1554:
483:
256:
652:
957:
898:
666:
1773:
79:
1942:
181:
38:
680:
2021:
1485:. Since the raster image is only perceptible to the human eye as a whole for a very short time, the raster must be refreshed many times per second to give the appearance of a persistent display. The electronic demands of refreshing display memory meant that graphic terminals were developed much later than text terminals, and initially cost much more.
1929:, one's display is typically occupied by a collection of windows associated with various applications, rather than a single stream of text associated with a single process. In this case, one may use a terminal emulator application within the windowing environment. This arrangement permits terminal-like interaction with the computer (for running a
599:
467:
1442:
965:
1651:, despite the introduction of ANSI terminals in 1978, were essentially "dumb" terminals, although some of them (such as the later ADM and TVI models) did have a primitive block-send capability. Common early uses of local processing power included features that had little to do with off-loading data processing from the
612:, both in 1964. These were block-mode terminals designed to display a page at a time, using proprietary protocols; in contrast to character-mode devices, they enter data from the keyboard into a display buffer rather than transmitting them immediately. In contrast to later character-mode devices, the Uniscope used
1660:
the mid-1980s most intelligent terminals, costing less than most dumb terminals would have a few years earlier, could provide enough user-friendly local editing of data and send the completed form to the main computer. Providing even more processing possibilities, workstations like the TeleVideo TS-800 could run
1281:â move to the start of the first enterable field. Programmers might "protect" the last screen position to prevent inadvertent wrap. Likewise a protected field following an enterable field might lock the keyboard and sound an audible alarm if the operator attempted to enter more data into the field than allowed.
1671:
was to simplify and reduce the electronics required in a terminal. That also made it practicable to load several "personalities" into a single terminal, so a Qume QVT-102 could emulate many popular terminals of the day, and so be sold into organizations that did not wish to make any software changes.
1172:
to an arbitrary position, clearing portions of the screen, changing colors and displaying special characters, and also responding to function keys. The great problem here is that there are many different terminals and terminal emulators, each with its own set of escape sequences. In order to overcome
1659:
The advance in microprocessors and lower memory costs made it possible for the terminal to handle editing operations such as inserting characters within a field that may have previously required a full screen-full of characters to be re-sent from the computer, possibly over a slow modem line. Around
1655:
but added useful features such as printing to a local printer, buffered serial data transmission and serial handshaking (to accommodate higher serial transfer speeds), and more sophisticated character attributes for the display, as well as the ability to switch emulation modes to mimic competitor's
856:
files, the stty utility, and the TERM environment variable would be used; in Data
General's Business BASIC software, for example, at login-time a sequence of codes were sent to the terminal to try to read the cursor's position or the 25th line's contents using a sequence of different manufacturer's
2062:
console for retaining a record of commands, responses and other console messages. However, in the late 1960s it became common for operating systems to support many more consoles than 3, and operating systems began appearing in which the console was simply any terminal with a privileged user logged
1229:
entry, into the appropriate fields. When entry is complete (or ENTER or PF key pressed on 3270s), a block of data, usually just the data entered by the operator (modified data), is sent to the host in one transmission. The 3270 terminal buffer (at the device) could be updated on a single character
880:
were available since the 1950s, cathode-ray tubes continued to dominate the market until the personal computer had made serious inroads into the display terminal market. By the time cathode-ray tubes on PCs were replaced by flatscreens after the year 2000, the hardware computer terminal was nearly
860:
The great majority of terminals were monochrome, manufacturers variously offering green, white or amber and sometimes blue screen phosphors. (Amber was claimed to reduce eye strain). Terminals with modest color capability were also available but not widely used; for example, a color version of the
1476:
under control of the host computer system. The lines are continuously formed, but since the speed of electronics is limited, the number of concurrent lines that can be displayed at one time is limited. Vector-mode displays were historically important but are no longer used. Practically all modern
1530:
does its own processing, usually implying a microprocessor is built in, but not all terminals with microprocessors did any real processing of input: the main computer to which it was attached would have to respond quickly to each keystroke. The term "intelligent" in this context dates from 1969.
2242:
on
Windows does not emulate a physical terminal that supports escape sequences so SSH and Telnet programs (for logging in textually to remote computers) for Windows, including the Telnet program bundled with some versions of Windows, often incorporate their own code to process escape sequences.
932:
Character-oriented terminals can be "dumb" or "smart". Dumb terminals are those that can interpret a limited number of control codes (CR, LF, etc.) but do not have the ability to process special escape sequences that perform functions such as clearing a line, clearing the screen, or controlling
393:) terminals there was a conflicting usage of the term "smart terminal" as a dumb terminal with no user-accessible local computing power but a particularly rich set of control codes for manipulating the display; this conflict was not resolved before hardware serial terminals became obsolete.
310:
were used as early-day hard-copy terminals and predated the use of a computer screen by decades. The computer would typically transmit a line of data which would be printed on paper, and accept a line of data from a keyboard over a serial or other interface. Starting in the mid-1970s with
857:
control code sequences, and the terminal-generated response would determine a single-digit number (such as 6 for Data
General Dasher terminals, 4 for ADM 3A/5/11/12 terminals, 0 or 2 for TTYs with no special features) that would be available to programs to say which set of codes to use.
1208:
The IBM 3270 is perhaps the most familiar implementation of a block-oriented display terminal, but most mainframe computer manufacturers and several other companies produced them. The description below is in terms of the 3270, but similar considerations apply to other types.
408:. Today few if any dedicated computer terminals are being manufactured, as time sharing on large computers has been replaced by personal computers, handheld devices and workstations with graphical user interfaces. User interactions with servers use either software such as
2110:, still use serial consoles. In larger installations, the console ports are attached to multiplexers or network-connected multiport serial servers that let an operator connect a terminal to any of the attached servers. Today, serial consoles are often used for accessing
546:
The DECwriter was the last major printing-terminal product. It faded away after 1980 under pressure from video display units (VDUs), with the last revision (the DECwriter IV of 1982) abandoning the classic teletypewriter form for one more resembling a desktop printer.
271:
1646:
user-input within the terminalânot interrupting the main computer at each keystrokeâand send a block of data at a time (for example: when the user has finished a whole field or form). Most terminals in the early 1980s, such as ADM-3A, TVI912, Data
General D2, DEC
1140:
the input text until the Enter key is pressed, so the application receives a ready string of text. In this mode, the application need not know much about the terminal. For many interactive applications this is not sufficient. One of the common enhancements is
1276:
Unlike a character-oriented terminal, where typing a character into the last position of the screen usually causes the terminal to scroll down one line, entering data into the last screen position on a block-oriented terminal usually causes the cursor to
2316:), the terminal is buffered and provides a local full-screen data function. The user can enter input into multiple fields in a form on the screen (defined to the terminal by the receiving system), moving the cursor around the screen using keys such as
703:
operating in character mode, both from 1970. Despite this capability, early devices of this type were often called "Glass TTYs". Later, the term "glass TTY" tended to be restrospectively narrowed to devices without full cursor addressibility.
1253:
Early terminals had limited editing capabilities – 3270 terminals, for example, only could check entries as valid numerics. Subsequent "smart" or "intelligent" terminals incorporated microprocessors and supported more local processing.
1054:, which usually provides rich formatting features that the text editor lacks. The first word processors used text to communicate the structure of the document, but later word processors operate in a graphical environment and provide a
1131:
system calls. For an application, the simplest way to use a terminal is to simply write and read text strings to and from it sequentially. The output text is scrolled, so that only the last several lines (typically 24) are visible.
864:
VDUs were eventually displaced from most applications by networked personal computers, at first slowly after 1985 and with increasing speed in the 1990s. However, they had a lasting influence on PCs. The keyboard layout of the
1245:
on the host and less network traffic than character-oriented terminals. They also appear more responsive to the user, especially over slow connections, since editing within a field is done locally rather than depending on
843:
The great variations in the control codes between makers gave rise to software that identified and grouped terminal types so the system software would correctly display input forms using the appropriate control codes; In
432:
in 1942â1945. However, these consoles could only be used to enter numeric inputs and were thus analogous to those of calculating machines; programs, commands, and other data were entered via paper tape. Both machines had
1230:
basis, if necessary, because of the existence of a "set buffer address order" (SBA), that usually preceded any data to be written/overwritten within the buffer. A complete buffer could also be read or replaced using the
2164:, especially in servers, also support serial consoles, giving access to the BIOS through a serial port so that the simpler and cheaper serial console infrastructure can be used. Even where BIOS support is lacking, some
694:
The next generation of VDUs went beyond teletype emulation with an addressable cursor that gave them the ability to paint two-dimensional displays on the screen. Very early VDUs with cursor addressibility included the
543:(1970). Respective top speeds of teletypes, IBM 2741 and the LA30 (an early DECwriter) were 10, 15 and 30 characters per second. Although at that time "paper was king" the speed of interaction was relatively limited.
2553:
Based on OED, B.2.d. (terminal), the paraphrase says that a terminal is a device for feeding data into a computer or receiving its output, especially one that can be used by a person for two-way communication with a
1216:
which stores one screen or more of data, and also stores data attributes, not only indicating appearance (color, brightness, blinking, etc.) but also marking the data as being enterable by the terminal operator vs.
3534:
Directive 1999/5/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R&TTE Directive)
1518:, this suffered from being run as a closed standard: non-members were unable to obtain even minimal information and there was no realistic way a small company or independent developer could join the consortium.
523:
reader and punch which could record output such as a program listing. The data on the tape could be re-entered into the computer using the tape reader on the teletype, or printed to paper. Teletypes used the
2384:
key will rather cause the terminal to transmit the contents of the character row where the cursor is currently positioned to the host, host-issued prompts and all. Some block-mode terminals have both an
2297:
line-at-a-time mode): In this mode, the terminal is buffered, provides a local line editing function, and sends an entire input line, after it has been locally edited, when the user presses an, e.g.,
1849:
in the PC, or (in most graphics modes) by the CPU and software. An IBM PC monitor, whether it was the green monochrome display or the 16-color display, was technically much more similar to an analog
1100:
In the simplest form, a text terminal is like a file. Writing to the file displays the text and reading from the file produces what the user enters. In Unix-like operating systems, there are several
1050:. A text editor typically occupies the full area of display, displays one or more text documents, and allows the user to edit the documents. The text editor has, for many uses, been replaced by the
377:
The function of a terminal is typically confined to transcription and input of data; a device with significant local, programmable data-processing capability may be called a "smart terminal" or
2145:
have the equivalent function. Since the monitor cable carries video signals, it cannot be extended very far. Often, installations with many servers therefore use keyboard/video multiplexers (
2058:
Some early operating systems supported either a single keyboard/print or keyboard/display device for controlling the OS. Some also supported a single alternate console, and some supported a
739:. This made them inexpensive and they quickly became extremely popular input-output devices on many types of computer system, often replacing earlier and more expensive printing terminals.
1205:
that communicates with its host one character at a time. A block-oriented terminal may be card-oriented, display-oriented, keyboard-display, keyboard-printer, printer or some combination.
362:. Early Teletypes only printed out with a communications speed of only 75 baud or 10 5-bit characters per second, and by the 1970s speeds of video terminals had improved to 2400 or 9600
1656:
models, that became increasingly important selling features during the 1980s especially, when buyers could mix and match different suppliers' equipment to a greater extent than before.
1261:
information for the transaction in progress on the screen, possibly in a hidden field, rather than depending on a running program to keep track of status. This was the precursor of the
358:
systems, terminals slowly pushed these older forms of interaction from the industry. Related development were the improvement of terminal technology and the introduction of inexpensive
1608:(and so on) computers there were many visual display suppliers competing against the computer manufacturer for terminals to expand the systems. In fact, the instruction design for the
2094:. This terminal was usually kept in a secured room since it could be used for certain privileged functions such as halting the system or selecting which media to boot from. Large
937:, for they essentially have the same limited functionality as does a mechanical Teletype. This type of dumb terminal is still supported on modern Unix-like systems by setting the
2198:
from the console. Depending on configuration, the operating system may treat a login session from the console as being more trustworthy than a login session from other sources.
444:
computer became the first computer equipped with a keyboard-printer combination with which to support direct input of data and commands and output of results. That device was a
1748:, what character attributes were available, block-sending of fields within forms, "foreign" character facilities, and handling of printers connected to the back of the screen.
1010:
is often a text terminal used to operate a computer. Modern computers have a built-in keyboard and display for the console. Some Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and
3563:
1861:
could be booted into terminal emulator mode from its ROM. Eventually microprocessor-based personal computers greatly reduced the market demand for conventional terminals.
1221:
against entry, as allowing the entry of only numeric information vs. allowing any characters, etc. In a typical application the host sends the terminal a preformatted
917:
that communicates in blocks of data. It is the most common type of data terminal, because it is easy to implement and program. Connection to the mainframe computer or
2754:
1627:(1978), the user and programmer could notice significant advantages in VDU technology improvements, yet not all programmers used the features of the new terminals (
563:(CRT). VDUs in the 1950s were typically designed for displaying graphical data rather than text and were used in, e.g., experimental computers at institutions like
2051:, used a combination of electromechanical switches and a CRT to provide console functionsâthe CRT displaying memory contents in binary by mirroring the machine's
1168:). To achieve all this, the application must deal not only with plain text strings, but also with control characters and escape sequences, which allow moving the
1156:
applications. Those applications completely control the screen layout; also they respond to key-pressing immediately. This mode is very useful for text editors,
1868:
have combined economical local processing power with central, shared computer facilities to retain some of the advantages of terminals over personal computers:
2761:
2344:
and so forth. The terminal sends only the completed form, consisting of all the data entered on the screen, to the receiving system when the user presses an
2588:
2701:
2282:
Terminals can operate in various modes, relating to when they send input typed by the user on the keyboard to the receiving system (whatever that may be):
1164:. In addition, such programs control the color and brightness of text on the screen, and decorate it with underline, blinking and special characters (e.g.
948:. Smart or intelligent terminals are those that also have the ability to process escape sequences, in particular the VT52, VT100 or ANSI escape sequences.
3538:
2929:
1915:
2408:, as provided by Unix and POSIX-compliant operating systems, does not accommodate block-mode terminals at all, and only rarely requires the terminal
2153:
devices have become available that allow a remote computer to view the video output and send keyboard input via any TCP/IP network and therefore the
2792:
2420:
local echo in the terminal, and performs line editing functions at the host end. Most usually, and especially so that the host system can support
643:. This reflects the fact that early character-mode terminals were often deployed to replace teletype machines as a way to reduce operating costs.
584:
1514:, that would allow a single CRT screen to implement multiple windows, each of which was to behave as a distinct terminal. Unfortunately, like
3490:
3471:
3448:
3426:
3407:
3388:
3369:
3350:
3042:
2730:
2613:
2660:
3568:
2799:
2187:(HMC), consisting of a PC and a specialized application, instead of a 3270 or serial link. Other IBM product lines also use an HMC, e.g.,
767:
serial ports (25-pin, ready to connect to a modem, yet some manufacturer-specific pin usage extended the standard, e.g. for use with 20-mA
400:
software that replicates functions of a real-world terminal, sometimes allowing concurrent use of local programs and access to a distant
1631:
in the VT100 and later TeleVideo terminals, for example, with "dumb terminals" allowed programmers to continue to use older software).
1794:
96:
51:
1820:
1597:
592:
242:
224:
162:
65:
191:
3573:
800:
to provide underlining, dim or reverse-video character highlighting, and especially to clear the display and position the cursor.
613:
2948:
2548:
1933:, for example) without the need for a physical terminal device; it can even run multiple terminal emulators on the same device.
143:
2184:
572:
115:
3098:
2974:
2424:, terminals for POSIX-compliant systems are always in character-at-a-time mode. In contrast, IBM 3270 terminals connected to
1911:
1798:
1582:
1225:
containing both static data and fields into which data may be entered. The terminal operator keys data, such as updates in a
768:
525:
100:
1488:
Most terminals today are graphical; that is, they can show images on the screen. The modern term for graphical terminal is "
1634:
Some dumb terminals had been able to respond to a few escape sequences without needing microprocessors: they used multiple
2706:
2083:
817:
753:
or anything specific to one company), but early/economy models often supported only capital letters (such as the original
568:
260:
2830:
122:
2216:
and broadband internet access, many computers would use a serial access program to communicate with other computers via
1857:
a PC could, however, emulate a terminal, and in that capacity it could be connected to a mainframe or minicomputer. The
1845:
of a PC did not contain any character generation hardware; all video signals and video formatting were generated by the
1601:
1178:
813:
1149:); it also may give access to command history. This is very helpful for various interactive command-line interpreters.
3553:
2195:
1688:
910 to 950 (these models copied ADM3 codes and added several of their own, eventually being copied by Qume and others)
588:
3523:
3001:
1783:
781:
Some type of cursor that can be positioned (with arrow keys or "home" and other direct cursor address setting codes).
206:
2212:
A terminal emulator is a piece of software that emulates a text terminal. In the past, before the widespread use of
621:
129:
3176:
1802:
1787:
1553:
620:
interface to communicate between the multiplexer and the host, while the 2260 used either a channel connection or
202:
89:
2543:
1978:
1222:
3533:
2290:
character-at-a-time mode): In this mode, typed input is unbuffered and sent immediately to the receiving system.
1732:
escape code standard produced uniformity to some extent, but significant differences remained. For example, the
3558:
2438:
2421:
2413:
2405:
1930:
1922:
1270:
1018:
774:
24 lines (or possibly 25 â sometimes a special status line) of 72 or 80 characters of text (80 was the same as
111:
840:, many of which had incompatible command sequences (although many used the early ADM-3 as a starting point).
2808:
2770:
2443:
2044:
1493:
1169:
1040:
732:
724:
3159:
2483:
1628:
1101:
1028:
306:
to input or display bits and had to be connected to a terminal to print or input text through a keyboard.
57:
2674:
2498:
2232:
1834:
1707:
1635:
1355:
1165:
913:
is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its host one character at a time, as opposed to a
821:
3136:
2564:
2478:
1969:
is the text entry and display device for system administration messages, particularly those from the
1838:
1503:
Modern graphic terminals allow display of images in color, and of text in varying sizes, colors, and
1365:
938:
926:
761:
model 6052 â which could be upgraded to a 6053 with a lower-case character ROM â and the
Heathkit H9)
529:
516:
512:
482:
2463:
2453:
2266:âdo emulate physical terminals including support for escape sequences; e.g., xterm can emulate the
1989:. It is a physical device consisting of a keyboard and a printer or screen, and traditionally is a
1174:
2655:
2621:
1588:
or RS-422 or RS-423 or a current loop serial interface. IBM systems typically communicated over a
1496:
for
Microsoft Windows. The bandwidth needed depends on the protocol used, the resolution, and the
1058:
simulation of the formatted output. However, text editors are still used for documents containing
255:
3115:
3075:
3058:
Raymond, J.; Banerji, D.K. (1976). "Using a
Microprocessor in an Intelligent Graphics Terminal".
2213:
1994:
1639:
1570:
1181:) have been created, together with terminal description databases, such as Termcap and Terminfo.
1000:
968:
877:
707:
The classic era of the VDU began in the early 1970s and was closely intertwined with the rise of
445:
448:, which would continue to serve this purpose on many other early computers well into the 1960s.
1573:
and often had a green or amber screen. Typically terminals communicate with the computer via a
559:(VDU) displays information on a screen rather than printing text to paper and typically uses a
136:
3486:
3467:
3444:
3422:
3403:
3384:
3365:
3346:
3038:
2503:
2493:
2207:
2138:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2079:
2005:
1903:
1895:
1884:
1854:
1109:
1023:
640:
504:
473:
397:
328:
291:
288:
2404:
require different degrees of mode support when terminals are used as computer terminals. The
3192:
3107:
3067:
3030:
2905:
2401:
2263:
2165:
2142:
2099:
2032:
1899:
1876:
1858:
1744:
QVT-108 terminals all followed the ANSI standard, yet differences might exist in codes from
1473:
1377:
1247:
1242:
996:
892:
870:
560:
340:
336:
2832:
IBM System/360 Component
Description: - IBM 2260 Display Station - IBM 2848 Display Control
3527:
3436:
2103:
2048:
1926:
1605:
1477:
graphic displays are raster-mode, descended from the picture scanning techniques used for
1466:
1462:
1429:
1418:
1383:
1105:
1059:
918:
829:
797:
785:
628:
and the host. The 2265, related to the 2260, also used asynchronous serial communication.
499:
Early user terminals connected to computers were, like the
Flexowriter, electromechanical
3096:
Pardee, S. (1971). "G101âA Remote Time Share Terminal with Graphic Output Capabilities".
2176:, can be configured for serial console operation either during bootup, or after startup.
991:) is a serial computer interface for text entry and display. Information is presented as
3518:
3460:
808:
in 1978. By the early 1980s, there were dozens of manufacturers of terminals, including
343:
or, sometimes, a consumer TV, but most larger computers continued to require terminals.
3217:
3180:
Retailers can .. reduce costs with .. Epson TM-T88V-DT ... a unique integrated terminal
2271:
2251:
2224:
2217:
2123:
1898:, few genuine hardware terminals are used to interface with computers today. Using the
1850:
1716:
1668:
1652:
1613:
1547:
1198:
1051:
1007:
793:
700:
632:
312:
335:
computer systems, with the computer handling character generation and outputting to a
3547:
2508:
2468:
2339:
2239:
2052:
1990:
1756:
1593:
1104:
that correspond to available text terminals. For other operations, there are special
639:, announced in 1967 and shipped in 1969, was a character-mode device that emulated a
434:
429:
425:
382:
381:. A terminal that depends on the host computer for its processing power is called a "
359:
3119:
897:
3079:
2861:
2364:
keys. In some multiple-mode terminals, that can switch between modes, pressing the
2188:
2067:
1888:
1745:
1701:
1676:
1612:
was originally conceived at Computer Terminal Corporation as the processor for the
1566:
1511:
1424:
1406:
1157:
1146:
1094:
758:
708:
608:
Two early landmarks in the development of the VDU were the Univac Uniscope and the
567:; computers used in academia, government and business, sold under brand names like
409:
374:
by the end of the decade, with higher speeds possible on more expensive terminals.
355:
351:
347:
2702:"The DEC LA36 Dot Matrix Printer Made Business Printing Faster and more efficient"
1043:
environments. In a shell, most of the commands are small applications themselves.
956:
270:
3513:
3034:
2877:
Some computers have consoles containing only buttons, dials, lights and switches.
2584:
2412:
to be in line-at-a-time mode, since the operating system is required to provide
2380:
key will cause an input line to be sent to the host in line-at-a-time mode, the
2228:
2134:
2040:
2009:
1974:
1875:
clients provide emulation of the most common terminal, the DEC VT100, using the
1772:
1642:; the single factor that classed a terminal as "intelligent" was its ability to
1589:
1574:
1497:
1489:
1213:
1161:
1137:
1116:
1047:
665:
651:
500:
441:
421:
386:
332:
307:
303:
78:
2149:) and possibly video amplifiers to centralize console access. In recent years,
2020:
3212:
2488:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2146:
1941:
1865:
1729:
1609:
1578:
1478:
1036:
1014:
have virtual consoles to provide several text terminals on a single computer.
736:
728:
520:
508:
404:
system, either over a direct serial connection or over a network using, e.g.,
378:
294:
device that can be used for entering data into, and transcribing data from, a
17:
3111:
3071:
2359:
2247:
2087:
2059:
1713:
1685:
1558:
1412:
1371:
1257:
Programmers of block-oriented terminals often used the technique of storing
1085:
and the local terminal to let the user interact with remote servers. On the
992:
845:
833:
789:
636:
540:
489:
299:
1510:
In the early 1990s, an industry consortium attempted to define a standard,
1492:". A thin client typically uses a protocol like X11 for Unix terminals, or
873:
shipped on IBM PCs from 1985, and through it all later computer keyboards.
492:"golfball" typing element and was faster than the earlier teletype machines
2004:, operator's console or simply console is a hardware component used by an
3198:
3025:
Kaya, E. M. (1985). "New Trends in Graphic Display System Architecture".
2473:
2448:
2180:
2154:
2036:
2024:
1880:
1737:
1620:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1461:
can display images as well as text. Graphical terminals are divided into
1394:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1300:
1295:
1226:
1086:
922:
853:
825:
625:
609:
602:
536:
316:
295:
274:
3383:. Professional and industrial computing series. BSP Professional Books.
2126:
and other telecommunication equipment have RS-232 serial console ports.
861:
popular Wyse WY50, the WY350, offered 64 shades on each character cell.
778:
punched cards). Later models sometimes had two character-width settings.
3084:
However, a major problem with the use of a graphic terminal is the cost
2458:
2317:
2255:
2169:
1661:
1386:
1361:
1121:
1078:
1063:
1055:
1011:
964:
849:
679:
535:
Custom-designs keyboard/printer terminals that came later included the
324:
2910:
1125:. For more complex operations, the programs can use terminal specific
1031:
for commands from the user and executes each command after a press of
742:
After 1970 several suppliers gravitated to a set of common standards:
583:; military computers supporting specific defence applications such as
2305:, key. A so-called "line mode terminal" operates solely in this mode.
2150:
2119:
2075:
1986:
1872:
1679:
1585:
1391:
1090:
960:
A typical text terminal produces input and displays output and errors
933:
cursor position. In this context dumb terminals are sometimes dubbed
809:
764:
750:
712:
657:
617:
580:
390:
320:
1017:
The fundamental type of application running on a text terminal is a
1003:" or "visual display unit" (VDU) or "video display terminal" (VDT).
598:
466:
412:, or terminal emulators, with connections over high-speed networks.
209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3149:
Twentieth Century Words; by John Ayto; Oxford Unity Press; page 413
1879:
standard X3.64, or could run as X terminals using software such as
1664:, blurring the distinction between terminal and Personal Computer.
1441:
519:(ASR). Some terminals, such as the ASR Teletype models, included a
346:
Early terminals were inexpensive devices but very slow compared to
3213:"How to make win32 console recognize ANSI/VT100 escape sequences?"
2267:
2259:
2173:
2091:
2019:
1907:
1733:
1696:
1624:
1552:
1482:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1127:
1082:
1074:
1067:
972:
963:
955:
902:
896:
866:
805:
754:
746:
720:
685:
488:
Closeup of an IBM 2741 printing terminal, which used a changeable
269:
263:
254:
3177:"Epson TM-T88V-DT Intelligent Terminal, 16GB SSD, LE, Linux, ..."
2801:
Uniscope 300 General Description - Visual Communications Terminal
366:. Similarly, the speed of remote batch terminals had improved to
3443:. Addison-Wesley professional computing series. Addison-Wesley.
2513:
2161:
1982:
1970:
1741:
1721:
1692:
1648:
1504:
1401:
1262:
1133:
837:
716:
696:
671:
528:
interface that was already used in telegraphy. A less expensive
3137:"intelligent terminal Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia"
2839:
2679:
2425:
2107:
1766:
1515:
1266:
775:
576:
564:
405:
327:, display circuitry and keyboards began to be integrated into
174:
72:
31:
3507:
2000:
Another, older, meaning of system console, computer console,
3002:"The ADM-31. A terminal far too smart to be considered Dumb"
1472:
A vector-mode display directly draws lines on the face of a
1238:
command (unformatted or formatted in the case of the 3270).
277:, a widely emulated computer terminal in the 1960s and 1970s
2416:, where the terminal device driver in the operating system
2231:
was used to communicate with many computers, including the
3232:
3230:
3228:
1596:
using a proprietary protocol, a communications link using
1481:, in which the visual elements are a rectangular array of
1197:
is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its
1119:
that a program can use, most easily via a library such as
3402:. Hewlett-Packard professional books. Prentice Hall PTR.
2931:
IBM 3270 Information Display System Component Description
2549:"What is the etymology of "[computer] terminal"?"
2372:
in block mode does not do the same thing as pressing the
2949:"Already over 80,000 winners out there! (advertisement)"
2720:"Paper was used for everything - letters, proposals ..."
1740:
H19 in ANSI mode, Televideo 970, Data General D460, and
804:
The experimental era of serial VDUs culminated with the
3259:
3257:
2579:
2577:
2008:
to control the hardware, typically some combination of
1918:, which are mostly independent from the hardware used.
198:
3193:"MacTerminal Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia"
1894:
Since the advent and subsequent popularization of the
2763:
Uniscope 100 - Display Terminal - General Description
1853:(without a tuner) than to a terminal. With suitable
503:/teletypewriters (TeleTYpewriter, TTY), such as the
945:
941:
532:(RO) configuration was available for the Teletype.
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3459:
2654:
2312:screen-at-a-time mode): In this mode (also called
1667:Another of the motivations for development of the
1152:Even more advanced interactivity is provided with
1046:Another important application type is that of the
995:. When such devices use a video display such as a
3466:. Yourdon Press computing series. Yourdon Press.
2428:systems are always required to be in block mode.
1212:Block-oriented terminals typically incorporate a
2866:has a display screen ... behaves like a teletype
2656:"Is this, finally, the thin client from Oracle?"
1538:, predecessor to the IBM 3250 and IBM 5080, and
1202:
587:and radar/air defence coordination systems like
2614:"What is dumb terminal? definition and meaning"
2326:and performing editing functions locally using
1945:Knoppix system console showing the boot process
511:; early Teletypes were typically configured as
3364:. Business Perspective Series. Maximum Press.
2838:. Systems Reference Library (Fifth ed.).
3341:Bangia, Ramesh (2010). "line mode terminal".
2695:
2693:
1672:Frequently emulated terminal types included:
1604:protocol, but for many DEC, Data General and
8:
2890:key used on buffered text terminals and PCs.
2313:
2035:system consoles, some computers such as the
1864:In the 1990s especially, "thin clients" and
914:
784:Implementation of at least 3 control codes:
3160:"What is 3270 (Information Display System)"
2651:the term "thin client" was coined in 1993)
2642:Thin clients came later than dumb terminals
1801:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2027:console, with a typewriter and front panel
993:an array of pre-selected formed characters
3236:
3124:Terminal cost is currently about $ 10,000
2909:
2608:
2606:
2031:Prior to the development of alphanumeric
2012:, keyboard/printer and keyboard/display.
1821:Learn how and when to remove this message
1364:Dataspeed 40 (3270 clone manufactured by
796:(Ctrl-G), but usually many more, such as
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
3510:, an encyclopedia of computer terminals.
2887:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2318:
2302:
2298:
1940:
1841:, these screens were not terminals. The
1032:
597:
302:system. Most early computers only had a
3323:
3299:
3287:
3263:
2663:from the original on December 10, 2022.
2526:
1269:as data to be passed as arguments to a
3311:
3275:
3248:
3164:3270 .. over its predecessor, the 2260
2709:.. debuted the DECwriter LA30 in 1970.
735:chips, or microprocessors such as the
27:Computer input/output device for users
3564:History of humanâcomputer interaction
3400:MPE/iX system administration handbook
3362:Exploring IBM client/server computing
2975:"HP 3000s, IBM CPUs Get On-Line Link"
2533:E.g., displaying, printing, punching.
2389:and local cursor moving keys such as
2309:
2294:
2287:
1704:D1 to D3 and especially D200 and D210
921:is achieved via RS-232 serial links,
476:ASR teleprinter, usable as a terminal
266:, a widely emulated computer terminal
7:
3419:Mastering UNIX serial communications
3343:Dictionary of Information Technology
2585:"Direct keyboard input to computers"
2078:serial link to a terminal such as a
1799:adding citations to reliable sources
1453:conversion board displaying graphics
1265:technique of storing context in the
1241:Block-oriented terminals cause less
723:. These devices used no complicated
711:. Important early products were the
101:adding citations to reliable sources
2352:There is a distinction between the
1201:in blocks of data, as opposed to a
428:had a keyboard in 1941, as did the
370:at the beginning of the decade and
3539:epocalc list of Computer Terminals
3483:A system V guide to UNIX and XENIX
2700:Goldstein, Phil (March 17, 2017).
2591:from the original on July 17, 2017
25:
2811:. 1968. pp. 5-1â5-5. UP-7619
1598:Binary Synchronous Communications
1565:Most terminals were connected to
1145:(assisted with such libraries as
869:terminal strongly influenced the
749:character set (rather than, say,
624:serial communication between the
616:serial communication over an EIA
585:ballistic missile warning systems
47:This article has multiple issues.
3462:UNIX database management systems
2653:Waters, Richard (June 2, 2009).
2183:, IBM large systems have used a
2043:while the very first electronic
1906:, modern operating systems like
1771:
1561:and programmed function keyboard
727:, instead relying on individual
678:
664:
650:
481:
465:
179:
77:
36:
3381:UNIX systems for microcomputers
2773:. 1973. pp. 24â27. UP-7701
2246:The terminal emulators on most
2227:was released, a program called
1751:In the 21st century, the term
1285:Common block-oriented terminals
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
3099:IEEE Transactions on Computers
3027:Frontiers in Computer Graphics
2542:similar to a paraphrase of an
2250:systemsâsuch as, for example,
1691:Digital Equipment Corporation
1400:Digital Equipment Corporation
354:for input; with the advent of
1:
2707:Digital Equipment Corporation
2685:1965 ... IBM 2741 ... July 8.
2122:. Also, routers, enterprise
2084:Digital Equipment Corporation
1619:From the introduction of the
1534:Notable examples include the
637:Computer Terminal Corporation
3530: (archived May 23, 2010)
3035:10.1007/978-4-431-68025-3_23
2039:had console typewriters and
1557:IBM 2250 Model 4, including
885:Character-oriented terminals
396:A personal computer can run
3569:Operating system technology
3481:Topham, Douglas W. (1990).
3441:The art of Unix programming
3345:. Laxmi Publications, Ltd.
2755:"5. Functional Description"
2185:Hardware Management Console
2082:or, later, a terminal from
1203:character-oriented terminal
971:text editor running in the
911:character-oriented terminal
205:the claims made and adding
3590:
3524:Video Terminal Information
2842:. January 1969. A27-2700-4
2205:
2194:It is usually possible to
2137:, the computer's attached
1755:can now refer to a retail
890:
3417:Gofton, Peter W. (1991).
3360:Bolthouse, David (1996).
2544:Oxford English Dictionary
2928:IBM Corporation (1972).
2439:Blit (computer terminal)
2422:non-canonical input mode
2406:POSIX terminal interface
1931:command-line interpreter
1923:graphical user interface
1185:Block-oriented terminals
1019:command-line interpreter
389:. In the era of serial (
3574:Block-oriented terminal
3112:10.1109/T-C.1971.223364
3072:10.1109/C-M.1976.218555
2809:Sperry Rand Corporation
2771:Sperry Rand Corporation
2444:Data terminal equipment
2045:stored-program computer
1191:block-oriented terminal
1102:character special files
1041:interactive programming
915:block-oriented terminal
905:character mode terminal
3458:Rodgers, Ulka (1990).
3379:Burgess, Ross (1988).
2916:3270 .. block oriented
2618:BusinessDictionary.com
2484:Communication endpoint
2028:
1946:
1891:software under Linux.
1636:printed circuit boards
1629:backward compatibility
1581:cable, often using an
1562:
1454:
1250:from the host system.
1166:box-drawing characters
976:
961:
906:
709:time sharing computers
605:
517:Automatic Send-Receive
507:, originally used for
505:Teletype Model 33
435:a row of display lamps
280:
267:
3398:Diercks, Jon (2002).
2499:Terminal capabilities
2053:Williams-Kilburn tube
2023:
1944:
1708:Hazeltine Corporation
1556:
1542:, predecessor to the
1522:Intelligent terminals
1445:A normally text-only
1444:
1356:Burroughs Corporation
999:, they are called a "
967:
959:
927:proprietary protocols
900:
822:Hazeltine Corporation
601:
513:Keyboard Send-Receive
442:Whirlwind Mark I
273:
258:
3029:. pp. 310â320.
2683:. January 23, 2003.
2565:"The Teletype Story"
2479:Virtual console (PC)
2414:canonical input mode
2274:hardware terminals.
2070:, the console was a
1993:, but may also be a
1985:system and from the
1914:derivatives feature
1795:improve this section
1753:Intelligent Terminal
1528:intelligent terminal
1366:Teletype Corporation
1143:command-line editing
939:environment variable
836:, Volker-Craig, and
287:is an electronic or
97:improve this article
3519:The TTY demystified
3514:Text Terminal HOWTO
3485:. Springer-Verlag.
2902:TN3270 Enhancements
2731:"Uniscope brochure"
2464:Text user interface
2454:Micro-Term ERGO-201
2400:Different computer
2214:local area networks
1640:integrated circuits
1571:mainframe computers
1437:Graphical terminals
1195:block mode terminal
878:flat-panel displays
457:Hard-copy terminals
112:"Computer terminal"
3554:Computer terminals
3508:The Terminals Wiki
3000:Lear Siegler Inc.
2955:. January 18, 1982
2900:Kelly, B. (1998).
2886:As opposed to the
2624:on August 13, 2020
2220:or serial device.
2179:Starting with the
2098:, e.g. those from
2029:
1995:graphical terminal
1963:operator's console
1947:
1925:(or GUI) like the
1847:video display card
1563:
1546:, introduced with
1459:graphical terminal
1455:
1136:systems typically
1110:control characters
1001:video display unit
977:
962:
907:
606:
557:video display unit
551:Video display unit
446:Friden Flexowriter
281:
279:(keyboard/printer)
268:
190:possibly contains
3492:978-0-387-97021-9
3473:978-0-13-945593-3
3450:978-0-13-142901-7
3428:978-0-89588-708-5
3409:978-0-13-030540-4
3390:978-0-632-02036-2
3371:978-1-885068-04-0
3352:978-93-8029-815-3
3044:978-4-431-68027-7
2504:Terminal emulator
2494:Node (networking)
2402:operating systems
2208:Terminal emulator
2166:operating systems
2116:terminal emulator
2114:, usually with a
1896:personal computer
1885:Microsoft Windows
1837:had single-color
1831:
1830:
1823:
1374:912,920, 925, 950
1073:Programs such as
975:terminal emulator
641:Model 33 Teletype
474:Teletype Model 33
398:terminal emulator
289:electromechanical
285:computer terminal
253:
252:
245:
235:
234:
227:
192:original research
173:
172:
165:
147:
70:
16:(Redirected from
3581:
3496:
3477:
3465:
3454:
3437:Raymond, Eric S.
3432:
3413:
3394:
3375:
3356:
3327:
3326:, p. 88â90.
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3223:
3222:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3199:IBM 3278 Model 2
3189:
3183:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3150:
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3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
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3087:
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3055:
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3048:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2981:. March 24, 1980
2971:
2965:
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2962:
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2939:
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2918:
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2742:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2675:"DPD chronology"
2671:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2620:. Archived from
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2376:key. Whilst the
2311:
2296:
2289:
2286:Character mode (
2124:network switches
2112:headless systems
2100:Sun Microsystems
2096:midrange systems
2002:hardware console
1955:computer console
1916:virtual consoles
1877:ANSI escape code
1859:Data General/One
1826:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1775:
1767:
1724:W50, W60 and W99
1682:and later models
1474:cathode-ray tube
1449:terminal with a
1409:ADM31 (optional)
1378:Tandem Computers
1307:Remote job entry
1237:
1233:
1115:
1106:escape sequences
1097:work similarly.
1035:. This includes
997:cathode-ray tube
983:, or often just
947:
943:
893:Character device
816:, Data General,
798:escape sequences
682:
668:
654:
561:cathode-ray tube
485:
469:
373:
369:
365:
341:computer monitor
248:
241:
230:
223:
219:
216:
210:
207:inline citations
183:
182:
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105:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3559:User interfaces
3544:
3543:
3528:Wayback Machine
3504:
3499:
3493:
3480:
3474:
3457:
3451:
3435:
3429:
3416:
3410:
3397:
3391:
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2375:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2280:
2223:When the first
2210:
2204:
2104:Hewlett-Packard
2055:CRT-based RAM.
2049:Manchester Baby
2018:
1949:One meaning of
1939:
1927:X Window System
1871:Today, most PC
1827:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1792:
1776:
1765:
1524:
1465:terminals, and
1439:
1434:
1430:ICL 7500 series
1419:ITT Corporation
1384:Hewlett-Packard
1287:
1235:
1231:
1187:
1113:
1034:
954:
935:glass Teletypes
919:terminal server
895:
887:
830:Hewlett-Packard
786:Carriage Return
692:
691:
690:
689:
688:
683:
675:
674:
669:
661:
660:
655:
553:
539:(1965) and the
497:
496:
495:
494:
493:
486:
478:
477:
470:
459:
454:
420:The console of
418:
371:
368:4800 bit/s
367:
364:2400 bit/s
363:
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41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3585:
3577:
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3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3502:External links
3500:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3478:
3472:
3455:
3449:
3433:
3427:
3414:
3408:
3395:
3389:
3376:
3370:
3357:
3351:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3302:, p. 127.
3292:
3280:
3268:
3253:
3251:, p. 324.
3241:
3237:Bolthouse 1996
3224:
3218:Stack Overflow
3204:
3184:
3168:
3151:
3142:
3128:
3106:(8): 878â881.
3088:
3050:
3043:
3017:
2992:
2966:
2940:
2920:
2892:
2879:
2870:
2853:
2822:
2793:"5. Operation"
2784:
2746:
2722:
2713:
2689:
2666:
2644:
2635:
2602:
2573:
2556:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2350:
2349:
2314:block-oriented
2306:
2291:
2279:
2276:
2272:Tektronix 4010
2252:gnome-terminal
2218:telephone line
2206:Main article:
2203:
2200:
2072:serial console
2017:
2014:
1951:system console
1938:
1937:System console
1935:
1829:
1828:
1779:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1669:microprocessor
1614:Datapoint 2200
1523:
1520:
1507:(type faces).
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1186:
1183:
1173:this, special
1052:word processor
1008:system console
953:
952:Text terminals
950:
886:
883:
802:
801:
792:(Ctrl-J), and
782:
779:
772:
762:
701:Hazeltine 2000
684:
677:
676:
670:
663:
662:
656:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
633:Datapoint 3300
552:
549:
487:
480:
479:
471:
464:
463:
462:
461:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
417:
414:
372:19.6 kbps
360:video displays
313:microcomputers
251:
250:
233:
232:
187:
185:
178:
171:
170:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3586:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3314:, p. 77.
3313:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3290:, p. 72.
3289:
3284:
3281:
3278:, p. 73.
3277:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3239:, p. 18.
3238:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3185:
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3178:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
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3146:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2980:
2979:Computerworld
2976:
2970:
2967:
2954:
2953:Computerworld
2950:
2944:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2810:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Visual editor
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:TV Typewriter
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:, QTerminal,
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2240:Win32 console
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:running on a
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:(DEC), e.g.,
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:minicomputers
2064:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:text terminal
1988:
1987:system logger
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:When using a
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:green screens
1836:
1825:
1822:
1814:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:This section
1778:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1757:Point of Sale
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:function keys
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1653:host computer
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:coaxial cable
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:minicomputers
1560:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:VIP 7700/7760
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:file managers
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:text terminal
974:
970:
966:
958:
951:
949:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
882:
879:
874:
872:
868:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:current loops
766:
763:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
687:
681:
673:
667:
659:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
548:
544:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
491:
484:
475:
468:
456:
451:
449:
447:
443:
440:In 1956, the
438:
437:for results.
436:
431:
427:
423:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:terminal host
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
383:dumb terminal
380:
375:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:punched cards
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
276:
272:
265:
262:
257:
247:
244:
229:
226:
218:
208:
204:
200:
194:
193:
188:This article
186:
177:
176:
167:
164:
156:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114: â
113:
109:
108:Find sources:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This article
84:
80:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Dumb terminal
3482:
3461:
3440:
3418:
3399:
3380:
3361:
3342:
3324:Rodgers 1990
3319:
3307:
3300:Burgess 1988
3295:
3288:Raymond 2004
3283:
3271:
3266:, p. 2.
3264:Diercks 2002
3244:
3216:
3207:
3196:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3131:
3123:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3083:
3066:(4): 18â25.
3063:
3059:
3053:
3026:
3020:
3010:November 27,
3008:. Retrieved
2995:
2985:November 27,
2983:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2959:November 27,
2957:. Retrieved
2952:
2943:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2901:
2895:
2882:
2873:
2865:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2831:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2800:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2762:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2725:
2716:
2705:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2647:
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:the original
2617:
2593:. Retrieved
2559:
2546:definition.
2538:
2529:
2417:
2409:
2399:
2369:
2351:
2308:Block mode (
2281:
2264:Terminal.app
2245:
2237:
2222:
2211:
2193:
2178:
2159:
2147:KVM switches
2135:workstations
2128:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2041:front panels
2030:
2001:
1999:
1966:
1965:, or simply
1962:
1959:root console
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1920:
1893:
1889:X.Org Server
1870:
1863:
1846:
1842:
1833:While early
1832:
1817:
1808:
1793:Please help
1781:
1763:Contemporary
1752:
1750:
1727:
1702:Data General
1677:Lear Siegler
1666:
1658:
1643:
1633:
1618:
1564:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1512:AlphaWindows
1509:
1502:
1487:
1471:
1458:
1456:
1425:Bull Questar
1421:Courier line
1407:Lear Siegler
1278:
1275:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1240:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1162:web browsers
1153:
1151:
1142:
1126:
1120:
1099:
1072:
1045:
1022:
1016:
1005:
989:text console
988:
984:
980:
978:
934:
931:
910:
908:
901:A Televideo
888:
875:
863:
859:
848:systems the
842:
826:Heath/Zenith
810:Lear-Siegler
803:
759:Data General
741:
706:
693:
630:
622:asynchronous
607:
556:
554:
545:
534:
526:current loop
501:teleprinters
498:
439:
419:
410:Web browsers
401:
395:
376:
356:time-sharing
345:
315:such as the
308:Teleprinters
284:
282:
239:
221:
212:
189:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
3312:Topham 1990
3276:Gofton 1991
3249:Bangia 2010
2862:"glass tty"
2846:December 3,
2815:December 3,
2777:December 3,
2595:January 11,
2341:â Backspace
2293:Line mode (
2229:MacTerminal
2010:front panel
1981:, from the
1975:boot loader
1866:X terminals
1592:channel, a
1590:Bus and Tag
1575:serial port
1498:color depth
1490:thin client
1467:raster mode
1463:vector-mode
1243:system load
1234:command or
1232:READ BUFFER
1154:full-screen
1048:text editor
1037:Unix shells
987:(sometimes
729:logic gates
614:synchronous
422:Konrad Zuse
387:thin client
337:CRT display
333:workstation
304:front panel
3548:Categories
3334:References
2769:. Rev. 2.
2489:End system
2324:arrow keys
1759:computer.
1730:ANSI X3.64
1638:with many
1623:, and the
1610:Intel 8008
1579:null modem
1548:System/360
1479:television
1402:VT61, VT62
1081:control a
891:See also:
881:obsolete.
788:(Ctrl-M),
737:Intel 8080
521:paper tape
509:telegraphy
452:Categories
379:fat client
352:paper tape
339:such as a
199:improve it
123:newspapers
52:improve it
3421:. Sybex.
2628:March 13,
2554:computer.
2368:key when
2248:Unix-like
2225:Macintosh
2202:Emulation
2088:DECWriter
2066:On early
1782:does not
1714:Tektronix
1686:TeleVideo
1625:DEC VT100
1600:or IBM's
1559:light pen
1550:in 1964.
1413:Honeywell
1372:TeleVideo
1290:Hard-copy
1273:program.
1219:protected
1177:(such as
1175:libraries
1117:functions
1039:and some
925:or other
876:Although
846:Unix-like
834:TeleVideo
790:Line-Feed
541:DECwriter
530:Read Only
515:(KSR) or
490:Selectric
300:computing
203:verifying
58:talk page
3439:(2004).
3120:27102280
3060:Computer
2661:Archived
2589:Archived
2474:Videotex
2449:IBM 3101
2432:See also
2418:emulates
2395:New Line
2358:and the
2322:and the
2189:System p
2181:IBM 9672
2160:Some PC
2155:Internet
2139:keyboard
2060:hardcopy
2037:IBM 1620
2025:IBM 1620
2006:operator
1910:and the
1904:keyboard
1881:Cygwin/X
1855:software
1811:May 2023
1738:Heathkit
1621:IBM 3270
1544:IBM 3270
1540:IBM 2260
1536:IBM 2250
1395:Uniscope
1362:AT&T
1351:IBM 5250
1346:IBM 3270
1341:IBM 2260
1328:IBM 3780
1323:IBM 3770
1318:IBM 2780
1313:IBM 2770
1301:IBM 2740
1296:IBM 1050
1227:database
1147:readline
1087:Internet
1062:such as
1027:, which
985:terminal
923:Ethernet
854:terminfo
699:and the
610:IBM 2260
603:IBM 2260
537:IBM 2741
329:personal
317:Sphere 1
296:computer
292:hardware
275:IBM 2741
215:May 2023
153:May 2023
3526:at the
3080:6693597
2888:â” Enter
2739:May 23,
2459:Minitel
2387:â” Enter
2382:â” Enter
2366:â” Enter
2361:â” Enter
2346:â” Enter
2299:â” Enter
2256:Konsole
2170:FreeBSD
2168:, e.g.
2143:monitor
2016:History
1967:console
1900:monitor
1835:IBM PCs
1803:removed
1788:sources
1662:CP/M-86
1644:process
1334:Display
1259:context
1248:echoing
1122:ncurses
1114:termios
1079:Minicom
1064:DocBook
1056:WYSIWYG
1029:prompts
1012:FreeBSD
871:Model M
850:termcap
832:, IBM,
416:History
385:" or a
325:Apple I
197:Please
137:scholar
3489:
3470:
3447:
3425:
3406:
3387:
3368:
3349:
3197:as an
3118:
3078:
3041:
2908:
2410:itself
2391:Return
2378:return
2374:return
2355:return
2335:delete
2329:insert
2310:a.k.a.
2295:a.k.a.
2288:a.k.a.
2262:, and
2233:IBM PC
2196:log in
2162:BIOSes
2151:KVM/IP
2120:laptop
2080:ASR-33
2076:RS-232
2047:, the
1979:kernel
1977:, the
1883:under
1873:telnet
1851:TV set
1843:screen
1680:ADM-3A
1586:RS-232
1577:via a
1483:pixels
1397:series
1392:UNIVAC
1387:VT2640
1380:VT6530
1358:TD-830
1214:buffer
1179:curses
1170:cursor
1138:buffer
1091:telnet
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3076:S2CID
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2935:(PDF)
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2278:Modes
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2260:xterm
2174:Linux
2092:VT100
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1075:Telix
1068:LaTeX
1024:shell
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3366:ISBN
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3104:C-20
3039:ISBN
3012:2012
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2303:EOB
2131:PCs
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725:CPU
577:IBM
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