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130:(2001) which was a combination of his essays and was published after his death His work for critical cartography included incorporating ideas of power, ideology, and surveillance into the understanding of mapping. He considered maps to be social documents that need to be understood in their historical contexts which include the situations in which they were made and used. 'While they can be interpreted at face value, maps also possess symbolism that can communicate political power. Harleys idea of the social construction of maps was cemented by the thoughts that maps are in fact transient rather than permanent; they have the ability to change over time in accordance with the society lived in. Cartography allows for power to be inscribed on the land. Harley discouraged people from believing maps to be âabove the politics of knowledgeâ.
302:, with the purpose of preserving compass bearings at the cost of distorting other aspects of size and shape. This projection maintained equally spaced longitudinal lines but spaced out the latitudinal lines. These lines were spaced farther apart as their distance from the Equator increased. The purpose of this change in spacing is to assure that if one measures how many degrees east of north a certain direction is, it will always appear on the map as just that many degrees clockwise from a line that points upward, regardless of where it is on the map.
191:. One is the censorship of information in order to serve defense interests, and the other is to enforce social and political values. Censorship in the interest of defense may include the omission or obfuscation of military bases or infrastructure, as well as locations that may be vulnerable to attack such as oil pipelines or power substations. Censorship as a way to enforce values is highlighted in the section of this page labeled âColonialismâ.
216:, created maps of the continent that defined the political, economic, and cultural beginnings of colonial North America. These maps were inscribed locations in the Americas with Western Christian names. Critical cartographers argue that these names helped establish the territory as being compatible with Western systems of governance and therefore could be conquered and controlled. For example, English colonists took possession of an area
30:, specifically the thesis that maps reflect and perpetuate relations of power, typically in favor of a society's dominant group. Critical cartographers aim to reveal the ââhidden agendas of cartographyâ as tools of socio-spatial powerâ. While the term "critical cartography" often refers to a body of theoretical literature, critical cartographers also call for practical applications of critical cartographic theory, such as
224:â. They exploited the indigenous community to create the maps that helped them establish colonies. Later in the Middle East, British colonial authorities in Palestine enforced a property mapping regime to replace local practices that negotiated borders and land use, shifting power from peasants to colonial institutions.
286:
235:, and Microsoft Bing Maps) as highlighting the role of cartography in representing occupied territories. While parts of the occupied territories are labeled on the maps (for example, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip), the name of country associated with these territories is not always labeled on the map.
277:
produced a documentary about the story of mapping Kibera. The mapping of Kibera is an example of counter-mapping, as the indigenous people of Kibera participated in the mapping of their own land rather than have their land mapped from strictly outside sources. Before the residents mapped their city,
54:
and others, then was more formally developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Critical
Cartography opposes the traditional conceptualization of mapping as an objective and neutral reflection of the environment, and instead argues that maps have historically been produced to reflect and support the
255:
of how much of the land belonged to which country since 1948. Another example is how
Palestinian refugees themselves used Google Earth to map the original Palestinian villages Israel destroyed in the aftermath of its independence in 1948. These maps are attempts at showing a Palestinian perspective
145:
who was concerned with the role of spatial images and representation in the making and communicating of knowledge. He was also interested in the physical world and the limits it placed on human progress. He differentiated between dominant and alternative cultures, noting that the dominant culture's
272:
to map the city. Since then, a trained team of locals have gathered census data of over 15,000 people and mapped 5000 structures, services (public toilets, schools), and infrastructures (drainage system, water and electricity supply) in the village of Kianda, one of the 13 villages in Kibera. From
317:. In reality, Africa's area is 14 times greater than that of Greenland. Many cartographers argued that, because size is often associated with power and/or importance, Europe being represented as disproportionately large relative to places like Africa and Oceania perpetuates notions of
67:, formerly a professor in Geography at the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, a number of scholars have published theories and writing that identify maps as social issues and expressions of power and knowledge. Leading figures include
247:
cartographers but can include maps from other sources as well. Counter-mappers work in reaction to what they describe as encroachment by colonial influences. Counter-maps have been used to press indigenous claims for rights over land.
336:. The Peters projection attempts to preserve area but distorts the shapes of landmasses. The Robinsons projections tries to reduce the amount of distortion overall and can be seen as a compromise between the other two.
55:
interests of the ruling classes. Non-academic critical mapping organizations such as
Counter-Cartographies Collective (USA), Iconoclasistas (Argentina), and Bureau dâEtudes (France) have also emerged
154:
Since 2018, Jeremy
Crampton is a professor of Urban Data Analysis at the University of Newcastle School of Architecture, Planning & Landscape. He previously held professorships at the
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Many critical cartographers have engaged in counter-mapping to rewrite the narrative of the history of Israel's expansion into territories contested with
Palestine. One example is the
273:
the data gathered in Kianda, the Map Kibera
Project team estimated that Kibera could be inhabited by a total population ranging from 235,000 to a maximum of 270,000 people. In 2011,
208:, Harley states that maps âwere used in colonial promotionâ because the maps claimed lands in the name of the settlers âbefore they were effectively occupiedâ. Many explorers of
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and has written several literature reviews of cartography, critical GIS and social theory. He has also made several contributions to scholarship on
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the city's area was a blank space on Google Maps noted with only the label of âKiberaâ, but now includes significantly more detail.
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Quiquivix, Linda (2013). "When the Carob Tree Was the Border: On
Autonomy and Palestinian Practices of Figuring it Out".
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Quiquivix, Linda (2014-04-29). "Art of War, Art of
Resistance: Palestinian Counter-Cartography on Google Earth".
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Barney, Timothy (2014). "The Peters
Projection and the Latitude and Longitude of Recolonization".
91:(1932â1991) was a geographer, cartographer, and map historian. He lectured at the universities of
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Critical cartographers point to the rising popularity of digital mapping systems (such as
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Crampton, Jeremy W. and John
Krygier. 2006. "An Introduction to Critical Cartography"
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321:.â Web mapping applications use a version of the Mercator projection known as the
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Geospatial Revolution / Episode Four, Chapter Four: Mapping Power to the People
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Mapping practices and methods of analysis grounded in critical theory
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introduced a map projection of the Earth which is now known as the
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The new nature of maps : essays in the history of cartography
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Critical cartography originated in the 1960s through the works of
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However, this has the effect that areas farther away from the
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In 2008, a team of cartographers worked with the residents of
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control of the cartographic representation of a given region.
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1451:"Implications of Web Mercator and its Use in Online Mapping"
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called Tsenacomoco and established an English colony named â
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Rundstrom, R. (2009). Kitchin, Rob; Thrift, Nigel (eds.).
313:, for example, appears to be larger than the continent of
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Journal of International and Intercultural Communication
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Colton's Map of the World on Mercator's Projection (1858
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Mapping: A Critical Introduction to Cartography and GIS
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ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies
75:, Jeremy Crampton, John Krygier, and Kevin St. Martin.
84:"Maps are never value-free images" â John Brian Harley
981:"Critical Cartography | Making Maps: DIY Cartography"
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957:New Lines: Critical GIS and the Trouble of the Map
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959:. United States: University of Minnesota Press.
804:2020s controversies around critical race theory
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243:Counter-mapping mostly refers to maps made by
200:"Maps anticipated empire." â John Brian Harley
26:practices and methods of analysis grounded in
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141:(1948â2008) was a professor of geography at
894:Crampton, Jeremy W.; Krygier, John (2005).
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120:Ordnance Survey Maps: a Descriptive Manual
896:"An Introduction to Critical Cartography"
178:Topics and themes in critical cartography
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1550:, New York/London, The Guilford Press.
1326:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 314â318.
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166:. He attended the 1993 gathering at
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1019:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
799:Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
398:Volunteered geographic information
256:on the Israel-Palestine conflict.
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839:Firth, Rhiannon (15 April 2015).
1489:"Are your maps racially biased?"
1408:from the original on 2021-12-12
187:There are two primary types of
586:international relations theory
1:
1376:mapkiberaproject.yolasite.com
814:Privilege (social inequality)
490:Archetypal literary criticism
1449:Battersby, Sarah E. (2014).
1293:10.1080/00045608.2014.892328
1247:10.1080/10455752.2013.815242
1053:www.countercartographies.org
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107:. Some of his works include
1235:Capitalism Nature Socialism
930:Crampton, Jeremy W (2010).
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955:Wilson, Matthew W (2017).
469:Outline of critical theory
373:Participatory 3D modelling
1162:Professor Jeremy Crampton
1074:Cite uses generic title (
769:Hermeneutics of suspicion
393:Traditional knowledge GIS
1348:"The New Nature of Maps"
868:"Deconstructing the map"
63:Since the 1991 death of
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1430:Encyclopedia Britannica
1352:jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu
346:Cartographic censorship
189:cartographic censorship
183:Cartographic censorship
164:George Mason University
1182:"How to Lie with Maps"
1015:Paul., Laxton (2001).
866:Harley, J. B. (1992).
841:"Critical Cartography"
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206:Maps, Knowledge, Power
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156:University of Kentucky
128:The New Nature of Maps
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59:Critical cartographers
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110:Christopher Greenwood
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794:Critical rationalism
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362:How to Lie with Maps
214:Christopher Columbus
20:Critical cartography
1546:Wood, Denis. 1992.
1541:A History of Spaces
1398:wpsu (2011-05-02),
526:applied linguistics
388:Spatial citizenship
334:Robinson projection
300:Mercator projection
282:Mercator projection
105:Wisconsin Milwaukee
1167:2020-10-29 at the
738:Siegfried Kracauer
663:technical practice
616:university studies
601:management studies
591:language awareness
556:discourse analysis
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112:, County Map-Maker
1548:The Power of Maps
1477:– via USGS.
1115:"Bureau d'Ă©tudes"
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