33:
46:
177:
511:, the amount of which varies in individual snakes. In rattlesnakes, venom is generally categorized into two types: Type I, which has high metalloprotease activity and lower toxicity, and Type II, characterized by high toxicity neurotoxins. Unlike some other rattlesnakes that undergo an ontogenetic shift in venom composition,
463:
Rock outcrops serve as focal points for these rattlesnake populations, providing escape cover, thermal cover, and hibernacula. These outcrops are particularly important given the short warm seasons and long, cold winters in the snake's range. The snakes often den in groups, sometimes comprising up to
475:
Gravid females typically move less than 20 m from their hibernaculum upon emergence. Males and non-gravid females, on the other hand, have some of the longest migrations and largest activity ranges reported for rattlesnakes. The snakes have separate winter/spring and summer activity ranges and make
317:
The color pattern of this species consists of a pinkish, pale brown, yellow-brown, straw-colored, reddish, or yellow-brown ground color, overlaid with a series of brown elliptical or rectangular dorsal blotches. However, most specimens are gray or silvery. In juveniles, the pattern is distinct, but
387:
The Faded
Rattlesnake is a prey generalist that employs a sit-and-wait ambush strategy for hunting. A study done in 2007 identified 25 different prey items consumed by this species, most of which were identified through palpation or voluntary regurgitation by the snakes. The identified prey items
409:
Spatial trends in prey consumption have been observed, with lizards primarily consumed in rocky areas and mammals and birds consumed in sagebrush steppes where lizards are less common. However, the study did not report prey preference based on the snake's age class or any other characteristics.
471:
Aggregating behavior is common among Midget Faded
Rattlesnakes. They often aggregate during gestation, and young snakes stay with their mother for about a week after birth. This behavior is thought to be an adaptation to environmental pressures, enhancing predator defense as well as osmo- and
530:
are rare, likely due to the snake's remote habitat and generally mild disposition. Symptoms of envenomation can include numbness, swelling, loss of balance, vomiting, and more. Treatment with CroFab antivenom is recommended and has been found to be effective even when administered 52 hours
321:
Adult individuals typically measure between 50 and 60 cm (20 to 24 inches) in length, although they can reach up to 75 cm (30 inches). This is notably shorter than the typical western rattlesnake, which can grow up to 126 cm (64 inches).The smallest gravid female measured was 52.2 cm
522:
is particularly potent, being 5–30 times more lethal than that of other
Western Rattlesnake species. It contains a potent presynaptic phospholipase A2-based neurotoxin, known as "concolor toxin," which blocks the release of acetylcholine from nerve axon terminals, resulting in rapid prey
467:
After emerging from hibernation in April and May, the snakes stay near the den entrance for 2 to 3 weeks before moving to "shedding habitats," characterized by large flat rocks that assist in molting. Adult males and non-gravid females typically migrate an average of 2,122 m and 1,956 m,
413:
Ontogenetic shifts in prey preference have been noted, with a transition from primarily consuming lizards to mammals as the snakes grow. This shift is similar to what has been observed in other rattlesnake species, although no corresponding shift in venom composition was noted.
339:
Males are generally larger than females, and the snakes weigh around 120 g (4.2 oz), although they can weigh as much as 200 g (7.1 oz). Newborns of this subspecies are 50 to 100 mm (2 to 4 inches) shorter than other western rattlesnake subspecies and weigh about half as much.
343:
The scales are keeled, and the snake has an entire anal plate. Like all rattlesnakes, the tail ends in a horny rattle, with the number of tail rings indicating the number of molts the snake has undergone.
515:
does not show significant changes in venom toxicity as it matures. This phenomenon is termed "venom paedomorphosis," where the snake retains its juvenile venom characteristics into adulthood.
318:
becomes faded in adults, almost to the point where it is indistinguishable from the ground color. This has led to the snake sometimes being locally referred to as the "horseshoe rattler."
347:
The venom of the Midget Faded
Rattlesnake is neurotoxic and is considered one of the most potent among Crotalid venoms. The snakes are generally non-aggressive when left undisturbed.
1405:
1243:
G. L. Glenn, R. C. Straight (1990). "Venom characteristics as an indicator of hybridization between
Crotalus viridis viridis and Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus in New Mexico".
464:
100 individuals. In
Wyoming, where the subspecies reaches its northern limits, the distribution of suitable denning outcrops is a key factor in the snake's distribution.
939:
S. P. Mackessy, K. Williams, K. G. Ashton (2003). "Ontogenetic variation in venom composition and diet of
Crotalus oreganus concolor: a case of venom paedomorphosis?".
1229:
1010:
966:
496:
group, although apparently considerable variability exists among local populations. It is even one of the most potent venoms found in North
America, and according to
434:
has been found to inject similar amounts of venom into both mice and lizards, despite the mass of envenomated mice being four times greater than that of the lizards.
1521:
746:. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. 2 volumes. Reprint, University of California Press, Berkeley.
593:(Viperidae), with comments on the utility of the d-loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Vol. 21, No.2, pp. 176-189.
1572:
1101:
S. P. Mackessy (2010). "Evolutionary trends in venom composition in the
Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis sensu lato): toxicity vs. tenderizers".
699:
Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The
Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates.
1469:
564:
McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
1495:
1387:
814:
L.V. Diller, R.L. Wallace (1996). "Comparative ecology of two snake species (Crotalus viridis and Pituophis melanoleucus) in southwestern Idaho".
676:
1567:
460:), and other woody plants are also present, sometimes even dominating certain areas. Juniper woodlands are more prevalent at higher altitudes.
844:
J.L. Glenn, R. Straight (1977). "The midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis concolor) venom: lethal toxicity and individual variability".
1320:
890:
J. M. Parker, S. H. Anderson (2007). "Ecology and behavior of the Midget Faded Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus concolor) in Wyoming".
751:
704:
646:
577:
569:
503:
studies, the venom is many times more potent than that of an Asiatic cobra. It is characterized by the presence of a presynaptic
1500:
1392:
1144:
S. P. Mackessy (1988). "Venom ontogeny in the Pacific Rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis helleri and Crotalus viridis oreganus".
668:
779:
J.M. Macartney, P.T. Gregory (1988). "Reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in British Columbia".
360:
620:
1060:
523:
immobilization. The venom also contains non-enzymatic peptide myotoxins, which further contribute to its toxicity.
1289:
V. Bebarta, R. Dart (2003). "Effectiveness of delayed use of Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) antivenom".
597:
1526:
45:
1194:
C. L. Ownby, S. D. Aird, I. I. Kaiser (1988). "Physiological and immunological properties of small myotoxins".
903:
743:
450:
376:
211:
1342:
390:
1447:
1223:
960:
302:
150:
641:, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes. Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp.
1456:
1252:
1110:
853:
658:
Woodbury, A. M. (1929). "A new rattlesnake from Utah". Bulletin of the University of Utah. 20 (6): 3.
456:
638:
1513:
1161:
1004:
796:
497:
189:
40:
305:. It is a small rattlesnake known for its faded color pattern. Like all other pit vipers, it is
32:
1562:
1534:
1374:
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1211:
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869:
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565:
486:
444:
166:
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1203:
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861:
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396:
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is largely unknown. However, one observation noted the snake consuming Ord's Kangaroo Rat (
601:
423:
241:
1256:
1114:
857:
356:
306:
1264:
1556:
1207:
865:
371:
east of long. 111° West (excluding the southeastern corner) and extreme west-central
766:
Rattlesnakes: their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. Second edition
476:
shorter, more random movements primarily associated with hunting during the summer.
1379:
442:
This species predominantly inhabits high, cold deserts characterized by sagebrush (
176:
1122:
468:
respectively, while gravid and post-partum females usually move only about 297 m.
1365:
589:
Ashton KG, de Queiroz A. 2001. Molecular systematics of the western rattlesnake,
1508:
1482:
1441:
1432:
504:
402:
298:
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included 16 lizards, six small mammals, and three birds, such as Deer Mouse (
1313:
A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States
57:
1130:
1064:
1272:
1215:
448:) and an abundance of rock outcrops and exposed canyon walls. Greasewood (
1426:
1359:
873:
372:
127:
97:
77:
999:. Eagle Mountain, Utah: Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC. pp. 207–234.
626:
1474:
1165:
952:
800:
594:
364:
87:
549:
Rattlesnakes of Arizona - Midget Faded Rattlesnake (Crotalus concolor)
427:), adding a new species to the known prey items for this rattlesnake.
379:
given is "King's Ranch, Garfield Co., at the base of the Henry Mts ."
1487:
67:
1336:
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792:
1047:
The ecology and behavior of the midget faded rattlesnake in Wyoming
117:
107:
995:
W. K. Hayes, S. S. Herbert, G. C. Rehling, J. F. Gennaro (2002).
1461:
919:
The Ecology and Behavior of Midget Faded Rattlesnakes in Wyoming
368:
1340:
1183:. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 3–23.
1333:. 1929. A new rattlesnake from Utah. Bull. Univ. Utah 20 (1).
768:. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press.
730:. Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA: Wyoming Game and Fish Department.
982:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals
904:
10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[41:EABOTM]2.0.CO;2
1049:(Thesis). Laramie, Wyoming, USA: University of Wyoming.
605:
1416:
1349:
484:This species possesses the most toxic venom of the
184:Geographical range of the Midget Faded Rattlesnake
921:(Thesis). Laramie, Wyoming: University of Wyoming.
728:Amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming. Second edition
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1228:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1009:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
965:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1315:. Tricolor Books. Tempe, Arizona. 129 pp.
1311:Hubbs, Brian, and Brendan O'Connor. 2012.
1291:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology
175:
31:
20:
1181:Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles
430:During predatory and defensive contexts,
739:
737:
677:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
560:
558:
540:
1221:
1002:
958:
363:basins. This area covers southwestern
417:In Arizona specifically, the diet of
271:– Ashton & de Queiroz, 2001
7:
616:
614:
551:. ECO Publishing. pp. 203–204.
1573:Fauna of the Western United States
355:Found in the United States in the
14:
726:G.T. Baxter, M.D. Stone (1985).
44:
1:
1568:Reptiles of the United States
1265:10.1016/S0041-0101(09)80008-1
1123:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.028
627:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
438:Habitat and Movement Behavior
219:Crotalus confluentus concolor
1208:10.1016/0041-0101(88)90223-1
984:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
980:J. O. Whitaker, Jr. (1980).
866:10.1016/0041-0101(77)90031-9
629:. Accessed 11 December 2019.
608:. Accessed 3 September 2008.
208:Crotalus confluentus decolor
1589:
1418:Crotalus oreganus concolor
1325:Crotalus oreganus concolor
671:Crotalus oreganus concolor
267:Crotalus oreganus concolor
383:Diet and Feeding Behavior
258:Crotalus viridis concolor
227:Crotalus viridis concolor
195:
188:
183:
174:
156:
149:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
287:midget faded rattlesnake
285:, commonly known as the
249:Crotalus viridis decolor
236:Crotalus viridis decolor
1179:S. P. Mackessy (2009).
526:Human envenomations by
451:Sarcobatus vermiculatus
391:Peromyscus maniculatus
222:– Woodbury, 1930
997:Biology of the Vipers
917:J. M. Parker (2003).
764:L.M. Klauber (1972).
303:western United States
301:species found in the
262:– Klauber, 1972
253:– Klauber, 1956
231:– Klauber, 1936
1061:"LD50 - intravenous"
1045:J.M. Parker (2003).
457:Juniperus scopulorum
1257:1990Txcn...28..857G
1115:2010Txcn...55.1463M
858:1977Txcn...15..129G
531:post-envenomation.
1327:, pp. 32–33.)
953:10.1643/HA03-037.1
600:2007-09-29 at the
472:thermoregulation.
295:yellow rattlesnake
1550:
1549:
1535:Open Tree of Life
1448:Crotalus concolor
1351:Crotalus concolor
1343:Taxon identifiers
1331:Woodbury, Angus M
1321:978-0-9754641-3-7
622:Crotalus concolor
507:, referred to as
445:Artemisia (plant)
432:Crotalus concolor
419:Crotalus concolor
291:faded rattlesnake
282:Crotalus concolor
278:
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199:Crotalus concolor
160:Crotalus concolor
25:Crotalus concolor
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1109:(8): 1463–1474.
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1063:. Archived from
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16:Species of snake
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1483:iNaturalist
1442:Wikispecies
892:J. Herpetol
528:C. concolor
520:C. concolor
513:C. concolor
487:C. oreganus
361:Green River
336: in).
313:Description
1557:Categories
1297:: 641–753.
1152:: 92–101.
1071:2010-09-02
822:: 343–360.
744:Klauber LM
572:(series).
535:References
505:neurotoxin
493:C. viridis
403:Sceloporus
104:Suborder:
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1084:Wetstein
1005:cite book
898:: 41–51.
787:: 47–57.
682:11 August
639:Wright AH
580:(volume).
406:species.
299:pit viper
136:Species:
118:Viperidae
108:Serpentes
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1563:Crotalus
1514:2.101404
1433:Q5188958
1427:Wikidata
1406:concolor
1360:Wikidata
1131:20227433
598:Archived
373:Colorado
357:Colorado
307:venomous
240:–
190:Synonyms
167:Woodbury
129:Crotalus
114:Family:
98:Squamata
88:Reptilia
78:Chordata
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1475:6157444
1462:1281394
1273:2120798
1253:Bibcode
1245:Toxicon
1216:3134753
1196:Toxicon
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625:at the
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297:, is a
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1501:683064
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1380:882Q2
1162:JSTOR
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480:Venom
242:Gloyd
1527:8740
1522:NCBI
1496:ITIS
1470:GBIF
1388:ITIS
1317:ISBN
1269:PMID
1230:link
1212:PMID
1150:1988
1127:PMID
1011:link
967:link
945:2003
870:PMID
785:1988
748:ISBN
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606:CNAH
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359:and
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