187:. Stanovich argued that these beliefs have no valid evidence and thus might have been an example of dysrationalia. Sternberg countered that "No one has yet conclusively proven any of these beliefs to be false", so endorsement of the beliefs should not be considered evidence of dysrationalia. Stanovich's rebuttal to Sternberg explained that the purpose of the example was to question the epistemic rationality of the
63:
potential for misuse, as one may label another as dysrational simply because he or she does not agree with the other person's view: "I am afraid that
Stanovich has fallen into a trap—that of labeling people as 'dysrational' who have beliefs that he does not accept. And therein lies frightening potential for misuse."
66:
Stanovich then replied to both Kavale and
Sternberg. In response to Sternberg's concern about the construct's potential for misuse, Stanovich said that in that respect it is no different from other constructs such as intelligence, which is a construct that Sternberg himself uses. Stanovich emphasized
54:
in the early 1990s. Stanovich originally classified dysrationalia as a learning disability and characterized it as a difficulty in belief formation, in assessing belief consistency, or in the determination of action to achieve one's goals. However, special education researcher
Kenneth Kavale noted
90:, Stanovich provided the detailed conceptualization that Sternberg called for in his earlier critique. In that book, Stanovich showed that variation in rational thinking skills is surprisingly independent of intelligence. One implication of this finding is that dysrationalia should not be rare.
62:
argued that the construct of dysrationalia needed to be better conceptualized since it lacked a theoretical framework (explaining why people are dysrational and how they become this way) and operationalization (how dysrationalia could be measured). Sternberg also noted that the concept had the
168:. These parents, who are presumably competent due to their college education, believe that the Holocaust is a myth and should not be taught to their children. This is an example of a problem in belief formation regardless of intelligence.
160:
One example that
Stanovich related to dysrationalia centers on two former Illinois schoolteachers who pulled their children from the local public school in the area because discussions of the
191:
by which people arrived at their unlikely conclusions, a process of evaluating the quality of arguments and evidence for and against each conclusion, not to assume irrationality based on the
206:. Heidegger, a renowned philosopher, was also a Nazi apologist and "used the most specious of arguments to justify his beliefs". Crookes, a famous scientist who discovered the element
55:
that dysrationalia may be more aptly categorized as a thinking disorder, rather than a learning disability, because it does not have a direct impact upon academic performance.
2274:
2384:
504:
Kavale, Kenneth A. (October 1993). "How many learning disabilities are there? A commentary on
Stanovich's 'Dysrationalia: a new specific learning disability'".
79:
of beliefs themselves. Stanovich and his colleagues further developed the theoretical framework for, and operationalization of, dysrationalia in later books.
2249:
198:
There are many examples of people who are famous because of their intelligence, but often display irrational behavior. Two examples cited by
Stanovich were
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2279:
601:
Sternberg, Robert J. (October 1993). "Would you rather take orders from Kirk or Spock? The relation between rational thinking and intelligence".
843:
Stanovich, Keith E.; Toplak, Maggie E.; West, Richard F. (2008). "The development of rational thought: a taxonomy of heuristics and biases".
109:
A mindware gap results from gaps in education and experience. This idea focuses on the lack or limitations within a person's knowledge in
175:
members are provided membership strictly because of their high-IQ scores. The survey results showed that 44% of the members believed in
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Stanovich, Keith E. (October 1994). "The evolving concept of rationality: a rejoinder to
Sternberg".
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Innovations in educational psychology: perspectives on learning, teaching, and human development
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373: – State of balance among a set of beliefs, arrived at by considering general principles
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that use of the dysrationalia construct should be carefully based on rigorous standards of
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941:. In Barach, Paul R.; Jacobs, Jeffery P.; Lipshultz, Steven E.; Laussen, Peter C. (eds.).
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1159:"Diversity in reasoning and rationality: metacognitive and developmental considerations"
903:
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A survey was given to
Canadian Mensa club members on the topic of paranormal belief.
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that do not depend solely on social agreement or disagreement and that refer to the
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2584:
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1966:
1951:
1011:
Forsythe, Chris; Liao, Huafei; Trumbo, Michael; Cardona-Rivera, Rogelio E. (2015).
344: – Support given to a student by an instructor throughout the learning process
332:
273: – Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways
39:
27:
1532:
1158:
954:
457:"An exchange: reconceptualizing intelligence: dysrationalia as an intuition pump"
125:. Due to these gaps, intelligent people can make seemingly irrational decisions.
86:, in which the dysrationalia concept was extensively discussed. In his 2009 book
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2439:
2121:
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1357:(2010). "Metarationality: good decision-making strategies are self-correcting".
1257:
Over, David (February 2010). "Dysrationalia: intelligence without rationality".
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Epistemic cognition and development: the psychology of justification and truth
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Pediatric and congenital cardiac care: quality improvement and patient safety
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38:. Dysrationalia can be a resource to help explain why smart people fall for
1603:
874:
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297: – Specific learning disability characterized by troubles with reading
128:
Contaminated mindware focuses on how intelligent people believe irrational
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527:
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Adolescent rationality and development: cognition, morality, and identity
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16:
Inability to think and behave rationally despite adequate intelligence
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2546:
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2429:
656:
Stanovich, Keith E. (October 1993). "It's practical to be rational".
350: – Thinking, talking, or acting without inclusion of rationality
1015:. Advances in human factors and ergonomics series. Boca Raton, FL:
557:"What if the construct of dysrationalia were an example of itself?"
1401:"Rational and irrational thought: the thinking that IQ tests miss"
110:
2479:
2434:
1685:
1478:
What intelligence tests miss: the psychology of rational thought
798:
What intelligence tests miss: the psychology of rational thought
50:
The concept of dysrationalia was first proposed by psychologist
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1658:
1645:
1013:
Cognitive neuroscience of human systems: work and everyday life
144:. A person can be led into such contaminated mindware through
1553:
The rationality quotient: toward a test of rational thinking
1587:"Why fallacies appear to be better arguments than they are"
303: – Mental disorder characterized by chronic depression
1325:
The intelligence trap: why smart people make dumb mistakes
291: – Difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic
98:
Stanovich proposed two concepts related to dysrationalia:
1654:
329: – Book on psychological development by Robert Kegan
888:
Robson, David G. (February 2019). "The stupidity trap".
222:". Science journalist David Robson cited the example of
358:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
337:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1365:. Fundamentals of cognition series. Oxford; New York:
315: – Question of whether humans are rational or not
261: – Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
267: – Field of study in neuroscience and psychology
2565:
2400:
2315:
2180:
2055:
1692:
1514:"The Comprehensive Assessment of Rational Thinking"
1361:
Decision making and rationality in the modern world
408:"Dysrationalia: a new specific learning disability"
1475:
1092:
1053:. Oxford library of psychology. Oxford; New York:
795:
746:
22:is defined as the inability to think and behave
980:Facione, Peter A.; Gittens, Carol Ann (2016) .
695:
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547:
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401:
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397:
395:
393:
1551:; West, Richard F.; Toplak, Maggie E. (2016).
2378:
1670:
1051:The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning
356: – Philosophical analogy about knowledge
8:
255: – Academic field of logic and rhetoric
1624:"Publications on reasoning and rationality"
321: – Lack of knowledge and understanding
2385:
2371:
2363:
2333:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
1677:
1663:
1655:
1642:
845:Advances in Child Development and Behavior
335: – Fundamental concepts in philosophy
1602:
1446:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.001.0001
616:
574:
34:and is not a clinical disorder such as a
1063:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734689.001.0001
514:(8): 520–523, 567, discussion 524–532.
389:
183:, and 56% believed in the existence of
121:when it comes to belief orientation or
1422:10.1038/scientificamericanmind1109-34
309: – Educational evaluation method
7:
1049:; Morrison, Robert G., eds. (2012).
406:Stanovich, Keith E. (October 1993).
1434:Rationality and the reflective mind
164:are a part of the school's history
1228:Mindware: tools for smart thinking
745:Sternberg, Robert J., ed. (2002).
611:(8): 516–519, discussion 524–532.
226:, an American biochemist and 1993
75:of justifying beliefs, not to the
14:
945:. Vol. 2. London; New York:
749:Why smart people can be so stupid
279: – Knowledge assessment tool
84:Why Smart People Can Be So Stupid
82:In 2002 Sternberg edited a book,
42:and other fraudulent encounters.
659:Journal of Learning Disabilities
604:Journal of Learning Disabilities
507:Journal of Learning Disabilities
455:Stanovich, Keith E. (May 1994).
413:Journal of Learning Disabilities
218:but never gave up his belief in
1157:Moshman, David (October 2000).
367: – 2008 book by Dan Ariely
1:
1533:10.1080/00461520.2015.1125787
1164:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
912:10.1016/S0262-4079(19)30332-X
857:10.1016/S0065-2407(08)00006-2
1260:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
955:10.1007/978-1-4471-6566-8_33
794:Stanovich, Keith E. (2009).
379: – Lack of intelligence
88:What Intelligence Tests Miss
2199:DĂ©formation professionnelle
214:, "was repeatedly duped by
212:Fellow of the Royal Society
2683:
2193:Basking in reflected glory
1329:W. W. Norton & Company
1273:10.1016/j.tics.2009.11.006
1232:Farrar, Straus, and Giroux
1130:(3rd ed.). New York:
1101:Farrar, Straus, and Giroux
939:"Clinical decision making"
672:10.1177/002221949302600806
627:10.1177/002221949302600804
520:10.1177/002221949302600805
426:10.1177/002221949302600803
2512:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
2341:
2323:Cognitive bias mitigation
1652:
1647:Links to related articles
1323:Robson, David G. (2019).
1177:10.1017/S0140525X00483433
716:10.3102/0013189X023007033
576:10.3102/0013189X023004022
475:10.3102/0013189X023004011
342:Instructional scaffolding
195:of the conclusion alone.
185:extraterrestrial visitors
1907:Illusion of transparency
1521:Educational Psychologist
1409:Scientific American Mind
1126:Moshman, David (2011) .
984:(3rd ed.). Boston:
313:Great Rationality Debate
1438:Oxford University Press
1367:Oxford University Press
1192:Moshman, David (2015).
1095:Thinking, fast and slow
1055:Oxford University Press
937:Croskerry, Pat (2015).
230:winner who was also an
69:epistemic justification
1604:10.22329/il.v30i2.2868
703:Educational Researcher
562:Educational Researcher
462:Educational Researcher
371:Reflective equilibrium
364:Predictably Irrational
307:Educational assessment
285: – Learning model
216:spiritualist 'mediums'
142:get-rich-quick schemes
32:educational psychology
2567:Theories of deduction
2275:Arab–Israeli conflict
2002:Social influence bias
1947:Out-group homogeneity
1484:Yale University Press
804:Yale University Press
755:Yale University Press
265:Cognitive development
104:contaminated mindware
30:. It is a concept in
1917:Mere-exposure effect
1847:Extrinsic incentives
1793:Selective perception
1290:Sternberg, Robert J.
1021:Taylor & Francis
949:. pp. 397–409.
553:Sternberg, Robert J.
354:Neurathian bootstrap
283:Double-loop learning
253:Argumentation theory
2394:Philosophical logic
2142:Social desirability
2037:von Restorff effect
1912:Mean world syndrome
1887:Hostile attribution
1621:Stanovich, Keith E.
1549:Stanovich, Keith E.
1510:Stanovich, Keith E.
1472:Stanovich, Keith E.
1430:Stanovich, Keith E.
1397:Stanovich, Keith E.
1355:Stanovich, Keith E.
1298:Springer Publishing
1224:Nisbett, Richard E.
904:2019NewSc.241...30R
259:Bounded rationality
134:conspiracy theories
2458:Unity of opposites
2057:Statistical biases
1835:Curse of knowledge
1628:keithstanovich.com
1583:Walton, Douglas N.
179:, 51% believed in
115:probability theory
2667:Cognitive inertia
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2490:List of fallacies
2475:Explanatory power
2402:Critical thinking
2360:
2359:
1997:Social comparison
1778:Choice-supportive
1555:. Cambridge, MA:
1399:(November 2009).
1047:Holyoak, Keith J.
986:Pearson Education
326:In Over Our Heads
277:Concept inventory
119:scientific method
26:despite adequate
2674:
2620:Platonic realism
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2157:Systematic error
2112:Omitted-variable
2027:Trait ascription
1867:Frog pond effect
1695:Cognitive biases
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1665:
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1643:
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1634:
1608:
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1518:
1512:(January 2016).
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1319:
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1219:
1198:Psychology Press
1188:
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1132:Psychology Press
1122:
1098:
1089:Kahneman, Daniel
1084:
1042:
1007:
982:Think critically
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618:10.1.1.1011.2122
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403:
359:
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234:supporter and a
200:Martin Heidegger
60:Robert Sternberg
36:thought disorder
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2605:Logical atomism
2561:
2454:Socratic method
2405:
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2337:
2311:
2176:
2051:
2032:Turkey illusion
1800:Compassion fade
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1428:
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1395:
1381:
1353:
1339:
1322:
1308:
1292:, eds. (2010).
1288:Preiss, David;
1287:
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1191:
1156:
1142:
1125:
1111:
1087:
1073:
1045:
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996:
979:
965:
947:Springer Verlag
936:
932:
930:Further reading
927:
898:(3218): 30–33.
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357:
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271:Cognitive miser
248:
240:HIV/AIDS denier
204:William Crookes
158:
123:decision-making
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52:Keith Stanovich
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17:
12:
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5:
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2575:Constructivism
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2407:informal logic
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2316:Bias reduction
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2292:Political bias
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2220:Infrastructure
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2159:
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2137:Self-selection
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
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1972:Pro-innovation
1969:
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1957:Overton window
1954:
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1825:Dunning–Kruger
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1739:Correspondence
1736:
1734:Actor–observer
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40:Ponzi schemes
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:Dysrationalia
2600:Intuitionism
2585:Fictionalism
2230:In education
2197:
2181:Other biases
2167:Verification
2152:Survivorship
2102:Non-response
2075:Healthy user
2017:Substitution
1992:Self-serving
1788:Confirmation
1756:Availability
1704:Acquiescence
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1594:
1590:
1552:
1527:(1): 23–34.
1524:
1520:
1477:
1436:. New York:
1433:
1416:(6): 34–39.
1413:
1407:
1360:
1327:. New York:
1324:
1296:. New York:
1293:
1267:(2): 55–56.
1264:
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1227:
1196:. New York:
1193:
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569:(4): 22–27.
566:
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555:(May 1994).
511:
505:
499:
469:(4): 11–22.
466:
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417:
411:
363:
333:Illogicality
325:
220:spiritualism
197:
192:
188:
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100:mindware gap
99:
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28:intelligence
19:
18:
2580:Dialetheism
2470:Explanation
2440:Credibility
2297:Publication
2250:Vietnam War
2097:Length time
2080:Information
2022:Time-saving
1882:Horn effect
1872:Halo effect
1820:Distinction
1729:Attribution
1724:Attentional
1369:. pp.
851:: 251–285.
822:j.ctt1nq14j
773:j.ctt1npsdv
289:Dyscalculia
228:Nobel Prize
224:Kary Mullis
152:reasoning.
2651:Categories
2625:Pragmatism
2615:Nominalism
2522:Propaganda
2497:Hypothesis
2450:Antithesis
2260:South Asia
2235:Liking gap
2047:In animals
2012:Status quo
1927:Negativity
1830:Egocentric
1805:Congruence
1783:Commitment
1773:Blind spot
1761:Mean world
1751:Automation
1633:16 October
1347:1054001437
764:0300090331
210:and was a
181:biorhythms
166:curriculum
150:fallacious
130:ideologies
24:rationally
2662:Reasoning
2595:Formalism
2557:Vagueness
2537:Relevance
2532:Reasoning
2445:Dialectic
2420:Ambiguity
2328:Debiasing
2307:White hat
2302:Reporting
2215:Inductive
2132:Selection
2092:Lead time
2065:Estimator
2042:Zero-risk
2007:Spotlight
1987:Restraint
1977:Proximity
1962:Precision
1922:Narrative
1877:Hindsight
1862:Frequency
1842:Emotional
1815:Declinism
1746:Authority
1719:Anchoring
1709:Ambiguity
1575:946254542
1557:MIT Press
1541:147314725
1502:216936066
1464:648932780
1389:318716093
1316:316035759
1250:889164994
1216:883648773
1150:644680695
1119:706020998
1081:773023517
1039:796750072
1017:CRC Press
1004:893099404
973:900507959
920:127495842
830:216936066
732:143370750
710:(7): 33.
680:143777227
613:CiteSeerX
491:144742980
442:220675184
377:Stupidity
319:Ignorance
301:Dysthymia
232:astrology
177:astrology
162:Holocaust
148:trust or
146:heuristic
140:, and/or
2657:Learning
2610:Logicism
2590:Finitism
2542:Rhetoric
2527:Prudence
2465:Evidence
2425:Argument
2415:Analysis
2225:Inherent
2188:Academic
2162:Systemic
2147:Spectrum
2127:Sampling
2107:Observer
2070:Forecast
1982:Response
1942:Optimism
1937:Omission
1932:Normalcy
1902:In-group
1897:Implicit
1810:Cultural
1714:Affinity
1585:(2010).
1474:(2009).
1432:(2011).
1281:54287345
1226:(2015).
1185:22454319
1091:(2011).
875:18808045
781:48098337
643:32469115
536:32161548
295:Dyslexia
246:See also
208:thallium
156:Examples
94:Mindware
2630:Realism
2517:Premise
2507:Opinion
2502:Inquiry
2485:Fallacy
2347:General
2345:Lists:
2280:Ukraine
2205:Funding
1967:Present
1952:Outcome
1857:Framing
900:Bibcode
724:1176937
635:8245697
585:1176258
528:8245698
483:1176257
434:8245696
193:content
189:process
77:content
73:process
46:History
2552:Theory
2430:Belief
2352:Memory
2265:Sweden
2255:Norway
2122:Recall
1892:Impact
1768:Belief
1686:Biases
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2547:Rigor
2240:Media
2210:FUTON
1537:S2CID
1517:(PDF)
1404:(PDF)
1277:S2CID
1181:S2CID
916:S2CID
818:JSTOR
769:JSTOR
728:S2CID
720:JSTOR
676:S2CID
639:S2CID
581:JSTOR
532:S2CID
487:S2CID
479:JSTOR
438:S2CID
385:Notes
173:Mensa
117:, or
111:logic
2480:Fact
2435:Bias
1635:2016
1571:OCLC
1561:ISBN
1498:OCLC
1488:ISBN
1460:OCLC
1450:ISBN
1385:OCLC
1375:ISBN
1343:OCLC
1333:ISBN
1312:OCLC
1302:ISBN
1246:OCLC
1236:ISBN
1212:OCLC
1202:ISBN
1146:OCLC
1136:ISBN
1115:OCLC
1105:ISBN
1077:OCLC
1067:ISBN
1035:OCLC
1025:ISBN
1000:OCLC
990:ISBN
969:OCLC
959:ISBN
871:PMID
861:ISBN
826:OCLC
808:ISBN
777:OCLC
759:ISBN
631:PMID
524:PMID
430:PMID
238:and
202:and
102:and
2404:and
2287:Net
2172:Wet
1599:doi
1529:doi
1442:doi
1418:doi
1371:143
1269:doi
1173:doi
1059:doi
951:doi
908:doi
896:241
853:doi
712:doi
668:doi
623:doi
571:doi
516:doi
471:doi
422:doi
2653::
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1103:.
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998:.
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967:.
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906:.
894:.
869:.
859:.
849:36
847:.
824:.
816:.
806:.
775:.
767:.
757:.
726:.
718:.
708:23
706:.
688:^
674:.
664:26
662:.
637:.
629:.
621:.
609:26
607:.
593:^
579:.
567:23
565:.
559:.
544:^
530:.
522:.
512:26
510:.
485:.
477:.
467:23
465:.
459:.
436:.
428:.
418:26
416:.
410:.
392:^
242:.
136:,
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113:,
106:.
2386:e
2379:t
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1664:v
1637:.
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783:.
734:.
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670::
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625::
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573::
538:.
518::
493:.
473::
444:.
424::
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