1557:
1627:
1380:. NSAIDs of the COX-2 inhibitors type may reduce the rate of ulcers when compared to non-selective NSAIDs. PPI is the most popular agent in peptic ulcer prevention. However, there is no evidence that H2 antagonists can prevent stomach bleeding for those taking NSAIDs. Although misoprostol is effective in preventing peptic ulcer, its properties of promoting abortion and causing gastrointestinal distress limit its use. For those with high cardiovascular risk, naproxen with PPI can be a useful choice. Otherwise, low-dose aspirin, celecoxib, and PPI can also be used.
1532:(INR) should be kept at 1.5. For aspirin users who required endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer, there is two times increased risk of rebleeding but with ten times reduced risk of death at eight weeks following the resumption of aspirin. For those who were on double antiplatelet agents for indwelling stent in blood vessels, both antiplatelet agents should not be stopped because there is a high risk of stent thrombosis. For those who were under
1540:(FFP), vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrates, or recombinant factor VIIa can be given to reverse the effect of warfarin. High doses of vitamin K should be avoided to reduce the time for rewarfarinisation once the stomach bleeding has stopped. Prothrombin complex concentrates are preferred for severe bleeding. Recombinant factor VIIa is reserved for life-threatening bleeding because of its high risk of thromboembolism.
1277:
1389:
53:
485:
1256:
1135:
477:
643:, it may last from few minutes to several hours, and it may be worse when the stomach is empty. Also, sometimes the pain may flare at night, and it can commonly be temporarily relieved by eating foods that buffer stomach acid or by taking anti-acid medication. However, peptic ulcer disease symptoms may be different for everyone.
1019:, is carried out on people in whom a peptic ulcer is suspected. It is also the gold standard of diagnosis for peptic ulcer disease. By direct visual identification, the location and severity of an ulcer can be described. Moreover, if no ulcer is present, EGD can often provide an alternative diagnosis.
873:
as the latter's appear as a consequence of inflammation of the mucosa (presence of neutrophil and submucosal edema), the former instead as a consequence of a direct damage of the NSAID molecule against COX enzymes, altering the hydrophobic state of the mucus, the permeability of the lining epithelium
1425:
has been reducing from 90% to 70%. However, the rate of eradication can be increased by doubling the dosage of pantoprazole or increasing the duration of treatment to 14 days. Quadruple therapy (pantoprazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole) can also be used. The quadruple therapy can
1732:
Peptic ulcer disease had a tremendous effect on morbidity and mortality until the last decades of the 20th century when epidemiological trends started to point to an impressive fall in its incidence. The reason that the rates of peptic ulcer disease decreased is thought to be the development of new
893:
While chronic life stress was once believed to be the main cause of ulcers, this is no longer the case. It is, however, still occasionally believed to play a role. This may be due to the well-documented effects of stress on gastric physiology, increasing the risk in those with other causes, such as
3308:
Feliberti E, Hughes MS, Perry RR, Vinik A, Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Perreault L, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Trence DL, Vinik A, Wilson DP (28 November 2013). "Gastrinoma
2176:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fraser MS, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Huynh C, Johnson
913:
consumption, were hypothesized to cause ulcers until the late 20th century, but have been shown to be of relatively minor importance. Caffeine and coffee, also commonly thought to cause or exacerbate ulcers, appear to have little effect. Similarly, while studies have found that alcohol consumption
1267:
Gastric ulcers are most often localized on the lesser curvature of the stomach. The ulcer is a round to oval parietal defect ("hole"), 2–4 cm diameter, with a smooth base and perpendicular borders. These borders are not elevated or irregular in the acute form of peptic ulcer, and regular but
1125:
If a peptic ulcer perforates, air will leak from inside the gastrointestinal tract (which always contains some air) to the peritoneal cavity (which normally never contains air). This leads to "free gas" within the peritoneal cavity. If the person stands, as when having a chest X-ray, the gas will
1288:
and lamina propria, usually produced by acid-pepsin aggression. Ulcer margins are perpendicular and present chronic gastritis. During the active phase, the base of the ulcer shows four zones: fibrinoid necrosis, inflammatory exudate, granulation tissue and fibrous tissue. The fibrous base of the
1515:
and ulcer size of greater than 2 cm, there is a high chance that the endoscopic treatment would fail. Therefore, surgery and angiographic embolism are reserved for these complicated cases. However, there is a higher rate of complication for those who underwent surgery to patch the stomach
1507:
can be given before endoscopy to improve endoscopic view. Either high- or low-dose PPIs are equally effective in reducing bleeding after endoscopy. High-dose intravenous PPI is defined as a bolus dose of 80 mg followed by an infusion of 8 mg per hour for 72 hours—in other words, the
1026:
are not reliable for accurate peptic ulcer diagnosis on their own is their inability to differentiate between past exposure to the bacteria and current infection. Additionally, a false negative result is possible with a blood test if the person has recently been taking certain drugs, such as
447:
Peptic ulcers are present in around 4% of the population. New ulcers were found in around 87.4 million people worldwide during 2015. About 10% of people develop a peptic ulcer at some point in their life. Peptic ulcers resulted in 267,500 deaths in 2015, down from 327,000 in 1990. The first
728:
to create an alkaline environment, which is suitable for its survival. It expresses blood group antigen-binding adhesin (BabA) and outer inflammatory protein adhesin (OipA), which enables it to attach to the gastric epithelium. The bacterium also expresses virulence factors such as
1094:
to detect H. pylori. To perform this exam, the person is asked to drink a tasteless liquid that contains the carbon as part of the substance that the bacteria breaks down. After an hour, the person is asked to blow into a sealed bag. If the person is infected with
615:
Also, the symptoms of peptic ulcers may vary with the location of the ulcer and the person's age. Furthermore, typical ulcers tend to heal and recur, and as a result the pain may occur for few days and weeks and then wane or disappear. Usually, children and the
1724:
infections roughly matches age (i.e., 20% at age 20, 30% at age 30, 80% at age 80, etc.). Prevalence is higher in third world countries, where it is estimated at 70% of the population, whereas developed countries show a maximum of a 40% ratio. Overall,
3671:
665:) following a gastric ulcer often leads to catastrophic consequences if left untreated. Erosion of the gastrointestinal wall by the ulcer leads to spillage of the stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, leading to an acute chemical
966:
869:, which is less essential in the gastric mucosa. This reduces the probability of getting peptic ulcers; however, it can still delay ulcer healing for those who already have a peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers caused by NSAIDs differ from those caused by
1809:
containing a culture of organisms extracted from a person with an ulcer and five days later developed gastritis. His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took antibiotics to kill the remaining bacteria at the urging of his wife, since
3947:
3928:
999:
can cause similar symptoms. Also, when severe ulcers resist treatment, particularly if a person has several ulcers or the ulcers are in unusual places, a doctor may suspect an underlying condition that causes the stomach to overproduce
874:
and mitochondrial machinery of the cell itself. In this way NSAID's ulcers tend to complicate faster and dig deeper in the tissue causing more complications, often asymptomatically until a great portion of the tissue is involved.
1268:
with elevated borders and inflammatory surrounding in the chronic form. In the ulcerative form of gastric cancer, the borders are irregular. Surrounding mucosa may present radial folds, as a consequence of the parietal scarring.
3659:
703:
as the etiological factor making it 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancer from the ulcer. The risk for developing gastrointestinal cancer also appears to be slightly higher with gastric ulcers.
1494:
injection. Treatment is indicated if there is active bleeding in the stomach, visible vessels, or an adherent clot. Endoscopy is also helpful in identifying people who are suitable for hospital discharge.
824:
can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by four times compared to non-users. The risk of getting a peptic ulcer is two times for aspirin users. Risk of bleeding increases if NSAIDs are combined with
737:, which cause stomach mucosal inflammation. The VacA gene encodes for vacuolating cytotoxin, but its mechanism of causing peptic ulcers is unclear. Such stomach mucosal inflammation can be associated with
4085:
1462:
is sometimes given to maintain volume in the blood vessels. Maintaining haemoglobin at greater than 7 g/dL (70 g/L) through restrictive blood transfusion has been associated with reduced rate of death.
3336:
2179:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
2283:
1126:
float to a position underneath the diaphragm. Therefore, gas in the peritoneal cavity, shown on an erect chest X-ray or supine lateral abdominal X-ray, is an omen of perforated peptic ulcer disease.
6459:
673:. Posterior gastric wall perforation may lead to bleeding due to the involvement of gastroduodenal artery that lies posterior to the first part of the duodenum. The death rate in this case is 20%.
2226:
2126:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1717:
The lifetime risk for developing a peptic ulcer is approximately 5% to 10% with the rate of 0.1% to 0.3% per year. Peptic ulcers resulted in 301,000 deaths in 2013, down from 327,000 in 1990.
1434:, and metronidazole) for 14 days. The bismuth therapy can also achieve an eradication rate of 90% and can be used as second-line therapy when the first-line triple-regimen therapy has failed.
1892:
Sonnenberg in his study cautiously concludes that, among other potential factors that were found to correlate to ulcer healing, "moderate alcohol intake might favor ulcer healing." (p. 1066)
1729:
infections show a worldwide decrease, more so in developed countries. Transmission occurs via food, contaminated groundwater, or human saliva (such as from kissing or sharing food utensils).
2369:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
991:. The tests are typically ordered if the symptoms do not resolve after a few weeks of treatment, or when they first appear in a person who is over age 45 or who has other symptoms such as
1786:, as a causative factor for ulcers. In their original paper, Warren and Marshall contended that most gastric ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by
1746:
2045:
Steinberg KP (June 2002). "Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient: risk factors and strategies to prevent stress-related bleeding in the intensive care unit".
1827:, with other government agencies, academic institutions, and industry, launched a national education campaign to inform health care providers and consumers about the link between
6932:
2087:
Wang AY, Peura DA (October 2011). "The prevalence and incidence of
Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease and upper gastrointestinal bleeding throughout the world".
4078:
690:(stenosis) is a narrowing of the pyloric canal by scarring and swelling of the gastric antrum and duodenum due to peptic ulcers. The person often presents with severe vomiting.
5637:
1831:
and ulcers. This campaign reinforced the news that ulcers are a curable infection and that health can be greatly improved and money saved by disseminating information about
1214:: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistantiae. Not associated with acid hypersecretion.
366:. Older people are more sensitive to the ulcer-causing effects of NSAIDs. The diagnosis is typically suspected due to the presenting symptoms with confirmation by either
857:), which is essential for the production of these prostaglandins. Besides this, NSAIDs also inhibit stomach mucosa cells proliferation and mucosal blood flow, reducing
6141:
2637:
4071:
4034:
886:
due to serious health problems, such as those requiring treatment in an intensive care unit, is well described as a cause of peptic ulcers, which are also known as
612:
production is increased as food enters the stomach. Pain in duodenal ulcers would be aggravated by hunger and relieved by a meal and is associated with night pain.
1508:
continuous infusion of PPI of greater than 192 mg per day. Intravenous PPI can be changed to oral once there is no high risk of rebleeding from peptic ulcer.
1426:
achieve an eradication rate of 90%. If the clarithromycin resistance rate is higher than 15% in an area, the usage of clarithromycin should be abandoned. Instead,
3415:
3362:
623:
A burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach area lasting between 30 minutes and 3 hours commonly accompanies ulcers. This pain can be misinterpreted as
3471:
1076:
levels in the blood (does not require EGD). It is still somewhat controversial whether a positive antibody without EGD is enough to warrant eradication therapy;
3332:
597:
In people over the age of 45 with more than two weeks of the above symptoms, the odds for peptic ulceration are high enough to warrant rapid investigation by
5736:
2760:(1940). "Fatal Hemorrhage from Peptic Ulcer: One Hundred and Sixteen Cases Collected from Vital Statistics of Seattle During the Years 1935-1939 Inclusive".
2291:
3730:
5775:
1824:
503:, strongly correlated with mealtimes. In case of duodenal ulcers, the pain appears about three hours after taking a meal and wakes the person from sleep;
2922:"Review article: prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastrointestinal complications--review and recommendations based on risk assessment"
2234:
2655:
1471:
PPIs can suppress stomach bleeding more quickly than oral ones. A neutral stomach pH is required to keep platelets in place and prevent clot lysis.
5630:
537:(vomiting of blood); this can occur due to bleeding directly from a gastric ulcer or from damage to the esophagus from severe/continuing vomiting.
1556:
861:
and mucus secretion, which reduces the integrity of the mucosa. Another type of NSAIDs, called COX-2 selective anti-inflammatory drugs (such as
2449:
826:
412:
does not play an important role in either causing or preventing ulcers. Treatment includes stopping smoking, stopping use of NSAIDs, stopping
6003:
5251:
3549:
3200:
2424:
1843:
465:
4646:
3536:"Ch. 7 John Lykoudis. The general practitioner in Greece who in 1958 discovered the etiology of, and a treatment for, peptic ulcer disease."
4901:
343:
174:
2974:
3126:
For nearly 100 years, scientists and doctors thought that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy food, and alcohol. Treatment involved
2499:
1544:(DOAC) are recommended instead of warfarin as they are more effective in preventing thromboembolism. In case of bleeding caused by DOAC,
1734:
1356:
817:
3555:
6216:
5623:
4327:
3801:
6888:
6735:
4455:
4098:
3134:
2483:
2267:
3810:
3612:
Marshall BJ, Warren JR (June 1984). "Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration".
3441:
639:
when it comes into contact with the ulcerated area. The pain caused by peptic ulcers can be felt anywhere from the navel up to the
977:
The diagnosis is mainly established based on the characteristic symptoms. Stomach pain is the most common sign of a peptic ulcer.
6633:
4891:
1115:
796:
Human immune response toward the bacteria also determines the emergence of peptic ulcer disease. The human IL1B gene encodes for
604:
The timing of symptoms in relation to the meal may differentiate between gastric and duodenal ulcers. A gastric ulcer would give
3035:
Fink G (February 2011). "Stress controversies: post-traumatic stress disorder, hippocampal volume, gastroduodenal ulceration*".
6774:
6386:
6369:
5874:
5869:
5746:
4896:
4437:
1859:
1312:
762:
652:
574:(GERD) and use of certain medications can raise the suspicion for peptic ulcer. Medicines associated with peptic ulcer include
571:
516:
5899:
5559:
1368:
Prevention of peptic ulcer disease for those who are taking NSAIDs (with low cardiovascular risk) can be achieved by adding a
951:
355:
6628:
6584:
6478:
6300:
4469:
1529:
6839:
781:
infection cases. In this case, somatostatin production is reduced and gastrin production is increased, leading to increased
984:, at minimum reaching to the level of the submucosa (contrast with erosions, which do not involve the muscularis mucosae).
655:
is the most common complication. Sudden large bleeding can be life-threatening. It is associated with 5% to 10% death rate.
515:(a rush of saliva after an episode of regurgitation to dilute the acid in esophagus, although this is more associated with
6685:
4285:
2629:
1873:
bacteria. However, multiple subsequent studies (in mice and in vivo) have found no effect of using mastic gum on reducing
1630:
676:
Penetration is a form of perforation in which the hole leads to and the ulcer continues into adjacent organs such as the
6594:
6113:
5721:
5455:
4779:
4215:
1626:
1054:
Direct culture from an EGD biopsy specimen; this is difficult and can be expensive. Most labs are not set up to perform
773:
secretion. This reduction in acid production causes gastric ulcers. On the other hand, increased acid production at the
658:
555:
326:
150:
5808:
3463:
3130:
and a bland diet. Later, researchers added stomach acid to the list of causes and began treating ulcers with antacids.
5116:
5110:
4726:
4040:
5704:
3411:
3358:
3569:
Warren JR, Marshall B (June 1983). "Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis".
3218:"H pylori infection and other risk factors associated with peptic ulcers in Turkish patients: a retrospective study"
6174:
6103:
5195:
1816:
1008:
687:
598:
330:
309:
that improves with eating. With a gastric ulcer, the pain may worsen with eating. The pain is often described as a
158:
61:
4173:
3748:
6447:
6403:
6356:
6162:
5780:
4916:
4751:
4720:
4650:
4431:
3660:"Stress Doesn't Cause Ulcers! Or, How To Win a Nobel Prize in One Easy Lesson: Barry Marshall on Being ... Right"
1517:
1103:. This test provides the advantage of being able to monitor the response to treatment used to kill the bacteria.
758:
322:
146:
6473:
3694:
3267:
Sonnenberg A, Müller-Lissner SA, Vogel E, Schmid P, Gonvers JJ, Peter P, Strohmeyer G, Blum AL (December 1981).
1997:
Milosavljevic T, Kostić-Milosavljević M, Jovanović I, Krstić M (2011). "Complications of peptic ulcer disease".
6793:
6108:
6066:
5879:
5754:
5741:
5682:
5391:
5173:
4911:
4906:
4790:
4579:
4398:
4321:
4313:
4063:
3966:
3384:
Stenström B, Mendis A, Marshall B (August 2008). "Helicobacter pylori--the latest in diagnosis and treatment".
1766:
beginning in 1958, long before it was commonly recognized that bacteria were a dominant cause for the disease.
1464:
5711:
5294:
1442:
NSAID-associated ulcers heal in six to eight weeks provided the NSAIDs are withdrawn with the introduction of
1197:
6927:
6718:
6495:
6236:
6028:
5687:
5595:
5475:
5435:
5377:
5096:
4863:
4299:
4257:
670:
416:, and taking medications to decrease stomach acid. The medication used to decrease acid is usually either a
141:
6798:
6522:
6505:
5915:
5889:
5765:
5716:
5677:
5655:
5647:
5411:
5329:
5288:
5284:
5165:
5159:
4926:
4636:
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4365:
4271:
4243:
4177:
2757:
2651:
1322:
801:
395:
215:
206:
351:
6730:
6638:
6599:
6527:
5428:
5417:
5215:
4845:
4671:
4642:
4449:
4209:
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1839:
1443:
1369:
1337:
1032:
834:
662:
437:
417:
246:
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3195:(Sixth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 623.
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6008:
5842:
5760:
5726:
5589:
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5502:
5384:
5035:
4993:
4973:
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4786:
4585:
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3541:
Helicobacter pioneers: firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892–1982
1802:
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1459:
1167:
449:
94:
987:
Confirmation of the diagnosis is made with the help of tests such as endoscopies or barium contrast
6937:
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6673:
6566:
6549:
6510:
6483:
6435:
6278:
6255:
6248:
6197:
6169:
6091:
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6081:
5998:
5567:
5512:
5181:
5057:
5002:
4950:
4869:
4812:
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4548:
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4237:
4106:
3951:
2416:
1770:
1537:
1040:
720:
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338:
169:
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6708:
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5803:
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5555:
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4967:
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3594:
3109:
3060:
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2703:
Cullen DJ, Hawkey GM, Greenwood DC, Humphreys H, Shepherd V, Logan RF, Hawkey CJ (October 1997).
2604:
2022:
1285:
981:
797:
525:
318:
85:
6179:
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is increasing and thus treatment may not always be effective. Bleeding ulcers may be treated by
359:
182:
1467:
is used to determine whether a person should be treated inside a hospital or as an outpatient.
1421:. This treatment regimen can be given for 7–14 days. However, its effectiveness in eradicating
321:. About a third of older people with peptic ulcers have no symptoms. Complications may include
6853:
6834:
6207:
5540:
5506:
5370:
5302:
5065:
5043:
5012:
4463:
4229:
4006:
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3891:
3850:
3793:
3714:
3629:
3586:
3545:
3516:
3393:
3314:
3290:
3249:
3196:
3173:
3101:
3052:
3008:
2941:
2902:
2853:
2835:
2794:
2738:
2596:
2479:
2398:
2347:
2263:
2257:
2208:
2155:
2104:
2062:
2014:
1970:
1787:
1512:
1455:
1066:
805:
559:
189:
69:
3535:
6900:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6667:
6539:
6467:
6285:
6192:
6187:
6117:
6076:
5884:
5849:
5531:
5446:
5237:
5084:
5071:
4886:
4503:
4485:
4392:
4351:
4279:
4149:
3881:
3840:
3783:
3706:
3667:
3621:
3578:
3539:
3506:
3280:
3239:
3229:
3163:
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2933:
2892:
2884:
2843:
2825:
2769:
2728:
2720:
2588:
2388:
2380:
2337:
2329:
2198:
2190:
2145:
2137:
2096:
2054:
2006:
1962:
1545:
1496:
1476:
1221:: Ulcer in the body in combination with duodenal ulcers. Associated with acid oversecretion.
1048:
906:
883:
786:
738:
409:
383:
154:
126:
74:
6858:
6788:
6654:
6589:
6554:
6425:
6290:
6226:
6128:
6047:
6038:
5988:
5928:
5813:
5790:
5481:
5402:
5356:
5261:
5201:
5136:
5078:
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5039:
4742:
4712:
4706:
4589:
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3494:
3138:
1472:
935:
742:
512:
363:
347:
286:
178:
78:
5615:
3131:
1228:: In the pyloric channel within 3 cm of pylorus. Associated with acid oversecretion.
3807:
3437:
1846:
to
Marshall and his long-time collaborator Warren "for their discovery of the bacterium
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6810:
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6337:
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6137:
6133:
6023:
5993:
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4836:
4357:
4124:
4094:
3710:
3655:
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3217:
3168:
3151:
2897:
2873:"Long-term risk of gastrointestinal cancers in persons with gastric or duodenal ulcers"
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2813:
2733:
2704:
2393:
2368:
2342:
2317:
2203:
2178:
2150:
2125:
1783:
1504:
1410:
1307:
1255:
1242:: Can occur throughout the stomach. Associated with the chronic use of NSAIDs (such as
1111:
1100:
996:
970:
954:), or rare gastrin-secreting tumors, also cause multiple and difficult-to-heal ulcers.
850:
838:
830:
774:
583:
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457:
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846:
750:
640:
587:
3960:
3956:
3829:"Monotherapy with mastic does not eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice"
3726:
3641:
3113:
3064:
2953:
2026:
6703:
6615:
6488:
6391:
6342:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6231:
6056:
5972:
5864:
5854:
5820:
5573:
5347:
4826:
4554:
4494:
4441:
4426:
4371:
4017:
3598:
2608:
1779:
1500:
1431:
1406:
1388:
1350:
1317:
918:
infection, it does not seem to independently increase risk. Even when coupled with
887:
842:
789:
cells, thus increasing acid production. An acidic environment at the antrum causes
766:
636:
609:
591:
461:
1814:
is one of the symptoms of infection. This experiment was published in 1984 in the
52:
3971:
1170:. Peptic ulcers can be classified according to their location and other factors.
957:
It is still unclear whether smoking increases the risk of getting peptic ulcers.
6883:
6645:
6623:
6454:
6374:
6018:
5919:
5672:
5147:
5102:
5053:
4757:
4509:
4001:
3788:
2788:
1763:
1491:
1468:
1414:
1377:
1260:
1028:
1016:
992:
858:
666:
628:
605:
534:
444:, with open surgery typically only used in cases in which it is not successful.
429:
302:
254:
118:
114:
106:
4020:
3000:
2100:
492:
Signs and symptoms of a peptic ulcer can include one or more of the following:
484:
6659:
6332:
6310:
5955:
5894:
4521:
3982:
2830:
1966:
1866:
1806:
1791:
1528:
According to expert opinion, for those who are already on anticoagulants, the
1107:
1023:
965:
947:
943:
790:
548:
500:
421:
379:
250:
241:
17:
3234:
2839:
2450:"Symptoms & Causes of Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) - NIDDK"
6609:
6579:
6442:
6420:
6273:
6124:
6098:
5960:
5950:
5837:
5798:
5731:
5335:
5187:
4855:
4796:
4677:
4012:
3941:
3937:
2871:
Søgaard KK, Farkas DK, Pedersen L, Lund JL, Thomsen RW, Sørensen HT (2016).
1851:
1811:
1775:
1302:
1243:
1185:
1012:
931:
922:
infection, the increase is modest in comparison to the primary risk factor.
862:
782:
632:
567:
544:
441:
399:
367:
310:
290:
219:
195:
134:
90:
4048:
3895:
3854:
3718:
3520:
3397:
3318:
3253:
3177:
3105:
3056:
3012:
2945:
2906:
2857:
2798:
2600:
2402:
2351:
2212:
2159:
2108:
2066:
2018:
1974:
724:
is one of the major causative factors of peptic ulcer disease. It secretes
476:
3797:
3633:
3590:
3294:
2742:
1430:-containing quadruple therapy can be used (pantoprazole, bismuth citrate,
1405:
is confirmed, the first-line treatment would be a triple regimen in which
1134:
6243:
6221:
5933:
4771:
3886:
3869:
3845:
3828:
3127:
2724:
1533:
1487:
1346:
1179:
1073:
746:
681:
506:
314:
130:
122:
102:
3744:
301:. The most common symptoms of a duodenal ulcer are waking at night with
6295:
6061:
5965:
5937:
5362:
5308:
4662:
4627:
3868:
Bebb JR, Bailey-Flitter N, Ala'Aldeen D, Atherton JC (September 2003).
3152:"How diet and lifestyle affect duodenal ulcers. Review of the evidence"
1483:
1427:
1191:
1080:
845:
with a layer of mucus, the secretion of which is stimulated by certain
821:
770:
635:. Pain is usually caused by the ulcer, but it may be aggravated by the
617:
390:
of the stomach. Other conditions that produce similar symptoms include
3920:
2787:
Gossman W, Tuma F, Kamel BG, Cassaro S (2019). "Gastric
Perforation".
2010:
1114:), needs to be kept in mind. This is especially true in ulcers of the
6761:
6379:
6265:
4140:
3932:
2888:
1759:
1520:
has a higher rebleeding rate but a similar rate of death to surgery.
1091:
1062:
725:
694:
624:
540:
387:
110:
98:
1284:
A gastric peptic ulcer is a mucosal perforation that penetrates the
769:
secretion to inhibit acid production by parietal cells; and inhibit
669:. The first sign is often sudden intense abdominal pain, as seen in
424:, with four weeks of treatment initially recommended. Ulcers due to
1733:
effective medication and acid suppressants and the rational use of
1200:(called Meckel's diverticulum ulcer; is very tender with palpation)
6211:
5941:
3770:
Huwez FU, Thirlwell D, Cockayne A, Ala'Aldeen DA (December 1998).
3745:"Ulcer, Diagnosis and Treatment - CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases"
3193:
Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine
2500:"Treatment for Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) - NIDDK"
1854:
and peptic ulcer disease." Marshall continues research related to
1625:
1555:
1387:
1289:
ulcer may contain vessels with thickened wall or with thrombosis.
1275:
1254:
1133:
988:
964:
910:
677:
575:
531:
weight gain, in duodenal ulcer, as the pain is relieved by eating;
483:
475:
464:
in the late 20th century, a discovery for which they received the
448:
description of a perforated peptic ulcer was in 1670, in
Princess
4383:
4342:
2504:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2454:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2288:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2231:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1001:
693:
Cancer is included in the differential diagnosis (elucidated by
5619:
4067:
2681:
3870:"Mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori load in vivo"
3495:"Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission"
3080:"The ulcer sleuths: The search for the cause of peptic ulcers"
1633:
for peptic ulcer disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
620:
do not develop any symptoms unless complications have arisen.
608:
pain during the meal, associated with nausea and vomiting, as
1560:
Deaths from peptic ulcer disease per million persons in 2012
488:
Duodenal ulcer A2 stage, acute duodenal mucosal lesion (ADML)
2318:"Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective"
1482:
Early endoscopic therapy can help to stop bleeding by using
562:
and extreme, stabbing pain, and requires immediate surgery.
3216:
Salih BA, Abasiyanik MF, Bayyurt N, Sander E (June 2007).
46:
Peptic ulcer, stomach ulcer, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer
2705:"Peptic ulcer bleeding in the elderly: relative roles of
1280:
Micrograph showing erosive gastric ulcer. (H&E stain)
350:, stress as a result of other serious health conditions,
233:
Medications, stopping NSAIDs, stopping smoking, stopping
2579:
Lanas A, Chan FK (August 2017). "Peptic ulcer disease".
1747:
1479:
agents are not useful in treating peptic ulcer disease.
2177:
CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kinfu Y, Kulikoff XR (October 2016).
1820:
and is among the most cited articles from the journal.
1086:
Histological examination and staining of an EGD biopsy.
969:
Endoscopic image of gastric ulcer, biopsy proven to be
428:
are treated with a combination of medications, such as
3827:
Loughlin MF, Ala'Aldeen DA, Jenks PJ (February 2003).
2284:"Eating, Diet, and Nutrition for Peptic Ulcer Disease"
1801:
hypothesis was still poorly received, so in an act of
3132:
National
Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
930:
Other causes of peptic ulcer disease include gastric
578:(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) that inhibit
297:, while one in the first part of the intestines is a
3910:
3693:
Van Der Weyden MB, Armstrong RM, Gregory AT (2005).
1865:
A 1998 New England Medical Journal study found that
1720:
In Western countries, the percentage of people with
777:
is associated with duodenal ulcers in 10% to 15% of
386:, testing the stool for signs of the bacteria, or a
6874:
6760:
6753:
6694:
6608:
6565:
6411:
6402:
6355:
6309:
6264:
6150:
6037:
5927:
5914:
5789:
5663:
5654:
5539:
5530:
5492:
5465:
5445:
5401:
5346:
5319:
5274:
5248:
5212:
5144:
5135:
5027:
4992:
4983:
4940:
4835:
4820:
4811:
4741:
4688:
4661:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4520:
4493:
4484:
4417:
4382:
4341:
4199:
4188:
4139:
4123:
4114:
4105:
4047:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
3992:
3914:
2089:
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America
1516:bleeding site when compared to repeated endoscopy.
1106:The possibility of other causes of ulcers, notably
268:
260:
240:
229:
205:
188:
164:
140:
84:
68:
42:
37:
3269:"Predictors of duodenal ulcer healing and relapse"
2634:Home Health Handbook for Patients & Caregivers
1953:Najm WI (September 2011). "Peptic ulcer disease".
456:was first identified as causing peptic ulcers by
3695:"The 2005 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine"
3191:Rubin R, Strayer DS, Rubin E (1 February 2011).
2417:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005"
1869:, a tree resin extract, actively eliminated the
793:of the duodenal cells, causing duodenal ulcers.
3007:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
3001:"Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)"
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2227:"Definition and Facts for Peptic Ulcer Disease"
1762:, treated people for peptic ulcer disease with
745:(reduced stomach acid secretion). Inflammatory
543:(tarry, foul-smelling feces due to presence of
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
1259:A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a
333:. Bleeding occurs in as many as 15% of cases.
27:Ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract
5631:
4079:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
1548:within four hours is the antidote of choice.
1392:Peptic ulcer treatment: pharmacology of drugs
1099:, the breath sample will contain radioactive
8:
6933:Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
5737:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2120:
2118:
1297:Conditions that may appear similar include:
757:also secretes certain products that inhibit
346:(NSAIDs). Other, less common causes include
131:yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
3534:Rigas B, Papavasassiliou ED (22 May 2002).
3030:
3028:
2975:"NSAIDs: When To Use Them and for How Long"
2814:"An Overview of Gastroduodenal Perforation"
2762:Journal of the American Medical Association
2311:
2309:
2171:
2169:
980:More specifically, peptic ulcers erode the
6757:
6408:
5924:
5776:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
5660:
5638:
5624:
5616:
5536:
5141:
4989:
4832:
4817:
4623:
4614:
4490:
4196:
4136:
4120:
4111:
4086:
4072:
4064:
3911:
3464:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
3084:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2709:and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs"
2363:
2361:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
1825:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
841:. The gastric mucosa protects itself from
808:also play a role in gastric inflammation.
554:rarely, an ulcer can lead to a gastric or
378:can be diagnosed by testing the blood for
51:
34:
3885:
3874:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
3844:
3833:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
3787:
3544:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 74–88.
3510:
3284:
3243:
3233:
3167:
3095:
2896:
2847:
2829:
2732:
2392:
2341:
2262:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 526.
2202:
2149:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1118:; most are also a consequence of chronic
2040:
2038:
2036:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
3804:from the original on 15 September 2008.
3150:Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W (May 2004).
1904:
1885:
1454:For those with bleeding peptic ulcers,
1051:(noninvasive and does not require EGD);
3772:"Mastic gum kills Helicobacter pylori"
2640:from the original on 28 December 2011.
827:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
741:(increased stomach acid secretion) or
293:. An ulcer in the stomach is called a
6004:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
5252:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
3512:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040
3474:from the original on 11 November 2009
2658:from the original on 14 February 2012
2444:
2442:
1844:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
938:(CMV), upper abdominal radiotherapy,
344:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
336:Common causes include infection with
313:or dull ache. Other symptoms include
175:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
7:
4637:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
3808:their corrections in the next volume
3751:from the original on 3 December 2013
3444:from the original on 9 February 2009
3418:from the original on 9 February 2010
3365:from the original on 9 February 2010
3339:from the original on 13 January 2016
1858:and runs a molecular biology lab at
1735:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
914:increases risk when associated with
818:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3776:The New England Journal of Medicine
1357:Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
4099:Gram-negative bacterial infections
3733:from the original on 27 June 2009.
3711:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00052.x
3674:from the original on 5 August 2011
2920:Chan FK, Graham DY (15 May 2004).
2136:(10053): 1545–1602. October 2016.
1235:: Proximal gastroesophageal ulcer.
882:Physiological (not psychological)
800:, and other genes that encode for
663:wall of the gastrointestinal tract
528:and weight loss, in gastric ulcer;
400:inflammation of the stomach lining
220:inflammation of the stomach lining
25:
6889:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
6736:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
4456:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
3558:from the original on 21 May 2016.
3222:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1840:Karolinska Institute in Stockholm
1090:The breath test uses radioactive
1065:activity in a biopsy specimen by
934:, drugs, metabolic disturbances,
765:sensory neurons, which increases
6634:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
4672:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
4647:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
3699:The Medical Journal of Australia
3097:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06537.x
3049:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02089.x
2999:Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V (2024),
2938:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01935.x
2774:10.1001/jama.1940.02810470018005
2427:from the original on 12 May 2015
2334:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00677.x
2059:10.1097/00003246-200206001-00005
1116:greater curvature of the stomach
194:Based on symptoms, confirmed by
5875:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
5870:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
5747:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
4438:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
2678:"Ulcer Disease Facts and Myths"
2636:. Merck Manuals. October 2006.
1313:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
849:. NSAIDs block the function of
763:calcitonin gene-related peptide
572:gastroesophageal reflux disease
517:gastroesophageal reflux disease
6629:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
6479:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
6301:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
4470:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
2812:Weledji EP (9 November 2020).
2379:(9963): 117–71. January 2015.
1794:, as had been assumed before.
1774:was identified in 1982 by two
1530:international normalized ratio
1338:Inferior myocardial infarction
1:
6686:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
4286:Flinders Island spotted fever
3626:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6
3583:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8
3309:Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrome".
3286:10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80012-1
3037:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
2593:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7
2385:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
2195:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
2142:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1862:in Perth, Western Australia.
1631:Disability-adjusted life year
6595:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
6114:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
5722:Esophageal motility disorder
5456:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
4780:Burkholderia cepacia complex
4216:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1166:Peptic ulcers are a form of
522:nausea and copious vomiting;
317:, vomiting, weight loss, or
5117:Far East scarlet-like fever
5111:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
4727:Chromobacteriosis infection
3789:10.1056/NEJM199812243392618
3386:Australian Family Physician
3078:Yeomans ND (January 2011).
2478:. JP Medical. p. 364.
2316:Snowden FM (October 2008).
64:showing deep gastric ulcer.
6954:
6580:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
6104:Functional colonic disease
5900:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
2259:Clinical Manual of Surgery
2101:10.1016/j.giec.2011.07.011
1817:Australian Medical Journal
1744:
1542:Direct oral anticoagulants
1009:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
952:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
865:), preferentially inhibit
688:Gastric outlet obstruction
599:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
356:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
5781:Acute esophageal necrosis
4917:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
4752:Burkholderia pseudomallei
4721:Chromobacterium violaceum
4651:Meningococcal septicaemia
4432:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
3468:World Health Organization
3156:Canadian Family Physician
2831:10.3389/fsurg.2020.573901
2793:. StatPearls Publishing.
1967:10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.001
1518:Angiographic embolisation
1413:are combined with either
1188:(called esophageal ulcer)
759:hydrogen potassium ATPase
653:Gastrointestinal bleeding
289:, or sometimes the lower
59:
50:
5880:Gastric dumping syndrome
5755:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
5742:Diffuse esophageal spasm
5392:Plesiomonas shigelloides
5174:Brazilian purpuric fever
4791:Bordetella parapertussis
4580:Bartonella bacilliformis
4399:Flea-borne spotted fever
4329:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
4322:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
4314:American tick bite fever
3538:. In Marshall BJ (ed.).
3235:10.3748/wjg.v13.i23.3245
1465:Glasgow-Blatchford score
1022:One of the reasons that
404:gallbladder inflammation
285:, the first part of the
281:is a break in the inner
224:gallbladder inflammation
6496:Alcoholic liver disease
6029:Bile acid malabsorption
5973:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
5560:Guillain–Barré syndrome
5476:Cardiobacterium hominis
5436:Acinetobacter baumannii
5378:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
5097:Yersinia enterocolitica
4864:Klebsiella granulomatis
4300:African tick bite fever
4258:North Asian tick typhus
2476:SRB's Manual of Surgery
1182:(called duodenal ulcer)
509:and abdominal fullness;
331:blockage of the stomach
159:blockage of the stomach
6506:Hepatic encephalopathy
5890:Buried bumper syndrome
5821:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
5705:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
5648:human digestive system
5412:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5330:Francisella tularensis
5289:Legionella longbeachae
5285:Legionella pneumophila
4927:Enterobacter aerogenes
4572:Bacillary angiomatosis
4366:Orientia tsutsugamushi
4272:Queensland tick typhus
4244:Japanese spotted fever
4178:Flying squirrel typhus
3813:5 October 2008 at the
3333:"Peptic Ulcer Disease"
2926:Aliment Pharmacol Ther
2047:Critical Care Medicine
1714:
1623:
1444:proton pump inhibitors
1401:Once the diagnosis of
1393:
1293:Differential diagnosis
1281:
1272:Microscopic appearance
1264:
1251:Macroscopic appearance
1194:(called gastric ulcer)
1163:
1033:proton-pump inhibitors
974:
835:antimineralocorticoids
802:tumour necrosis factor
489:
481:
396:coronary heart disease
216:coronary heart disease
207:Differential diagnosis
6731:Pancreatic pseudocyst
6600:Porcelain gallbladder
5712:Zenker's diverticulum
5429:Moraxella catarrhalis
5295:Legionnaires' disease
5216:Pasteurella multocida
4846:Klebsiella pneumoniae
4643:Meningococcal disease
4450:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
4210:Rickettsia rickettsii
4174:Brill–Zinsser disease
4164:Rickettsia prowazekii
3499:Epidemiologic Reviews
3412:"Tests and diagnosis"
2322:Immunological Reviews
1629:
1559:
1438:NSAIDs-induced ulcers
1391:
1370:proton pump inhibitor
1279:
1258:
1198:Meckel's diverticulum
1137:
968:
487:
479:
438:Antibiotic resistance
418:proton pump inhibitor
283:lining of the stomach
247:Proton pump inhibitor
135:difficulty swallowing
6535:Hepatorenal syndrome
6474:Budd–Chiari syndrome
6431:Autoimmune hepatitis
6256:Intestinal adhesions
6014:Short bowel syndrome
5843:Functional dyspepsia
5761:Esophageal stricture
5727:Nutcracker esophagus
5590:Helicobacter cinaedi
5550:Campylobacter jejuni
5503:Aeromonas hydrophila
5385:Vibrio alginolyticus
5036:Shigella dysenteriae
4974:Citrobacter freundii
4931:Enterobacter cloacae
4787:Bordetella pertussis
4266:Rickettsia australis
4035:Gastric ulcer images
3658:(9 September 2010).
3438:"ATLAS OF PATHOLOGY"
2818:Frontiers in Surgery
2756:Blackford, John W.,
2725:10.1136/gut.41.4.459
2189:(10053): 1459–1544.
1803:self-experimentation
1756:general practitioner
1168:acid–peptic disorder
1061:Direct detection of
671:Valentino's syndrome
556:duodenal perforation
450:Henrietta of England
303:upper abdominal pain
279:Peptic ulcer disease
95:upper abdominal pain
38:Peptic ulcer disease
6674:Choledocholithiasis
6545:Metabolic disorders
6511:Acute liver failure
6484:Portal hypertension
6436:Alcoholic hepatitis
6279:Radiation proctitis
6198:Mesenteric ischemia
6170:Gastroenterocolitis
5999:Blind loop syndrome
5809:Ménétrier's disease
5717:Barrett's esophagus
5568:Helicobacter pylori
5058:Bacillary dysentery
5003:Salmonella enterica
4951:Serratia marcescens
4870:Granuloma inguinale
4766:Burkholderia mallei
4701:Eikenella corrodens
4549:Bartonella quintana
4541:Cat-scratch disease
4535:Bartonella henselae
4252:Rickettsia sibirica
4238:Rickettsia japonica
3137:5 July 2006 at the
2758:Williams, Robert H.
2707:Helicobacter pylori
2053:(6 Suppl): S362–4.
1848:Helicobacter pylori
1771:Helicobacter pylori
1711: more than 220
1538:fresh frozen plasma
1397:Eradication therapy
1041:Helicobacter pylori
785:secretion from the
721:Helicobacter pylori
700:Helicobacter pylori
339:Helicobacter pylori
264:87.4 million (2015)
235:alcohol consumption
170:Helicobacter pylori
6849:Undefined location
6840:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
6741:Pancreatic fistula
6724:Pancreatic abscess
6679:Biliary dyskinesia
6650:Mirizzi's syndrome
6151:Large and/or small
5831:Dieulafoy's lesion
5700:Boerhaave syndrome
5556:Campylobacteriosis
5467:Cardiobacteriaceae
4968:Citrobacter koseri
4878:Klebsiella oxytoca
4308:Rickettsia parkeri
4294:Rickettsia africae
4224:Rickettsia conorii
3993:External resources
3887:10.1093/jac/dkg366
3846:10.1093/jac/dkg057
3090:(Suppl 1): 35–41.
2587:(10094): 613–624.
2423:. Nobel Media AB.
1999:Digestive Diseases
1961:(3): 383–94, vii.
1715:
1645: less than 20
1624:
1546:activated charcoal
1394:
1323:Hepatic congestion
1286:muscularis mucosae
1282:
1265:
1164:
1015:, also known as a
982:muscularis mucosae
975:
798:Interleukin 1 beta
490:
482:
472:Signs and symptoms
111:blood in the stool
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6749:
6748:
6351:
6350:
6208:Bowel obstruction
5910:
5909:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5541:Campylobacterales
5526:
5525:
5507:Aeromonas veronii
5371:Vibrio vulnificus
5303:Coxiella burnetii
5270:
5269:
5196:H. parainfluenzae
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5066:Proteus mirabilis
5013:Paratyphoid fever
4902:Enterohemorrhagic
4822:Enterobacteriales
4807:
4806:
4737:
4736:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4586:Carrion's disease
4480:
4479:
4464:Ehrlichia ewingii
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4230:Boutonneuse fever
4030:
4029:
3551:978-0-86793-035-1
3493:Brown LM (2000).
3202:978-1-60547-968-2
2768:(21): 1774–1779.
2011:10.1159/000331517
1805:Marshall drank a
1784:Barry J. Marshall
1513:hypovolemic shock
1497:Prokinetic agents
1456:fluid replacement
1067:rapid urease test
1038:The diagnosis of
1011:(EGD), a form of
909:factors, such as
820:(NSAIDs) such as
806:Lymphotoxin alpha
560:acute peritonitis
558:, which leads to
276:
275:
190:Diagnostic method
155:ulcer perforation
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
6945:
6901:Pneumoperitoneum
6758:
6668:Common bile duct
6550:Wilson's disease
6540:Peliosis hepatis
6409:
6286:Proctalgia fugax
6193:Abdominal angina
6118:Ogilvie syndrome
6067:Pseudomembranous
5925:
5885:Gastric volvulus
5850:Pyloric stenosis
5661:
5646:Diseases of the
5640:
5633:
5626:
5617:
5537:
5447:Xanthomonadaceae
5255:
5238:Actinobacillosis
5219:
5152:
5142:
5072:Proteus vulgaris
4990:
4887:Escherichia coli
4833:
4818:
4693:
4624:
4615:
4504:Brucella abortus
4491:
4486:Hyphomicrobiales
4393:Rickettsia felis
4352:Rickettsia akari
4280:Rickettsia honei
4197:
4150:Rickettsia typhi
4137:
4121:
4112:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4051:on 16 April 2020
3912:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3824:
3818:
3805:
3791:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3705:(11–12): 612–4.
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3620:(8390): 1311–5.
3609:
3603:
3602:
3577:(8336): 1273–5.
3566:
3560:
3559:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3273:Gastroenterology
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3147:
3141:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3099:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2979:Cleveland Clinic
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2889:10.1002/cam4.680
2883:(6): 1341–1351.
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2833:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2680:. Archived from
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2576:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2294:on 20 March 2015
2290:. Archived from
2280:
2274:
2273:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2233:. Archived from
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2042:
2031:
2030:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1950:
1893:
1890:
1850:and its role in
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1477:antifibrinolytic
1205:Modified Johnson
1049:Urea breath test
1044:can be made by:
787:enterochromaffin
753:acid secretion.
739:hyperchlorhydria
526:loss of appetite
384:urea breath test
352:Behçet's disease
127:loss of appetite
75:Gastroenterology
62:endoscopic image
55:
35:
21:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6905:
6870:
6859:Internal hernia
6745:
6690:
6655:Biliary fistula
6613:
6604:
6590:Adenomyomatosis
6585:Cholesterolosis
6561:
6555:Hemochromatosis
6426:Viral hepatitis
6398:
6347:
6305:
6291:Rectal prolapse
6260:
6227:Fecal impaction
6217:Intussusception
6180:Crohn's disease
6146:
6129:Toxic megacolon
6041:
6039:Large intestine
6033:
5978:Curling's ulcer
5931:
5929:Small intestine
5918:
5906:
5814:Gastroenteritis
5785:
5650:
5644:
5614:
5605:
5522:
5488:
5461:
5441:
5403:Pseudomonadales
5397:
5357:Vibrio cholerae
5342:
5315:
5266:
5249:
5244:
5213:
5208:
5145:
5123:
5079:Yersinia pestis
5023:
4979:
4936:
4892:Enterotoxigenic
4824:
4803:
4743:Burkholderiales
4733:
4707:Kingella kingae
4689:
4684:
4657:
4596:
4590:Verruga peruana
4516:
4476:
4419:Anaplasmataceae
4405:
4378:
4337:
4191:
4184:
4170:Epidemic typhus
4128:
4101:
4092:
4054:
4052:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4025:
3988:
3987:
3923:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3815:Wayback Machine
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3664:The Wrong Stuff
3654:
3653:
3649:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3552:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3139:Wayback Machine
3125:
3121:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3017:
3015:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2932:(10): 1051–61.
2919:
2918:
2914:
2877:Cancer Medicine
2870:
2869:
2865:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2578:
2577:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2474:Bhat S (2013).
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2256:Rao SD (2014).
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2237:on 2 April 2015
2225:
2224:
2220:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2044:
2043:
2034:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1952:
1951:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1749:
1743:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1526:
1511:For those with
1473:Tranexamic acid
1452:
1440:
1399:
1386:
1366:
1361:
1295:
1274:
1253:
1207:
1176:
1162:
1132:
1072:Measurement of
963:
940:Crohn's disease
936:cytomegalovirus
928:
904:
880:
831:corticosteroids
814:
743:hypochlorhydria
717:
710:
661:(a hole in the
649:
584:glucocorticoids
474:
364:liver cirrhosis
360:Crohn's disease
348:tobacco smoking
287:small intestine
183:Crohn's disease
179:tobacco smoking
79:General surgery
77:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6951:
6949:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6928:Abdominal pain
6920:
6919:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6896:Hemoperitoneum
6893:
6892:
6891:
6880:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6766:
6764:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6700:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6620:
6618:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6498:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6417:
6415:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6367:
6365:Blood in stool
6361:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6338:Anal dysplasia
6335:
6330:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6205:
6203:Angiodysplasia
6200:
6195:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6138:Diverticulosis
6134:Diverticulitis
6131:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6111:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6024:Milroy disease
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5994:Tropical sprue
5991:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5947:
5945:
5922:
5916:Lower GI tract
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5669:
5667:
5658:
5656:Upper GI tract
5652:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5582:Gastric cancer
5564:
5563:
5562:
5545:
5543:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5498:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5451:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5407:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5352:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5232:Actinobacillus
5228:
5226:Pasteurellosis
5222:
5220:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5155:
5153:
5139:
5137:Pasteurellales
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5089:Bubonic plague
5075:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:
4998:
4996:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Enteroinvasive
4894:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4841:
4839:
4830:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4783:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4696:
4694:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4632:
4630:
4621:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4526:
4524:
4522:Bartonellaceae
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4358:Rickettsialpox
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4125:Rickettsiaceae
4118:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4095:Pseudomonadota
4093:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4041:"Peptic Ulcer"
4037:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4009:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3974:
3963:
3944:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:Classification
3908:
3907:External links
3905:
3902:
3901:
3860:
3819:
3762:
3736:
3685:
3647:
3604:
3561:
3550:
3526:
3485:
3455:
3429:
3403:
3376:
3359:"Peptic ulcer"
3350:
3324:
3300:
3259:
3228:(23): 3245–8.
3208:
3201:
3183:
3142:
3119:
3070:
3024:
2991:
2966:
2912:
2863:
2804:
2779:
2748:
2695:
2684:on 5 June 2010
2669:
2652:"Peptic ulcer"
2643:
2630:"Peptic Ulcer"
2614:
2516:
2491:
2484:
2466:
2438:
2421:nobelprize.org
2408:
2357:
2305:
2275:
2268:
2248:
2218:
2165:
2114:
2072:
2032:
1980:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1742:
1739:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1525:
1524:Anticoagulants
1522:
1505:metoclopramide
1451:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1411:clarithromycin
1398:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:Stomach cancer
1305:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1273:
1270:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1130:Classification
1128:
1112:gastric cancer
1101:carbon dioxide
1088:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1059:
1052:
997:stomach cancer
971:gastric cancer
962:
959:
927:
924:
903:
900:
898:or NSAID use.
879:
876:
851:cyclooxygenase
847:prostaglandins
839:anticoagulants
813:
810:
775:pyloric antrum
716:
711:
709:
706:
705:
704:
691:
685:
674:
656:
648:
645:
580:cyclooxygenase
564:
563:
552:
538:
532:
529:
523:
520:
510:
504:
499:, classically
497:abdominal pain
473:
470:
458:Barry Marshall
434:clarithromycin
392:stomach cancer
372:barium swallow
307:abdominal pain
299:duodenal ulcer
274:
273:
272:267,500 (2015)
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
244:
238:
237:
231:
227:
226:
212:Stomach cancer
209:
203:
202:
200:barium swallow
192:
186:
185:
166:
162:
161:
144:
138:
137:
88:
82:
81:
72:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
18:Duodenal Ulcer
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6950:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6916:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6770:Diaphragmatic
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6611:
6607:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6575:Cholecystitis
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6518:Liver abscess
6516:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6501:Liver failure
6499:
6497:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6158:Enterocolitis
6156:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5985:Malabsorption
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:Gastroparesis
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:Cushing ulcer
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:Megaesophagus
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5641:
5636:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5578:MALT lymphoma
5575:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5494:Aeromonadales
5491:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5321:Thiotrichales
5318:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5276:Legionellales
5273:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5247:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5211:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5160:H. influenzae
5157:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5017:Salmonellosis
5014:
5010:
5009:Typhoid fever
5007:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4852:Rhinoscleroma
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4687:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4530:Bartonellosis
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4156:Murine typhus
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4131:Rickettsioses
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Rickettsiales
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3839:(2): 367–71.
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3505:(2): 283–97.
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3392:(8): 608–12.
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3279:(6): 1061–7.
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:(2): 107–17.
3042:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:(4): 459–62.
2718:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2485:9789350259443
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2269:9788131238714
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:(4): 613–35.
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:In 2005, the
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:In 1997, the
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:John Lykoudis
1748:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1705: 200–220
1699: 180–200
1693: 160–180
1687: 140–160
1681: 120–140
1675: 100–120
1639: no data
1632:
1628:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:metronidazole
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:H2 antagonist
1371:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:Referred pain
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Biliary colic
1331:
1329:
1328:Cholecystitis
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
978:
972:
967:
960:
958:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
923:
921:
917:
912:
908:
901:
899:
897:
891:
889:
888:stress ulcers
885:
877:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:parietal cell
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
723:
722:
715:
712:
707:
702:
701:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:
647:Complications
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
613:
611:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
589:
588:dexamethasone
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:A history of
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
498:
495:
494:
493:
486:
480:Gastric ulcer
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
443:
439:
436:, and a PPI.
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:poor appetite
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:gastric ulcer
292:
288:
284:
280:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
245:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
143:
142:Complications
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
6915:
6848:
6827:
6704:Pancreatitis
6666:
6616:biliary tree
6489:Nutmeg liver
6466:
6392:Hematochezia
6343:Pruritus ani
6328:Anal abscess
6323:Anal fistula
6319:Anal fissure
6232:Constipation
6186:
6057:Appendicitis
5865:Gastroptosis
5855:Achlorhydria
5694:
5683:Eosinophilic
5597:Helicobacter
5596:
5588:
5574:Peptic ulcer
5566:
5548:
5513:
5501:
5474:
5454:
5434:
5427:
5418:
5410:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5355:
5348:Vibrionaceae
5328:
5301:
5283:
5250:
5230:
5214:
5194:
5180:
5166:
5158:
5146:
5109:
5095:
5077:
5070:
5064:
5034:
5001:
4972:
4966:
4957:
4949:
4925:
4885:
4876:
4862:
4844:
4785:
4778:
4764:
4750:
4719:
4705:
4699:
4690:
4670:
4635:
4619:Neisseriales
4578:
4566:
4562:
4555:Trench fever
4547:
4533:
4502:
4495:Brucellaceae
4462:
4448:
4442:Anaplasmosis
4430:
4427:Ehrlichiosis
4391:
4372:Scrub typhus
4364:
4350:
4328:
4320:
4306:
4292:
4278:
4264:
4250:
4236:
4222:
4208:
4162:
4148:
4097:-associated
4053:. Retrieved
4049:the original
4044:
4011:
4000:
3976:
3965:
3946:
3927:
3880:(3): 522–3.
3877:
3873:
3863:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3782:(26): 1946.
3779:
3775:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3739:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3663:
3650:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3540:
3529:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3467:
3458:
3446:. Retrieved
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3406:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3327:
3310:
3303:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3192:
3186:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3122:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3040:
3036:
3016:, retrieved
3004:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2929:
2925:
2915:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2789:
2782:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:the original
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2646:
2633:
2584:
2580:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:
2494:
2475:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2429:. Retrieved
2420:
2411:
2376:
2372:
2325:
2321:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:the original
2287:
2278:
2258:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2230:
2221:
2186:
2182:
2133:
2129:
2092:
2088:
2050:
2046:
2005:(5): 491–3.
2002:
1998:
1958:
1955:Primary Care
1954:
1888:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1842:awarded the
1837:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1798:
1796:
1780:Robin Warren
1778:scientists,
1769:
1768:
1750:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1669: 80–100
1620: 73-132
1552:Epidemiology
1527:
1510:
1501:erythromycin
1481:
1460:crystalloids
1453:
1441:
1432:tetracycline
1422:
1407:pantoprazole
1402:
1400:
1367:
1351:pericarditis
1318:Pancreatitis
1296:
1283:
1266:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1165:
1124:
1119:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1055:
1039:
1037:
1021:
1006:
986:
979:
976:
956:
929:
919:
915:
905:
895:
892:
881:
870:
866:
854:
843:gastric acid
815:
795:
778:
767:somatostatin
754:
749:inhibit the
734:
730:
719:
718:
713:
698:
637:stomach acid
622:
614:
610:gastric acid
603:
596:
592:prednisolone
565:
491:
462:Robin Warren
453:
446:
425:
420:(PPI) or an
408:
375:
337:
335:
305:, and upper
298:
294:
278:
277:
168:
29:
6884:Peritonitis
6646:Cholestasis
6624:Cholangitis
6567:Gallbladder
6455:Fatty liver
6375:Hematemesis
6357:GI bleeding
6163:Necrotizing
6092:Lymphocytic
6087:Collagenous
6082:Microscopic
6019:Steatorrhea
5920:Enteropathy
5766:Inlet patch
5688:Herpetiform
5673:Esophagitis
5419:Pseudomonas
5167:Haemophilus
5148:Haemophilus
5103:Yersiniosis
5054:Shigellosis
4758:Melioidosis
4567:B. quintana
4563:B. henselae
4510:Brucellosis
4045:MedlinePlus
4002:MedlinePlus
3755:27 February
3747:. Cdc.gov.
3478:11 November
2959:27 February
2328:(1): 9–26.
2298:28 February
2241:28 February
1764:antibiotics
1663: 60–80
1657: 40–60
1651: 20–40
1614: 54-72
1608: 41-53
1602: 33-40
1596: 26-32
1590: 20-25
1584: 17-19
1578: 12-16
1536:treatment,
1492:epinephrine
1469:Intravenous
1415:amoxicillin
1378:misoprostol
1261:gastrectomy
1174:By location
1122:infection.
1029:antibiotics
1024:blood tests
1017:gastroscopy
993:weight loss
948:Gastrinomas
859:bicarbonate
761:; activate
667:peritonitis
659:Perforation
629:indigestion
535:hematemesis
466:Nobel Prize
430:amoxicillin
327:perforation
255:antibiotics
151:perforation
119:weight gain
115:weight loss
43:Other names
6938:Acute pain
6922:Categories
6876:Peritoneal
6854:Incisional
6775:Congenital
6719:Hereditary
6696:Pancreatic
6660:Haemobilia
6333:Hemorrhoid
6311:Anal canal
6249:Infectious
6237:Functional
6072:Ulcerative
5956:Duodenitis
5895:Gastrinoma
5599:cellulitis
5182:H. ducreyi
5169:meningitis
4691:ungrouped:
4384:Flea-borne
4343:Mite-borne
4201:Tick-borne
3978:DiseasesDB
3343:17 January
3162:: 727–32.
3005:StatPearls
2824:: 573901.
2790:StatPearls
1899:References
1867:mastic gum
1807:Petri dish
1792:spicy food
1776:Australian
1745:See also:
1737:(NSAIDs).
1572: 8-11
1384:Management
1372:(PPI), an
1364:Prevention
1108:malignancy
995:, because
944:vasculitis
804:(TNF) and
791:metaplasia
606:epigastric
549:hemoglobin
547:iron from
513:waterbrash
501:epigastric
422:H2 blocker
380:antibodies
251:H2 blocker
242:Medication
177:(NSAIDs),
173:bacteria,
6864:Richter's
6821:Spigelian
6816:Obturator
6806:Umbilical
6639:Ascending
6610:Bile duct
6443:Cirrhosis
6421:Hepatitis
6404:Accessory
6274:Proctitis
6125:Megacolon
6099:Dysentery
6009:Whipple's
5961:Jejunitis
5951:Enteritis
5838:Dyspepsia
5799:Gastritis
5732:Achalasia
5665:Esophagus
5516:infection
5514:Aeromonas
5421:infection
5336:Tularemia
5188:Chancroid
4960:infection
4942:Slow/weak
4856:Pneumonia
4797:Pertussis
4678:Gonorrhea
4331:infection
4013:eMedicine
3806:See also
3448:26 August
2840:2296-875X
1875:H. pylori
1871:H. pylori
1856:H. pylori
1852:gastritis
1833:H. pylori
1829:H. pylori
1812:halitosis
1799:H. pylori
1727:H. pylori
1722:H. pylori
1566: 0-7
1423:H. pylori
1403:H. pylori
1303:Gastritis
1263:specimen.
1244:ibuprofen
1186:Esophagus
1156:Submucosa
1141:Esophagus
1120:H. pylori
1097:H. pylori
1058:cultures;
1056:H. pylori
1013:endoscopy
961:Diagnosis
932:ischaemia
920:H. pylori
916:H. pylori
896:H. pylori
871:H. pylori
863:celecoxib
783:histamine
779:H. pylori
755:H. pylori
747:cytokines
714:H. pylori
633:heartburn
582:and most
568:heartburn
468:in 2005.
454:H. pylori
442:endoscopy
426:H. pylori
376:H. pylori
368:endoscopy
291:esophagus
261:Frequency
230:Treatment
196:endoscopy
91:Heartburn
70:Specialty
6794:Indirect
6789:Inguinal
6523:Pyogenic
6468:Vascular
6244:Diarrhea
6222:Volvulus
6188:Vascular
6127: /
6116: /
6077:Ischemic
6044:Appendix
5934:Duodenum
5804:Atrophic
5678:Candidal
5044:flexneri
4958:Serratia
4772:Glanders
4021:ped/2341
4018:med/1776
3896:12888582
3855:12562704
3811:Archived
3802:Archived
3749:Archived
3731:Archived
3727:45487832
3719:16336147
3672:Archived
3656:Schulz K
3642:10066001
3556:Archived
3521:11218379
3472:Archived
3470:. 2009.
3442:Archived
3416:Archived
3398:18704207
3363:Archived
3337:Archived
3319:25905301
3311:Endotext
3254:17589905
3178:15171675
3135:Archived
3128:bed rest
3114:42592868
3106:21199512
3065:30231594
3057:20973838
3013:31613522
2954:24654342
2946:15142194
2907:26923747
2858:33240923
2799:30137838
2656:Archived
2638:Archived
2601:28242110
2425:Archived
2403:25530442
2352:18837773
2213:27733281
2160:27733282
2109:21944414
2067:12072662
2027:25464311
2019:22095016
1975:21872087
1877:levels.
1534:warfarin
1499:such as
1488:endoclip
1450:Bleeding
1347:pleurisy
1180:Duodenum
1150:Duodenum
1074:antibody
829:(SSRI),
682:pancreas
545:oxidized
507:bloating
323:bleeding
315:belching
147:Bleeding
123:bloating
107:vomiting
103:belching
86:Symptoms
6835:Petit's
6811:Femoral
6714:Chronic
6528:Amoebic
6296:Anismus
6062:Colitis
5989:Coeliac
5966:Ileitis
5938:Jejunum
5791:Stomach
5695:Rupture
5363:Cholera
5309:Q fever
4912:O104:H4
4907:O157:H7
4561:Either
4190:Spotted
3972:D010437
3798:9874617
3678:17 July
3634:6145023
3599:1641856
3591:6134060
3422:18 June
3369:18 June
3295:7026344
3245:4436612
3169:2214597
2898:4924392
2849:7680839
2743:9391242
2734:1891536
2688:18 June
2662:18 June
2609:4547048
2394:4340604
2343:7165909
2204:5388903
2151:5055577
1741:History
1484:cautery
1446:(PPI).
1428:bismuth
1192:Stomach
1144:Stomach
1081:antigen
907:Dietary
822:aspirin
816:Taking
771:gastrin
641:sternum
618:elderly
586:(e.g.,
414:alcohol
311:burning
6829:Lumbar
6799:Direct
6782:Hiatus
6762:Hernia
6614:Other
6380:Melena
6266:Rectum
5749:(GERD)
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4141:Typhus
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1153:Mucosa
1147:Ulcers
1092:carbon
1079:Stool
1063:urease
989:x-rays
942:, and
884:stress
878:Stress
837:, and
812:NSAIDs
726:urease
695:biopsy
625:hunger
576:NSAIDs
541:melena
398:, and
388:biopsy
362:, and
329:, and
269:Deaths
165:Causes
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6754:Other
6709:Acute
6460:MASLD
6413:Liver
6387:Lower
6370:Upper
6212:Ileus
6048:Colon
5942:Ileum
5757:(LPR)
5482:HACEK
5262:HACEK
5202:HACEK
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4192:fever
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3668:Slate
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3595:S2CID
3110:S2CID
3061:S2CID
2950:S2CID
2605:S2CID
2023:S2CID
1881:Notes
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631:, or
6142:SCAD
5028:H2S−
4994:H2S+
4985:Lac−
4837:Lac+
4057:2020
3983:9819
3967:MeSH
3952:9-CM
3892:PMID
3851:PMID
3794:PMID
3757:2014
3715:PMID
3680:2011
3630:PMID
3587:PMID
3546:ISBN
3517:PMID
3480:2009
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2986:2024
2961:2022
2942:PMID
2903:PMID
2854:PMID
2836:ISSN
2795:PMID
2739:PMID
2690:2010
2664:2010
2597:PMID
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2433:2015
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