137:
291:
531:) with success in reducing the vibration from stock 360° vertical-twins. Such modified engines have not been given additional balancing systems, but they can have lighter flywheels since the pistons are never simultaneously stationary, so rotational momentum does not need to be stored up as much to compensate, it is simply transferred between the pistons directly (through the crankshaft). This is seemingly inspired by the earlier work of
299:
25:
326:
124:
371:
283:, with each 'L' or 'R' ignition being separated by 90° crank rotation for a total of 720° for eight ignitions. As can be seen by counting four characters to the right of each 'L' or 'R' (4 x 90° = 360°), the cylinders that fire (and thus exhaust) at 360° phase difference reside in opposite banks in a crossplane V8.
495:
MK2, plus a balance shaft to counter the resulting combination of free forces and rocking couples. The 270° crank has smaller free forces than the 360° crank (but much larger than the 180° crank) and smaller rocking couples than the 180° crank (the 360° crank has no such couple). Whilst firing was as
286:
The actual intervals in each bank are 180-90-180-270 crankshaft degrees, in various orders depending on the engine, and not usually in the same order in each bank. The exact combinations depends on the crankshaft "handedness", the direction of rotation and which of the 360° pairs is ignited first in
218:
had heavy counterweights, but the middle two positions on both sides of the center main bearing (the third of 5 mains) did not have any counterweight. Because these positions are located close to the center of engine, they contribute less to countering any rocking motions - hence the use of external
430:
The different layout was primarily chosen to reduce the impact of the inertial torsion inherent with crank throws spaced 90° apart due to the pistons being accelerated (start-stop motion), given this engine was meant to be high revving and inertial forces scale as to the square of engine speed. The
361:
Prior to this, straight individual "stack pipes", or "zoomies", were sometimes used (e.g. BRM) to avoid the negative impact of uneven exhaust pulse interference on scavenging, at the cost of not benefiting from the positive extraction effects of merging, as above. Even afterwards on many occasions
195:
The crossplane V8 was developed to produce a smoother engine than possible with a flatplane design. Because four pistons stop and start together in the same plane in both banks, the second-order forces inherent to the flatplane design stack up and become noticeable in large displacement engines.
483:
4-stroke parallel twins, such as the 450cc "Black Bomber" and CB500T. On a small displacement bike, the rocking couple was acceptable without a balance shaft, particularly when compared to a similar sized 360° twin similarly lacking a balance shaft. The 400cc Dream/Hawk CB250/400T replaced the 4
227:
fitted to them, again usually on the free end of the crankshaft. Coventry Climax discovered that a sufficiently short-stroke flatplane engine was smoother and more powerful at higher rpm, both likely partly due to a relative absence of these torsional vibrations, and switched to this design with
538:
This is a similar principle to that in Yamaha's crossplane four cylinder engines, where the extra two cylinders account for the non-symmetry of piston motion in the upper and lower halves of their strokes, resulting in greater minimisation of the inertial torque caused by changes in rotational
382:
Unlike in a V8, crossplane arrangement in inline-four engines results in unevenly distributed firing pattern, so the use tends to be limited to extremely high-revving engines. In such engines, the advantage of less secondary imbalance outweighs the irregular firing interval disadvantage. This
157:, each serving two cylinders on opposing banks, offset at 90° from the adjacent crankpins. The first and last of the four crank pins are at 180° with respect to each other as are the second and third, with each pair at 90° to the other, so that viewed from the end the crankshaft forms a cross.
443:
Crossplane crankshafts used in a four-stroke, four-cylinder engine result in uneven firing, since the natural separation of ignition events is (720°/4 =) 180° in such an engine (hence the popularity of 180° flat-plane crank). The firing intervals (the space between ignition events) for the
434:
It is likely this inertial torsion within the crank is the reason for Yamaha citing crank forging improvements as a reason for the cross-plane crank being viable in a road bike. It is less of an issue in the V8 because each throw is shared by two pistons already offset by 90°.
455:
The 90° throw separation would make the cross-plane crank a natural choice for a two-stroke straight four, providing the advantages of both evenly spaced firing and less secondary vibration when the increased rocking vibrations are countered with a crank-speed balance shaft.
426:
being swapped around - i.e. the throws may be described as being at absolute angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees, versus the more usual 0, 90, 270, 180. This results in a slightly reduced primary rocking couple, but introduces higher order couples of much lower magnitude.
357:
made the concept on production-based V8s famous with an elaborate arrangement of long exhaust pipes nicknamed "Bundle of Snakes". Such systems are also sometimes called "180-degree headers", referencing the 180° intervals collected in each branch, similar to a flatplane V8.
409:
racing models, which continue to use crossplane cranks to this date because of their significant inertial torque advantage at the extreme high rpm operation these engines see. Yamaha claims advances in metal forging technologies made this a practical production sportbike.
315:
manifold design, which typically merges all four exhaust ports on each bank of four cylinders into one exit for convenience. This accentuates the pattern outlined above, sometimes described as "potato-potato", mimicking the alternating sequential interval and longer gap.
422:-Kuhn straight-four engine, as used to relative success in motorcycle and side-car racing from 1968 by the private URS racing team, was also a crossplane type. It was a different configuration to that normally used in a V8 or indeed in the Yamaha above, with two of the
362:
the performance deficit was accepted and ordinary 4-into-1 systems per bank were employed for convenience. Some of the gap can be made up with performance-oriented 4-into-2-into-1, or "Tri-Y", exhausts, e.g. those used in NASCAR and V8 Supercars.
467:
motorcycle engines (a.k.a. "parallel-twin" and "vertical twin") historically came in two types, neither of which were "cross plane": 360° cranks with their pistons moving in tandem, or 180° cranks with their pistons moving in opposite phase.
352:
Many racing crossplane V8 engines (like Ford 4.2L DOHC V8 for Indy racing) had exhaust ports on the inside of the V angle to make these exhaust pipe lengths shorter and the merges easier to achieve without causing packaging issues. The
119:
Crossplane crankshafts could feasibly be used with a great many other cylinder configurations, but the advantages and disadvantages described below may not apply to any or all of them and must be considered on a case-by-case basis.
383:
design, not having pistons disposed at 90° to each other in separate banks, requires a balance shaft to counter the rocking vibration disadvantages arising from plane imbalances on reciprocating mass and rotating mass. Please see
222:
Unfortunately, the uneven firing in each bank (see below), as well as the 90° piston phases themselves, do contribute to torsion in the crankshaft which can be noticeable - it is for this reason that crossplane V8s have
196:
Each bank of the crossplane engine has four distinct piston phases that cancel the second-order free forces entirely, leaving only minor vibrations due to variation in masses of components during manufacture.
431:
reduction in torsion was achieved by splitting the crank into two separate parts, geared together, from their respective midpoints, via a counter-shaft, from which power was delivered to the gearbox.
448:. The uneven firing is the cause of the distinctive sound of this configuration, which is superficially a combination of the 270-450 (90° V-Twin), 180-540 (180° straight twin) and 90-630 ("
484:
cylinder CB400F, and to obtain smoother running closer, it had a 360° twin with a balance shaft - the even firing of the 360° crank noticeably smoother than the uneven 180° crank.
789:
Holcolmb, Hank (October 1964). Juettner, Walter R., ed. "Inside Today's
Outboards". MotorBoating. New York, NY USA: Hearst. 114 (4): 34–35. ISSN 1531-2623. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
546:
engines, the 180° crank configuration was almost universally adopted, giving two power strokes in each revolution. Examples include quite large capacity bikes such as the 598cc
835:
776:
479:, most classic English 4-stroke roadsters (Triumph, BSA, Norton, Royal Enfield, etc) used the 360° cranks; but in the 1960s, Honda adopted the 180° cranks for its
399:
motorcycle uses a crossplane crankshaft, employing a crank-speed balance shaft to counter the inherent rocking vibration (primary rocking couple) described above.
322:
Other sounds are possible by careful grouping of the exhaust pulses, but the packaging (space) requirements generally make this unfeasible in road-going machines.
496:
uneven as a 90° V-Twin, the 270° crank was not as uneven as the 180°. The 270° configuration represents a successful compromise and has been adopted for Honda's
214:
on each crank throw, most crossplane V8s have very heavy crankshafts, meaning they are not as free revving in general as their flatplane counterparts. Early
678:
319:
The specific firing order of the engine and the exhaust configuration can lead to subtle variations which may or may not be noticeable to enthusiasts.
97:
with a 90° angle (phase in crank rotation) between the crank throws. The crossplane crankshaft is the most popular configuration used in V8 road cars.
828:
203:, which in the 90° V case can be countered by weighting the crankshaft appropriately, much like a V-Twin. Other V-angles generally require a
1403:
821:
472:
1342:
444:
crossplane R1 and URS engines are 90-180-270-180 (crank degrees), but other intervals are possible including those due to so-called
68:
35:
187:
V8s before introducing the crossplane design. Cadillac introduced the first crossplane in 1923, with
Peerless following in 1924.
136:
1020:
802:
1317:
248:
Four stroke crossplane V8 engines have even 90 degree ignition intervals, but unevenly spaced firing patterns within each
172:
in the case of an eight throw design, and usually has five bearings supporting four throws each with a shared crank pin.
901:
547:
50:
1497:
844:
509:
46:
1453:
1367:
1312:
1264:
1172:
665:
1448:
1289:
998:
219:
balance weights (e.g. in the crank nose pulley), which requires less extra mass for the same balancing effect.
682:
1223:
738:
100:
Aside from the V8 already mentioned, other examples of configurations using such 90° piston phases include
1045:
180:
349:
engines in the early 1960s - these were known to get in the way of servicing the engine itself, however.
1162:
1003:
449:
445:
345:
One of the earliest examples of such a tuned exhaust for a crossplane V8 was as fitted to the 1.5 Litre
233:
199:
However, the 180° disposition of the end and middle crank throws does result in a primary (crank speed)
668:, Description of various performance exhaust design considerations, including those for crossplane V8s.
1492:
1157:
929:
543:
464:
215:
101:
1307:
1205:
935:
555:
653:
1228:
1025:
571:
497:
476:
105:
715:
127:
3d model of a cross-plane crankshaft demonstrating the 90 degree angle between the crank throws.
290:
1030:
970:
921:
757:
505:
249:
224:
1322:
1279:
1238:
1187:
1152:
1073:
1060:
576:
1433:
1144:
993:
950:
769:
346:
229:
523:
parallel-twin motorcycles to become 277° engines, close to cross-plane crankshafts (aka
302:
This is a modern, less serpentine street version of the crossover exhaust on a Ford GT40.
634:
1299:
1269:
1124:
891:
621:
384:
312:
204:
200:
1486:
1471:
1362:
1355:
1332:
1177:
1109:
1104:
1068:
985:
925:
886:
876:
702:
520:
501:
492:
488:
403:
396:
339:
211:
109:
94:
1088:
1083:
1050:
955:
945:
881:
865:
513:
236:
made the same switch at about the same time, and this carried over into their 1964
169:
1466:
1350:
1167:
1119:
1078:
1035:
965:
551:
532:
419:
298:
1438:
1398:
1377:
1372:
1274:
1259:
1182:
1114:
1040:
980:
911:
807:
596:
90:
813:
374:
Crank throw orientation is up-left-right-down in this drawing in contrast to
1393:
1134:
1129:
916:
896:
452:" V-Twin) intervals, the dominant interval perceptually being the 270° one.
375:
354:
184:
150:
113:
656:, Article on the genesis and evolution of BRM's P56 1.5 litre F1 V8 engine.
608:
325:
1416:
1412:
1284:
1015:
940:
906:
705:, German language article on the developmental history of the URS engine.
559:
423:
237:
176:
154:
1443:
1327:
123:
370:
342:
pipes are needed to merge these pairs and achieve uniform scavenging.
338:
Recall that even firing pairs are disposed in opposite banks, so long
1254:
1233:
1010:
960:
406:
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
175:
The crossplane design was first proposed in 1915, and developed by
369:
324:
297:
289:
135:
122:
1408:
817:
855:
480:
311:
The characteristic "burble" of a crossplane V8 comes from the
18:
739:"Piston Motion: The Obvious and not-so-Obvious, by EPI, Inc"
635:"Making exhaust headers for Ford Quad Cammer Indy engine"
808:
A crossplane-engined URS sidecar outfit being warmed up
42:
519:
Some customising engineers have modified
British and
1426:
1386:
1341:
1298:
1247:
1214:
1196:
1143:
1097:
1059:
979:
864:
168:. A crossplane V8 crankshaft may have up to nine
554:. Two exceptions with 360° crankshafts are the
149:The most common crossplane crankshaft for a 90°
487:In 1995, Yamaha fitted 270° crankshaft to its
16:Crankshaft with throws extending in two planes
829:
294:1963 BRM P578 with individual exhaust stacks.
8:
611:, How 90° V engines can be simply balanced.
836:
822:
814:
160:The crankpins are therefore in two planes
775:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
902:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
703:Entwicklungsgeschichte des URS-Rennmotor
588:
765:
755:
329:A NASCAR V8 engine with Tri-Y exhaust
7:
654:‘Motori Porno’: ‘Stackpipe’ BRM V8…
347:Coventry Climax FWMV Mk.I and Mk.II
558:, and the military edition of the
259:eft and Right banks are generally
14:
366:Inline-four crossplane crankshaft
624:under "*Fluid - *Torque Balance"
23:
1004:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
609:Shaking forces of twin engines
402:This was inspired by Yamaha's
1:
49:the claims made and adding
1514:
845:Internal combustion engine
207:to keep things as smooth.
1462:
1313:Diesel particulate filter
1265:Idle air control actuator
1206:Engine control unit (ECU)
851:
666:Exhaust System Technology
1378:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1290:Throttle position sensor
999:Overhead camshaft layout
716:"Rephased xs650 chopper"
516:and a number of others.
255:The firing order on the
183:, both of whom produced
132:Crossplane V8 crankshaft
917:Core plug (freeze plug)
164:at 90°, hence the name
737:Inc., Jack Kane; EPI.
544:2-stroke parallel-twin
446:big-bang firing orders
379:
330:
303:
295:
191:Balance and Smoothness
141:
128:
504:, Hinckley Triumph's
387:article for details.
373:
328:
301:
293:
210:Because of the heavy
139:
126:
1158:Compression ignition
460:Straight-twin cranks
340:equal-length exhaust
1308:Catalytic converter
529:rephased crankshaft
491:and in 1996 to the
391:2009+ Yamaha YZF-R1
1434:Knocking / pinging
1026:Combustion chamber
768:has generic name (
599:for "crank throw".
572:Cadillac V8 engine
512:cruiser, Yamaha's
477:Triumph Speed Twin
380:
331:
304:
296:
225:tuned mass dampers
142:
140:Ford V8 crankshaft
129:
34:possibly contains
1498:Engine technology
1480:
1479:
1449:Stratified charge
1216:Electrical system
1198:Engine management
1031:Compression ratio
971:Starter ring gear
870:rotating assembly
525:offset crankshaft
79:
78:
71:
36:original research
1505:
1323:Exhaust manifold
1188:Spark plug wires
1074:Boost controller
1061:Forced induction
838:
831:
824:
815:
790:
787:
781:
780:
773:
767:
763:
761:
753:
751:
749:
734:
728:
727:
725:
723:
712:
706:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
681:. Archived from
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
644:
642:
641:
631:
625:
618:
612:
606:
600:
593:
577:Flat-plane crank
439:Firing intervals
244:Firing intervals
216:Chrysler Hemi V8
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
51:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1458:
1454:Top dead centre
1422:
1382:
1337:
1294:
1243:
1217:
1210:
1199:
1192:
1139:
1093:
1055:
1011:Tappet / lifter
994:Flathead layout
984:
975:
869:
860:
847:
842:
810:(YouTube video)
799:
794:
793:
788:
784:
774:
764:
754:
747:
745:
743:www.epi-eng.com
736:
735:
731:
721:
719:
714:
713:
709:
701:
697:
688:
686:
677:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
648:
639:
637:
633:
632:
628:
619:
615:
607:
603:
594:
590:
585:
568:
471:Beginning with
462:
441:
416:
393:
378:up-down-down-up
368:
336:
309:
246:
193:
147:
134:
75:
64:
58:
55:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1343:Cooling system
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1300:Exhaust system
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Inlet manifold
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:Fuel injection
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
988:
977:
976:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
892:Connecting rod
889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
862:
861:
852:
849:
848:
843:
841:
840:
833:
826:
818:
812:
811:
805:
798:
797:External links
795:
792:
791:
782:
729:
718:. XS650Chopper
707:
695:
670:
658:
646:
626:
622:Engine balance
613:
601:
587:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
574:
567:
564:
548:Scott Squirrel
461:
458:
440:
437:
418:The so-called
415:
412:
392:
389:
385:engine balance
367:
364:
335:
332:
308:
305:
245:
242:
212:counterweights
205:balancer shaft
201:rocking couple
192:
189:
146:
143:
133:
130:
95:piston engines
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:Water cooling
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1333:Oxygen sensor
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:Intake system
1246:
1240:
1239:Starter motor
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Ignition coil
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Petrol engine
1108:
1106:
1105:Diesel engine
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Blowoff valve
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:
986:Cylinder head
982:
978:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
931:
927:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:Balance shaft
875:
874:
872:
867:
863:
859:
857:
850:
846:
839:
834:
832:
827:
825:
820:
819:
816:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
786:
783:
778:
771:
759:
744:
740:
733:
730:
717:
711:
708:
704:
699:
696:
685:on 2009-04-25
684:
680:
679:"2009 YZF-R1"
674:
671:
667:
662:
659:
655:
650:
647:
636:
630:
627:
623:
617:
614:
610:
605:
602:
598:
592:
589:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Yamaha XS 650
517:
515:
514:MT-07 / FZ-07
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
485:
482:
478:
474:
473:Edward Turner
469:
466:
465:Straight-twin
459:
457:
453:
451:
447:
438:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
413:
411:
408:
405:
400:
398:
397:Yamaha YZF-R1
390:
388:
386:
377:
372:
365:
363:
359:
356:
350:
348:
343:
341:
333:
327:
323:
320:
317:
314:
306:
300:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
228:their Mk.III
226:
220:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
197:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
170:main bearings
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
144:
138:
131:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
73:
70:
62:
59:November 2021
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
1363:Electric fan
1163:Coil-on-plug
1089:Turbocharger
1084:Supercharger
956:Main bearing
946:Firing order
936:Displacement
882:Block heater
866:Engine block
854:Part of the
853:
785:
746:. Retrieved
742:
732:
722:December 17,
720:. Retrieved
710:
698:
687:. Retrieved
683:the original
673:
661:
649:
638:. Retrieved
629:
616:
604:
591:
541:
537:
528:
524:
518:
486:
470:
463:
454:
442:
433:
429:
417:
401:
394:
381:
360:
351:
344:
337:
321:
318:
310:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
247:
221:
209:
198:
194:
174:
165:
161:
159:
148:
118:
99:
86:
82:
80:
65:
56:
33:
1493:Crankshafts
1387:Lubrication
1351:Air cooling
1168:Distributor
1120:Fuel filter
1098:Fuel system
1079:Intercooler
1046:Timing belt
1036:Head gasket
966:Piston ring
766:|last=
552:Suzuki T500
533:Phil Irving
510:Thunderbird
502:Africa Twin
376:flatplane's
287:the order.
93:design for
87:cross-plane
1487:Categories
1439:Power band
1399:Oil filter
1373:Thermostat
1318:EGT sensor
1280:MAF sensor
1275:MAP sensor
1260:Air filter
1224:Alternator
1183:Spark plug
1115:Carburetor
1041:Rocker arm
981:Valvetrain
912:Crankshaft
856:Automobile
803:V8 Engines
689:2009-04-22
640:2013-11-10
597:Crankshaft
583:References
539:momentum.
414:URS engine
232:in 1963.
166:crossplane
114:V4 engines
106:straight-4
102:straight-2
91:crankshaft
83:crossplane
43:improve it
1173:Glow plug
1135:Fuel tank
1130:Fuel pump
897:Crankcase
550:or 498cc
506:Scrambler
500:and 2016
395:The 2009
355:Ford GT40
185:flatplane
155:crankpins
153:has four
151:V8 engine
47:verifying
1472:Category
1417:Dry sump
1413:Wet sump
1404:Oil pump
1368:Radiator
1285:Throttle
1145:Ignition
1016:Camshaft
941:Flywheel
922:Cylinder
907:Crankpin
758:cite web
748:19 April
566:See also
560:Jawa 350
450:twingled
250:cylinder
240:F1 car.
181:Peerless
177:Cadillac
1444:Redline
1328:Muffler
1229:Battery
1153:Magneto
313:exhaust
271:RR or R
162:crossed
41:Please
1467:Portal
1255:Airbox
1234:Dynamo
961:Piston
951:Stroke
930:layout
858:series
556:Yankee
493:TDM850
489:TRX850
424:throws
407:MotoGP
334:Tuning
252:bank.
145:Design
112:, and
1427:Other
1051:Valve
1021:Chest
498:NC700
307:Sound
89:is a
1409:Sump
926:bank
887:Bore
777:link
770:help
750:2018
724:2016
620:See
595:See
508:and
420:Fath
238:P261
230:FWMV
179:and
81:The
1394:Oil
983:and
868:and
542:On
527:or
481:OHC
475:'s
234:BRM
85:or
45:by
1489::
1415:,
928:,
762::
760:}}
756:{{
741:.
562:.
535:.
404:M1
281:LL
275:RR
265:LL
116:.
110:V2
108:,
104:,
1419:)
1411:(
932:)
924:(
837:e
830:t
823:v
779:)
772:)
752:.
726:.
692:.
643:.
279:R
277:L
273:L
269:L
267:R
263:R
261:L
257:L
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
