530:(women, ethnic minorities, the working class, indigenous peoples, the disabled, homosexuals, etc.) for greater justice. This claim is often coupled with the legal realist argument that what the law says it does and what it actually tends to do are two different things. Many laws claim to have the aim of protecting the interests of the poor and the subaltern. In reality, they often serve the interests of the power elites. This, however, does not have to be the case, claim the CLS scholars. There is nothing intrinsic to the idea of law that should make it into a vehicle of social injustice. It is just that the scale of the reform that needs to be undertaken to realize this objective is significantly greater than the mainstream legal discourse is ready to acknowledge.
155:, as a distinct scholarly movement CLS fully emerged only in the late 1970s. Many first-wave American CLS scholars entered legal education, having been profoundly influenced by the experiences of the civil rights movement, women's rights movement, and the anti-war movement of the 1960s and 1970s. What started off as a critical stance towards American domestic politics eventually translated into a critical stance towards the dominant legal ideology of modern Western society. Drawing on both domestic theory and the work of European social theorists, the "crits" sought to demystify what they saw as the numerous myths at the heart of mainstream legal thought and practice. The "crits" include
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reasoned elaboration treated law materials as containing an "ideal element", an inherent legal substance underlying the contradictions and ambiguities in the law's text. Under the practice of reasoned elaboration, this inherent legal substance forms a prescriptive system that judges gradually uncover by reasoning through the policies and principles of law without questioning the "basic institutional arrangements of the market economy, of democratic politics, and of civil society outside the market and the state".
514:) do not completely determine the outcome of legal disputes, or, to put it differently, the law may well impose many significant constraints on the adjudicators in the form of substantive rules, but, in the final analysis, this may often not be enough to bind them to come to a particular decision in a given particular case. Quite predictably, once made, this claim has triggered many lively debates among jurists and legal philosophers, some of which continue to this day (see further
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maintenance of a form of social space. The argument takes aim at the positivist idea that law and politics can be entirely separated from one another. A more nuanced view has emerged more recently. This rejects the reductivism of 'all law is politics' and instead asserts that the two disciplines are mutually intertwined. There is no 'pure' law or politics, but rather the two forms work together and constantly shift between the two linguistic registers.
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severely declined, effectively enshrining a reigning consensus about social organization that Unger describes as including a "combination of neoliberal orthodoxy, state capitalism, and compensatory redistribution by tax and transfer." Critical legal scholars challenged that consensus and sought to use legal theory as a means to explore alternative forms of social and political organization.
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socio-economic class, gender, race, and other conditions of life such that they cease to be autonomous actors in the
Kantian mode. Rather, their circumstances determine and therefore limit the choices presented to them. People are not "free"; they are instead determined in large part by social and political structures that surround them.
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alternative first year curriculum, (Termed "Curriculum B", known as "Section 3" within the school). In the UK both Kent and
Birkbeck have sought to draw critical legal insights into the legal curriculum, including a critical legal theory based LLM at Birkbeck's School of Law. Various research centers
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notion of the autonomous individual. The law often treats individual petitioners as having full agency vis-Ă -vis their opponents. They are able to make decisions based on reason that is detached from political, social, or economic constraints. CLS holds that individuals are tied to their communities,
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Scholars affiliated with critical legal studies often identified with the movement in several ways: by including in their articles an opening footnote mentioning the
Conference on Critical Legal Studies and providing the organization's contact information, by attending conferences of the CCLS, and by
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law professor who along with Unger, was one of the key figures in the movement, has said that, in the early days of critical legal studies, "just about everyone in the network was a white male with some interest in 60s style radical politics or radical sentiment of one kind or another. Some came from
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have sought to rebuild these institutions as "fragmentary and imperfect expressions of an imaginative scheme of human coexistence rather than just as provisional truce lines in a brutal and amoral conflict." Such members were seen as the most powerful voices and the only way forward for the movement.
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The influence of legal realism unsettled
American jurisprudence for decades. Alan Hunt writes that the period "between the realism of the 1930s and the emergence of critical legal studies in the late 1970s has been a series of unsuccessful attempts to recover from the shock of realism some basis for
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81 (1987): 593-620, esp. "Introduction: Roberto Unger's
Politics, A Work in Constructive Social Theory," pp. 593-595 , and 423. Quote: "At its most basic level, the CLS movement challenges society to consider some ultimate questions about the validity of its own institutions and to reconsider some
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Roberto Unger, a key member of critical legal studies whose influence had continued to be far-reaching in the decades following the movement's decline, has written that the founders of critical legal studies "never meant it to become an ongoing school of thought or genre of writing. They wanted to
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A 2011 collection of four volumes edited by Costas
Douzinas and Colin Perrin, with the assistance of J-M Barreto, compiles the work of the British Critical Legal Studies, including their philosophical mentors. It showcases scholarship elaborated since its origins in the late 1980s in areas such as
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In addition to the context of legal interpretation, critical legal studies also emerged in response to its political context, namely a setting in which the social-democratic settlement that was finalized after World War II had become canonical, and active dispute over the organization of society
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Secondly, there is the idea that all "law is politics". This means that legal decisions are a form of political decision, but not that it is impossible to tell judicial and legislative acts apart. Rather, CLS have argued that while the form may differ, both are based around the construction and
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ritical legal studies has two aspects. It’s a scholarly literature and it has also been a network of people who were thinking of themselves as activists in law school politics. Initially, the scholarly literature was produced by the same people who were doing law school activism. Critical legal
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decide cases not based upon law, but upon what they deem fair in light of the facts of a case. Considered "the most important jurisprudential movement of the 20th century", American legal realism sent a shock through
American legal scholarship by undermining the formalist tenets that were long
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That circumstance was the dominant practice of legal analysis which Unger calls the "method of reasoned elaboration". A close descendant of nineteenth-century doctrinal formalism, which sought through legal analysis to identify the "inbuilt legal content of a ... free society", the method of
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Reasoned elaboration was a pernicious influence for several reasons, Unger and others argued: it de-emphasized the contingent nature of law as a product of deals and compromise, instead treating it as containing a coherent prescriptive system that needed simply to be uncovered by legal
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stance by
Critical legal studies has been criticized to not distinguish between the strong and weak indeterminacy thesis. The strong indeterminancy thesis has been argued by some to be incorrect due to the existence of easy legal cases where some outcomes cannot be legally correct.
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Critical legal studies continues as a diverse collection of schools of thought and social movements. The CLS community is an extremely broad group with clusters of critical theorists at law schools and socio-legal studies departments such as
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political stance and perspective," critical legal studies was committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality devoid of the hidden interests and class domination that CLS scholars argued are at the root of
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A third strand of the traditional CLS school is that far more often than is usually suspected the law tends to serve the interests of the wealthy and the powerful by protecting them against the demands of the poor and the
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Furthermore, CLS at times claims that legal materials are inherently contradictory, i.e. the structure of the positive legal order is based on a series of binary oppositions such as, for instance, the opposition between
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and critical race theory now play a major role in contemporary legal scholarship. An impressive stream of CLS-style writings has also emerged in the last two decades in the areas of international and comparative law.
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The stance "law is politics" of
Critical legal studies has been criticized for rejecting the distinction between political argument and legal argument. Critical legal studies has been criticized as attacking the
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a legal theory which articulates an image of the objectivity of the legal process, even though the explanation offered by post-realism had to be more complex than that provided by a doctrine of rule-following."
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caused an uproar when he released his "La Force de la loi, Ă©lements pour une sociologie du champ juridique" in 1986 - translated as "The Force of Law: Toward a
Sociology of the Juridical Field", in the
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in the service of leftist ideals. According to Roberto Unger, the movement "continued as an organized force only until the late 1980s. Its life as a movement lasted for barely more than a decade."
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Although the CLS (like most schools and movements) has not produced a single, monolithic body of thought, several common themes can be generally traced in its adherents' works. These include:
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The British critical legal studies movement started roughly at a similar time as its American counterpart. However, it centered around a number of conferences held annually, particularly the
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and Karl Klare, critical legal studies was "concerned with the relationship of legal scholarship and practice to the struggle to create a more humane, egalitarian, and democratic society."
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interpretation; it obscured how judges usurp authority by denying their own role in making law; and finally, reasoned elaboration inhibited the use of law as a mechanism of social change.
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studies is not a theory. It’s basically this literature produced by this network of people. I think you can identify some themes of the literature, themes that have changed over time.
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and institutions offer CLS-based taught and research courses in a variety of legal fields including human rights, jurisprudence, constitutional theory and criminal justice.
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Critical legal studies had its intellectual origins in the American legal realist movement in the 1930s. Prior to the 1930s, American jurisprudence had been dominated by a
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Lawrence B., On the Indeterminacy Crisis: Critiquing Critical Dogma. University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 54, No. 462, 1987, Illinois Public Law Research Paper No. 09-10
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Unger and other members of the movement continue to try to develop it in new directions, e.g., to make legal analysis the basis of developing institutional alternatives.
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account of how courts decide cases, an account which held that judges decide cases on the basis of distinctly legal rules and reasons that justify a unique result. The
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Despite wide variation in the opinions of critical legal scholars around the world, there is general consensus regarding the key goals of critical legal studies:
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citing the work of fellow critical legal studies scholars. A 1984 bibliography of CLS works, compiled by Duncan Kennedy and Karl Klare and published in the
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and the National Critical Lawyers Group. There remain a number of fault lines in the community; between theory and practice, between those who look to
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267:." Kennedy has emphasized the twofold nature of critical legal studies, as both a network of leftist scholar/activists and a scholarly literature:
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The critical legal studies movement emerged in the mid-1970s as a network of leftist law professors in the United States who developed the realist
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During its period of peak influence, the critical legal studies movement caused considerable controversy within the legal academy. Members such as
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Gerard J. Clark, "A Conversation with Duncan Kennedy," The Advocate: The Suffolk University Law School Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1994): 56-61. See
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are the only journals that continue to explicitly position themselves as platforms for critical legal studies. However, other journals such as
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J.M. Balkin, "Ideology as Constraint: Andrew Altman, 'Critical Legal Studies: A Liberal Critique' (1990)" , 43 Stan. L. Rev. 1133, 1991
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In France, where the legal tradition had been closely guarded by law faculties and watched over by Napoleonic institutions such as the
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Further information on the title subject, presented in inverse order of date of publication, and alphabetical by author, within year:
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In the American legal academy its influence and prominence seems to have waned in recent years. However, offshoots of CLS, including
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Joan C. Williams, Critical Legal Studies: The Death of Transcendence and the Rise of the New Langdells, 62 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 429, 1987
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Price, David Andrew. "Taking rights cynically: a review of critical legal studies." The Cambridge Law Journal 48.2 (1989): 271-301.
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Increasingly, however, the traditional themes are being superseded by broader and more radical critical insights. Interventions in
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Alan Hunt, "The Theory of Critical Legal Studies," Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 1-45, esp. 1, 5. See
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Frug, Mary Joe. “Re-Reading Contracts: A Feminist Analysis of a Contracts Casebook.” 34 American University L. Rev. 1065, 1985
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or formal realizability (i.e. preference for strict rules) and equitable flexibility (i.e. preference for broad standards).
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Duncan Kennedy and Karl E. Klare, "A Bibliography of Critical Legal Studies," Yale Law Journal, Vol. 94 (1984): 461.
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Belliotti, Raymond A. "The rule of law and the critical legal studies movement." UW Ontario L. Rev. 24 (1986): 67.
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that developed in the United States during the 1970s. CLS adherents claim that laws are devised to maintain the
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is one of the few UK journals that specifically identifies itself with critical legal theory. In America,
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Although the intellectual origins of the critical legal studies (CLS) can be generally traced to American
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In addition, CLS has had a practical effect on legal education, as it was the inspiration and focus of
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Leiter, Brian, American Legal Realism. U of Texas Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 42. Available at
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Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy: A Polemic Against the System: A Critical Edition
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David L. Gregory, "A Guide to Critical Legal Studies, by Mark Kelman, 1987" Duke L.J. 1138, 1987
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Hutchinson, Allan C, and Patrick J Monahan. 1984. "The Rights Stuff: Roberto Unger and Beyond".
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Unger, Roberto Mangabeira. Passion: An Essay on Personality. New York: Free Press, 1984, p. 47
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continue to grow in popularity. Associated schools of thought, such as fem-crit, contemporary
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Douzinas, Costas and Perrin, Colin. Critical Legal Theory, London: Routledge, 2011. See
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Reinhold Zippelius, Die experimentierende Methode im Recht, Akademie Mainz, 1991,
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A first theme is that contrary to the common perception, legal materials (such as
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Lex Naturalis, Jus Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning and Natural Rationality
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1515:& Colin Perrin. Critical Legal Theory, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 2011
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Legal Issues Centre was established at the university's law faculty in 2007.
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Considered "the first movement in legal theory and legal scholarship in the
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210:(1987). It heralded the beginning of continental Critical Legal Studies.
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Turley, Jonathan. "Hitchhiker's Guide to CLS, Unger, and Deep Thought".
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Finally, CLS questions law's central assumptions, one of which is the
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Controlling the State: Constitutionalism from Ancient Athens to Today
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uses Popper's method of "trial and error" in his 'Legal Philosophy'.
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Bartholomew, Amy, and Alan Hunt. 1990. "What's Wrong with Rights".
937:. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA (Bridge Program)
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Ideology and community in the first wave of critical legal studies
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past 'ultimate answers' upon which those institutions are based."
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Le Roux and Van Marle, "Critical Legal Studies" in Roeder (ed),
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argued that statutory and case law is indeterminate, and that
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on legal processes so that they earn the general support of
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to publicize historical, social, economic and psychological
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Critical Jurisprudence: The Political Philosophy of Justice
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Martti Koskenniemi's writings on CLS and international law
1722:"David W. Kennedy's writings on CLS and international law"
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CLS Stands for Critical Legal Studies, If Anyone Remembers
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legal institutions in the West. According to CLS scholars
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Marxism, Liberalism, and Feminism: Leftist Legal Thought
1089:"Oxford LibGuides: Jurisprudence: Critical Legal Theory"
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Critical legal studies : a guide to the literature
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1585:, Toronto, CA : University of Toronto Press, 2002
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Schlag, Pierre (1990). "Le Hors de Texte--C'est Moi".
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Waldron, Jeremy. 1998. "Review: Dirty Little Secret."
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argues that the authority of government is limited by
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A Postmodern Feminist Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)
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Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice
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Legal Information Institute: Critical Legal Studies
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328:Prominent participants in the CLS movement include
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810:all published avowedly critical legal research.
2140:2020s controversies around critical race theory
1672:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983
1609:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997
1560:, New York, NY: New York University Press, 2004
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789:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
1658:, "On the Critical Legal Studies Movement" 30
1318:; Rechtsphilosophie, 6. Aufl. 2011, § 11 III,
935:"legal theory:Critical Legal Studies Movement"
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27:School of critical theory developed in the US
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1588:Janet E. Halley, "'Like Race' Arguments" in
405:intervene in a particular circumstance ..."
640:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
470:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1631:Critical Legal Studies: A Liberal Critique
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777:Unbound: Harvard Journal of the Legal Left
1578:, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003
1486:Learn how and when to remove this message
1172:"The Influence of Critical Legal Studies"
976:"The Influence of Critical Legal Studies"
660:Learn how and when to remove this message
490:Learn how and when to remove this message
3328:History of the American legal profession
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1716:Roberto Unger's writings on law and CLS
1421:. Harvard University Press. p. 4.
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1116:"Demystifying Critical Legal Studies"
352:, Paul O'Connell, Peter Fitzpatrick,
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1051:London ; New York: Verso, 1996.
638:adding citations to reliable sources
516:indeterminacy debate in legal theory
468:adding citations to reliable sources
1670:The Critical Legal Studies Movement
1616:, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996
1151:. The Berkman Klein Center, Harvard
1125:. University of Adelaide, Australia
1062:The Critical Legal Studies Movement
807:The Australian Feminist Law Journal
2135:Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
1049:What Should Legal Analysis Become?
961:Northwestern University Law Review
746:Georgetown University Law Center's
400:Intellectual and political context
214:Relation to American legal realism
47:biases against marginalized groups
45:of society and thereby codify its
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2312:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1660:American Journal of Jurisprudence
1644:A Guide to Critical Legal Studies
1123:University of Adelaide, Australia
795:The National Lawyers Guild Review
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1623:, 105 Harvard L. Rev. 1045, 1992
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679:Georgetown University Law Center
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3323:History of the legal profession
1592:, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2001
1509:, Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2013
783:Law, Culture and the Humanities
1922:international relations theory
1711:Duncan Kennedy's Essays on CLS
1533:, Melbourne: Elias Clark, 2010
695:Birkbeck, University of London
586:, literary approaches to law,
1:
2150:Privilege (social inequality)
1826:Archetypal literary criticism
1576:Left Legalism/Left Critique-P
1470:and help improve the section.
1145:"The Bridge, course overview"
699:University of New South Wales
263:backgrounds — some came from
243:As a literature and a network
122:to have espoused a committed
96:socially responsible citizens
1607:A Critique of Adjudication
1599:, 8 J. L. & Pol'y, 2000
1199:. DOI, 10.2139/ssrn.339562.
1095:. Bodelian Law Libraries UK
1093:libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk
1060:Unger, Roberto Mangabeira,
1047:Unger, Roberto Mangabeira.
867:Critical management studies
691:Chicago-Kent College of Law
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2990:International legal theory
2469:International slavery laws
2464:International human rights
2459:International criminal law
1805:Outline of critical theory
1524:, New Delhi: Serials, 2010
1077:98 (2) (March 1): 510–530.
924:> Retrieved 2017-08-10.
908:. DOI, 10.1093/ojls/6.1.1.
872:International legal theory
3338:
3043:Administration of justice
2105:Hermeneutics of suspicion
1691:Critical Lawyers Handbook
723:University of East London
556:intellectual property law
180:Critical Legal Conference
2820:Basic structure doctrine
2670:Natural and legal rights
2551:Public international law
1666:Roberto Mangabeira Unger
1507:The Concept of Injustice
1064:. New York: Verso, 2015.
801:Social and Legal Studies
231:considered a bedrock of
186:and those who worked on
140:Roberto Mangabeira Unger
3000:Principle of typicality
2474:International trade law
1701:Critical Legal Thinking
1570:Janet E. Halley (ed.),
1550:, Hart Publishing, 2005
918:"Critical Legal Theory"
703:University of Melbourne
683:Northeastern University
420:In accordance with the
3401:Critical legal studies
1677:Critical Legal Studies
1590:What's Left of Theory?
1417:Gordon, Scott (1999).
274:
31:Critical legal studies
18:Critical Legal Studies
2995:Principle of legality
2754:Delegated legislation
2454:Intellectual property
1728:on December 10, 2012.
1536:David W. Kennedy and
719:University of Glasgow
687:University at Buffalo
386:Louis Michael Seidman
269:
3213:Barristers' chambers
3155:Legal representation
3093:Justice of the peace
2439:Financial regulation
2130:Critical rationalism
1942:medical anthropology
982:. Jeannie Suk Gersen
829:indeterminacy thesis
825:separation of powers
730:critical race theory
634:improve this section
464:improve this section
422:Critical rationalism
249:indeterminacy thesis
208:Hastings Law Journal
3248:Election commission
2960:Expressive function
2489:Landlord–tenant law
2388:Consumer protection
1862:applied linguistics
1612:Richard W. Bauman,
1581:Richard W. Bauman,
1546:& Adam Gearey,
1283:Unger 2015, p. 11f.
1075:Columbia Law Review
758:University of Otago
711:Carleton University
602:Continued influence
350:Catharine MacKinnon
173:Catharine MacKinnon
102:The abbreviations "
90:in order to impose
56:to demonstrate the
3206:Legal institutions
3073:Lawsuit/Litigation
3063:Dispute resolution
2868:Catholic canon law
2576:State of emergency
2539:Will and testament
2263:Law of obligations
2216:Constitutional law
2206:Administrative law
2074:Siegfried Kracauer
1999:technical practice
1952:university studies
1937:management studies
1927:language awareness
1892:discourse analysis
1706:Law & Critique
1337:Cardozo Law Review
1301:Unger 2015, p. 15.
1292:Unger 2015, p. 14.
1211:Unger 2015, p. 24.
1176:Harvard Law School
1087:Wells, Elizabeth.
980:Harvard Law School
922:Cornell Law School
882:Law and literature
838:constitutional law
707:University of Kent
675:Harvard Law School
426:Reinhold Zippelius
424:the German jurist
254:Duncan Kennedy, a
195:Court of Cassation
3406:Philosophy of law
3388:
3387:
3048:Constitutionalism
2970:Law and economics
2808:Act of parliament
2546:Product liability
2499:Legal archaeology
2424:Environmental law
2418:Entertainment law
2258:International law
2158:
2157:
2109:Critical realism
2100:Immanent critique
2095:Binary opposition
2049:Friedrich Pollock
2029:Theodor W. Adorno
2012:
2011:
2004:terrorism studies
1496:
1495:
1488:
1324:978-3-406-61191-9
1274:Unger 2015, p. 7.
1265:Unger 2015, p. 6.
1256:Unger 2015, p. 8.
1247:Unger 2015, p. 5.
1170:McArdle, Elaine.
1149:cyber.harvard.edu
974:McArdle, Elaine.
877:Judicial activism
834:Constitutionalism
670:
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576:international law
500:
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265:democratic reform
37:) is a school of
16:(Redirected from
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3053:Criminal justice
2383:Construction law
2378:Conflict of laws
2343:Agricultural law
2185:
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2145:Phallogocentrism
2079:Otto Kirchheimer
1984:security studies
1847:
1831:Deconstructivism
1810:Reconstructivism
1784:Frankfurt School
1763:
1756:
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1740:
1729:
1724:. Archived from
1675:Pierre Schlag, "
1595:E. Dana Neacsu,
1491:
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1466:Please read the
1462:may need cleanup
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2771:Promulgation
2742:Proclamation
2722:Codification
2655:Human rights
2643:Divine right
2633:Constitution
2601:Women in law
2519:Military law
2514:Marriage law
2509:Maritime law
2408:Election law
2348:Aviation law
2338:Abortion law
2290:Property law
2226:Criminal law
2069:Axel Honneth
1931:
1902:queer theory
1882:data studies
1850:Critical ...
1726:the original
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632:Please help
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572:property law
568:criminal law
560:human rights
553:
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462:Please help
450:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
382:Mark Tushnet
330:Derrick Bell
327:
323:human rights
283:
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92:transparency
62:preferential
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3287:Legislature
3218:Bureaucracy
3015:Rule of man
3010:Rule of law
2985:Libertarian
2848:Chinese law
2749:Legislation
2699:Regulations
2687:Law reports
2665:Natural law
2561:Reparations
2556:Refugee law
2479:Jurimetrics
2420:(Media law)
2358:Banking law
2353:Amnesty law
2331:Disciplines
2268:Private law
2123:Theological
2044:Erich Fromm
1994:social work
1979:regionalism
1974:race theory
1912:geopolitics
1897:ethnography
1877:criminology
1867:cartography
1819:Derivatives
1656:John Finnis
1640:Mark Kelman
1572:Wendy Brown
1503:Eric Heinze
821:rule of law
754:New Zealand
738:ecofeminism
370:Peter Gabel
358:Jack Balkin
342:Mark Kelman
169:Mark Kelman
3395:Categories
3280:Law school
3160:Prosecutor
3098:Magistrate
2885:Jewish law
2843:Common law
2764:Rulemaking
2759:Regulation
2709:Law making
2648:Divine law
2624:Legal code
2571:Sports law
2494:Law of war
2444:Health law
2429:Family law
2413:Energy law
2363:Bankruptcy
2300:Punishment
2295:Public law
2113:perception
1969:psychology
1964:psychiatry
1460:" section
1364:2020-10-12
941:2017-05-14
889:References
858:Law portal
592:aesthetics
590:, law and
366:Karl Klare
295:aesthetics
43:status quo
3258:Judiciary
3253:Executive
3228:The bench
3165:Solicitor
3140:Barrister
3020:Sociology
3005:Pseudolaw
2945:Anarchist
2902:Roman law
2890:Parsi law
2875:Hindu law
2863:Canon law
2838:Civil law
2791:Concordat
2682:Precedent
2591:Trust law
2566:Space law
2403:Drugs law
2273:Procedure
2211:Civil law
2017:Theorists
1907:geography
1355:"Unbound"
1181:23 August
1155:23 August
1129:23 August
1099:23 August
986:23 August
814:Criticism
621:does not
528:subaltern
451:does not
346:Alan Hunt
307:sexuality
220:formalist
114:Influence
58:ambiguity
3365:Category
3307:Tribunal
3292:Military
3135:Attorney
3105:Judgment
2965:Feminist
2880:Jain law
2677:Case law
2398:Cyberlaw
2305:Corporal
2283:Criminal
2253:Evidence
2243:Doctrine
2221:Contract
1959:practice
1947:pedagogy
1798:Concepts
1025:62: 1478
844:See also
771:The Crit
650:May 2016
540:altruism
512:case law
508:statutes
480:May 2016
299:feminism
3379:Outline
3316:History
3223:The bar
3197:Verdict
3145:Counsel
3125:Justice
2980:History
2803:Statute
2619:Charter
2581:Tax law
2529:Probate
2088:Related
1777:Origins
1574:(ed.),
1359:Unbound
1343:: 1631.
642:removed
627:sources
547:Kantian
472:removed
457:sources
261:Marxist
256:Harvard
184:Marxism
147:History
129:liberal
106:" and "
73:results
3297:Police
3268:Agency
3150:Lawyer
2895:Sharia
2786:Treaty
2781:Repeal
2727:Decree
2638:Custom
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2484:Labour
2248:Equity
1887:design
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1567:, 2004
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432:Themes
319:ethics
303:gender
197:, the
171:, and
3372:Index
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3182:Trial
3088:Judge
2929:Yassa
2732:Edict
2278:Civil
2231:Crime
1119:(PDF)
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