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Because the secretions of this gland are associated with the swallowing behavior of snakes, the
Duvernoy's gland may play a role in swallowing and/or digestion. Kardong also notes that although some Duvernoy's gland secretions may be toxic and that they can produce pain, swelling, and other effects
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glands in vipers and elapids. However, the two types of glands are also “anatomically and functionally distinct,” leading experts such as Dr. Kenneth
Kardong to maintain the distinction between the Duvernoy's gland and venom glands. Other scientists such as Dr. Bryan Fry maintain that the Duvernoy
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The evolutionary path of these separate glands may come from “venom proteins” whose genes are widely expressed in tissues of both venomous and non-venomous snakes. These genes are over-expressed in the venom glands (including
Duvernoy's gland), indicating the secretions from these glands evolved
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Duvernoy's gland (light yellow) on a garter snake from a lateral view. It is lateral to the mouth and caudal to the snake's eye. Partially covered in scales (greenish-brown) and surrounded by underlying muscle tissue (light
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gland is a primitive version of a venom gland and should be referred to as such. Dr. Stephen
Mackessy suggests Duvernoy's gland does secrete venom and is homologous to the venom gland found in front-fanged snakes.
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The function of the
Duvernoy's gland has been the source of much study and speculation, and debate is still ongoing. It is widely recognized that the Duvernoy's gland is the homologue of
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Fry, Bryan G.; WĂĽster, Wolfgang; Ryan Ramjan, Sheik Fadil; Jackson, Timothy; Martelli, Paolo; Kini, R. Manjunatha (30 September 2003).
178:"Analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: evolutionary and toxinological implications"
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The
Duvernoy's gland is positioned posterior to the eye, encased in a thin cover of connective tissue, and consists mostly of
118:"Mémoire sur les caractères tirés de l'anatomie pour distinguer les serpents venimeux des serpents non venimeux"
70:. A single, short duct extends anteromedially from the lumen of the gland to the base of the posterior fangs.
120:[Memory on characters taken from anatomy to distinguish venomous snakes from non-venomous snakes].
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257:"Understanding Biological Roles of Venoms Among the Caenophidia: The Importance of Rear-Fanged Snakes"
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301:"The evolution of the venom apparatus in snakes from colubrids to viperids and elapids"
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342:
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Kardong, Kenneth V. (January 2002). "Colubrid Snakes and
Duvernoy's "Venom" Glands".
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Kardong, Kenneth V. (1996). "Snake Toxins and Venoms: An
Evolutionary Perspective".
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if injected subcutaneously; this does not make those secretions venoms.
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41:. It is distinguished from the venom gland and is not found in
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Mackessy, Stephen P.; Saviola, Anthony J. (November 2016).
332:" implies its biological use for the organism.
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16:Gland found in some groups of colubrid snakes
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182:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
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63:who first described the gland in 1832.
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148:Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews
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32:is a gland found in some groups of
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122:Annales des Sciences Naturelles
308:MemĂłrias do Instituto Butantan
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299:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1982).
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61:Georges Louis Duvernoy
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160:10.1081/txr-120004739
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53:. It was named for
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116:(1832).
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