1997:1688
1992:1685
1987:1680
1975:1679
1970:1678
1965:1677
1960:1675
1955:1672
1950:1670
1945:1667
1940:1666
1935:1665
1930:1664
1925:1663
1920:1662
1915:1661
1910:1660
1898:1640
1886:1627
1881:1625
1876:1623
1871:1620
1866:1609
1861:1606
1856:1605
1851:1603
1846:1601
1841:1597
1836:1592
1831:1588
1826:1586
1821:1584
1816:1580
1811:1575
1806:1572
1801:1571
1796:1566
1791:1562
1786:1558
1781:1557
1776:1555
1771:1554
1766:1553
1761:1551
1756:1549
1751:1548
1746:1547
1741:1546
1736:1545
1731:1543
1726:1542
1721:1541
1716:1540
1711:1539
1706:1536
1701:1535
1696:1534
1691:1533
1686:1532
1681:1531
1676:1530
1671:1529
1666:1523
1661:1515
1656:1514
1651:1513
1646:1512
1641:1511
1636:1509
1631:1503
1626:1496
1621:1495
1616:1491
1611:1488
1606:1487
1601:1485
1596:1483
1591:1482
1586:1477
1581:1474
1576:1472
1571:1468
1566:1467
1561:1464
1556:1463
1551:1461
999:ISBN
938:ISBN
922:link
684:Sir
674:Sir
667:Sir
611:Sir
535:Sir
528:Sir
521:Sir
264:and
244:The
50:1585
3819:Law
974:doi
252:in
3843::
1394:^
1294:^
1258:^
1244:^
1155:^
1134:^
993:;
968:.
918:}}
914:{{
389:.
365:.
275:,
48:c.
3795::
3604:)
1444:e
1437:t
1430:v
1005:;
980:.
976::
970:2
946:.
924:)
337:(
287:(
279:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
