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highest-selling format for comic books". According to industry reports, "the massive shift to graphic novels as the preferred format for comics continued in 2019 bringing sales in the book channel above the comic store channel in North
America for the first time in the history of the medium" and that "the sales of graphic novels were growing faster in the book trade than in comics shops".
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2136:
2206:
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179:
36:
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1645:, collected editions in which several issues are bound together with a spine and often sold in bookstores as well as comic shops. Comic book publishers began releasing trade paperbacks of collected story arcs directly after those stories' original periodical publication because a new reader could purchase the trade paperbacks and access the entire series' stories to date.
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greatly increased by the 2000s. The consensus by both older and newer fans of manga often spoke of how manga's lexicon of works ranged greatly than the often restricted variety limited to superhero stories on the
American market, and provided better quality by not subjecting themselves to the censorship and oppressive standards such as the
673:
Marvel lineups by the end of the decade. 1970s horror anthology series merely continued what had already been established during the late 1960s, and endured into the 1980s until they were markedly transformed into new formats, many of which were greatly influenced by, or directly reprinted, "pre-Code" content and styles of the early 1950s.
1272:, which did not explicitly retcon or retell Green Arrow's history, but simply changed his setting and other elements of the present, leaving the past largely intact. This trend of publisher-wide reinventions, which often consists of a new miniseries and various spinoff storylines in established books, continued for decades, with DC's
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problems and the durability of the trade paperback format is an important consideration for longevity and collection development in public and school libraries. Trade paperbacks "are also the primary culprit in people's confusion of the lexicon, since 'TPBs make up 95% of what many librarians refer to as graphic novels'".
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The crash also marked the relative downfall of the large franchises and inter-connected "families" of titles that led to a glut of merchandising. While the big franchise titles still have a large amount of regular titles and merchandising attached to them, all of these things were notably scaled back
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Starting in the 1990s and throughout the 2000s, a number of successful movie adaptations of comic books, partly due to improvements in special effect technology, helped to extend their market audience, attracting the attention of many new readers who previously had not been interested in comic books.
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were extremely popular and were idolized by younger readers in ways more common to professional athletes and rock musicians than comic book artists. Propelled by star power and upset that they did not own the popular characters they created for Marvel, several illustrators, including the above three
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including anime and manga soon began to slowly but steadily spread by fans into the United States by the mid-1990s. In the aftermath of the bankruptcy of Marvel and DC and the languishing of
American comics after 1996, and with the rise of the alternative media boom of the decade, interest in manga
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by David S. Serchay explains: "At first it was the most popular stories that were being collected, but more and more comic book stories are now being put into trades, sometimes less than two months after the 'newest' issue is sold. And not only recent material but a great deal of older material is
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ushered in a popular trend of "rebooting", "remaking" or greatly reimagining the publisher-wide universes every 5–10 years on varying scales. The practice of rebooting entire universes occurred frequently enough that this era has also been referred to as The Iron Age. This often resulted in origins
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did run an expanding line of silver-age horror and "mystery" titles during the early 1960s, and
Charlton maintained a continuous publishing history of them, during the later 1960s, a gradual loosening of enforcement standards eventually led to the re-establishment of horror titles within the DC and
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highlighted, "publishers and retailers traditionally ignore the sales of trade paperbacks when it comes to deciding whether or not a specific title is doing well. For decades, the single issue has been king, even though those sales figures are far from helpful. Trade paperbacks are increasingly
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Despite the growing popularity of the trade paperback, the serialized, individual issues are still considered the primary mode of sale by comics publishers, and a poorly selling series may face cancellation irrespective of trade paperback sales. However, some series "survive on the popularity of
1989:
Interest in anime and manga into the United States has been known to date back as far as the mid 1970s around the
American West Coast, though the mid to late 1980s would see the quiet introduction of various translated Japanese manga into North America. While not the first to release translated
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collections. Trade paperbacks and graphic novels are the preferred format for circulating library collections, since these collections are created to be read, and not to be retained as collector's items or as investments. Attempts to catalog and circulate single-issue comics can pose difficult
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highlighted that "though this was far less common a decade ago, pretty much every monthly comic out there right now is eventually collected into trade paperback or hardcover edition that prints several issues in one package". Trade paperbacks are often even given volume numbers, making them a
2052:, or OELs, have been prominent since before even the anime and manga boom of the dawn of the 2000s. OELs are original material written by non-Japanese authors who directly emulate manga style in both storytelling and art and openly identify their works as manga. In the 1980s, along with
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emphasized, "in recent years, collected issues/trade paperbacks are more popular and profitable than monthly comic book periodicals. As single-issue sales have consistently plummeted, trade paperbacks and graphic novels have filled in the gaps. From 2013 to 2018, graphic novels were the
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being retold, histories being rewritten, and so forth. These reinventions could be on as large a scale as suddenly retconning seminal story points and rewriting character histories, or simply introducing and/or killing off/writing out various important and minor elements of a universe.
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important as a marker of what sells, with 2016 seeing a 12% jump in trade sales over 2015 – a period when single-issue sales fell. Even 2017, which saw both trades and single issue sales fall compared to 2016, trades were down 9.38%, compared to single issues dropping 10.4%". In 2019,
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from a parent series, while others were simply additional monthly series featuring a popular character. In another similarity to the X-books, these franchises regularly featured crossovers, in which one storyline overlapped into every title in the “family” for a few months.
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conference in New York showing that for the first time in decades, the market was dominated not by traditionally
American monthly comics of the superhero genre, but graphic novels and trade paperbacks of other genres, particular those aimed at younger readers, such
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But few, in the glut of new series, possessed lasting artistic quality and the items that were predicted to be valuable did not become so, often because of huge print runs that made them commonplace. The speculator market began to collapse in summer of 1993 after
1586:, and other items, were also expected to appreciate in value. McFarlane Toys was notable for this, as it created many variations in its high-quality toys, most of which were main characters or occasional guest stars in the Spawn series.
2088:). Though previous manga-style comics consisted mostly of selective borrowing of manga or anime elements for a work that was not intended to be regarded as manga, their inspirations and artistic methods categorize them under the term.
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stories to a new generation of fans. These editions tend to resemble a phone book in that these are very thick books and are black-and-white (to help keep the cost down). DC Comics has followed suit by introducing a line called
1217:'s Horsemen, and many other Marvel characters would have complete image overhauls. The changes to Spider-Man, Thor, Captain America, Iron Man, Wolverine and most other Marvel characters would be undone in the early 1990s.
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to use as its own exclusive distributor, which resulted in both distribution problems for Marvel and the industry's other major publishers making exclusive distribution deals with other companies, which would lead to
1134:, they would only get twenty-five percent of the story. A triangle was featured on the cover of every Superman title with a number on it. This number indicated which week of the year the Superman title was released.
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While many comic book artists and writers had become well known by their readership as early as the 1940s, some comics creators in the late 1980s and the 1990s became known to the general population. These included
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in 1996, and as a result, scaled back all of their franchises, including X-Men. A number of "X-books" were canceled, and the amount of limited series published, as well as general merchandise, was reduced.
408:
Because the time period encompassing the Modern Age is not well defined, and in some cases disputed by both fans and most professionals, a comprehensive history is open to debate. Many influences from the
2124:, child-oriented comics and graphic novels accounted for 41% of sell-through at bookstores, and manga is 28%, while books of the superhero genre constituted less than 10%, a drop of 9.6% year-over-year.
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became some of the first and most notorious examples of this trend. Another trend which emerged was foil-stamped covers. The first Marvel comic book with a foil-stamped cover was the third volume of the
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serialization of sorts. Due to this, many writers now consider their plots with the trade paperback edition in mind, scripting stories that last four to twelve issues, which could easily be read as a "
2046:
publications traditional to manga have become common. As a result of demand and to respect their cultural origins, the books are presented in the original form intended to be read from right to left.
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By the late 1980s, important comic books, such as the first appearance of a classic character or the first issue of a long-running series, were sold for thousands of dollars. Mainstream
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Many popular creators followed Image's lead and attempted to use their star power to launch their own series; ones for which they would have licensing rights and editorial control.
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By the early 1990s, these events, as well as the influence of vocal proponents of independent publishing, helped to inspire a number of Marvel artists to form their own company,
1318:, co-creator of many of Marvel's most popular characters, came into dispute with Marvel over the disappearance of original pages of artwork from some of his most famous titles.
1571:, volume 3, issue 15 appeared as well. This led a market boom, where retail shops and publishers made huge profits and many companies, large and small, expanded their lines.
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becoming the only distributor of note in North
America. In 1996, Marvel Comics, the largest company in the industry and hugely profitable just three years before, declared
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in particular became notorious for this, with many of its series debuting with alternative covers, wide use of embossed and foil covers and other "collectible" traits.
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Complementing the creation of these franchises was the concept of redesigning the characters. The Modern Age of comics would usher in this era of change. The impact of
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914:, Batman's nemesis, was portrayed less as an evil criminal and more as a mentally ill psychopath who cannot control his actions, Marvel Comics' galactic planet-eater
519:
In rough chronological order by the beginning of the trend, here are some important developments that occurred during the Modern Age, many of which are interrelated:
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devastated the industry: sales plummeted, hundreds of retail stores closed and many publishers downsized. Marvel made an ill-judged decision during the crash to buy
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2120:, and Japanese manga and manga-inspired books. These books see high sales in bookstores, though the shift was also reflected in comics shops. According to data by
1606:'s sales director, Lou Marks, stated on September 29 that retailers were saying there was "simply no room to display all the comics being produced". The resulting
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By the early 1990s, X-Men had become the biggest franchise in comics, and by the middle of the decade over a dozen X-Men-related comic books, both continuing and
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provided brisk competition for long-standing superheroes. Image in particular is singled out by some critics for contributing to the conditions which led to the
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characters were redesigned, creators gained prominence in the industry, independent comics flourished, and larger publishing houses became more commercialized.
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would establish a North
American branch by 2001. While manga translations were previously presented in the traditional American comic magazine format, the
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1829:. Some, such as Gaiman, went on to write critically and commercially successful novels. Others, like Miller, became Hollywood screenwriters and directors.
1068:, and other books because Marvel feared that the long and complex histories of the established storylines of certain titles were scaring off new readers.
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2379:"Newswatch: Industry Sales Records in 1993 Shadowed by Collapse of Speculator Boom: Image Receives Brunt of Criticism for Their Role in Market Crash,"
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2018:
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O'English, Lorena; Matthews, J. Gregory; Lindsay, Elizabeth
Blakesley (2006). "Graphic Novels in Academic Libraries: From Maus to Manga and Beyond".
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2013:, the three titles that are generally associated with the first wave of manga translated into English. With social trends and influences like the
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in 1984–1987, horror comic books incorporated elements of science fiction/fantasy and strove to a new artistic standard. Other examples include
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have kept the X-Men franchise healthy, and have resulted in a larger market presence outside of comics. In 1999–2000, a new animated series,
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1481:, believing that minority characters were underrepresented in American superhero comics. Some of the company's better-known series include
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would usher in a new change as well as Spider-Man would wear a black costume. This costume change led to the development of the character
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2017:
of the 1980s and corporate promoted business study focuses on
Japanese relations and business in universities, interest and knowledge of
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In addition, the publishing format has gained such respectability as literature that it became an increasingly prominent part of both
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or highly conservative; predominantly white American influence that was prominent years before. During the 1990s, publishers such as
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became more benign and sympathetic as a man who fights for an oppressed people, albeit through means that others deem unacceptable.
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With regards to storylines overlapping, the Superman stories from 1991 to 2000 were written on a weekly basis. One needed to buy
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which began in the mid-1980s and continues through the present day. During approximately the first 15 years of this period, many
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This trend was not confined to the books themselves, and many other pieces of merchandise, such as toys, particularly "chase"
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line of trade paperbacks has reprinted heroes such as Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four and has been able to introduce these
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into networks of spin-off books in the mid-to-late 1980s. Like the X-books, some of these spin-offs highlighted a concept or
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were absorbed into this new line. Other titles later were created for the line, which continued successfully into the 2010s.
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55:
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The interest in the speculator market of a new Spider-Man costume led to other changes for Marvel characters in the 1980s.
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Many series tried to imitate the model the X-Men carved as a franchise. Marvel and DC expanded popular properties, such as
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and adult content that differentiated them from other mainstream titles. DC later separated these titles to their launched
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was established in 1954 and specified that no comic should contain the words "horror" or "terror" in its title. This led
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their trades sales, not just in the direct market and local comic shops, but in book stores across the world" and at "
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in 1992, an umbrella label under which several autonomous, creator-owned companies existed. Image properties, such as
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had become one of the most popular titles in comics. Marvel decided to build on this success by creating a number of
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4175:
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Markham, Gary W. (2009). "Cataloging the Publications of Dark Horse Comics: One Publisher in an Academic Catalog".
2462:"Diamond Comic Distributors acquires Capital City Distribution; Comic distribution industry stabilized by purchase"
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1005:
2366:"Bye Bye Marvel; Here Comes Image: Portacio, Claremont, Liefeld, Jim Lee Join McFarlane's New Imprint at Malibu,"
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By the early 1990s, antiheroes had become the rule rather than the exception, and among the most popular were
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Although sales of individual comic periodicals dropped in the late 1990s and the early 2000s, sales rose for
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The trend of creating characters with more psychological depth that were less black-and-white, also affected
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Bruggeman, Lora (1997). "Zap! Whoosh! Kerplow! Build High-Quality Graphic Novel Collections with Impact".
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1224:, including the death of Superman and the crippling of Bruce Wayne in 1993. The only lasting change was
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1602:#75, something speculators and retailers had not expected. Companies began expecting a contraction and
134:
1501:, a series about a multicultural gang of superheroes. All of these flagship titles were co-created by
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would be fired and would be reborn as the Captain, wearing a black outfit in issue 337 of the series.
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attracted some attention and garnered a number of awards. These creators were brought in by DC editor
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2009:
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1890:, who directed the Superman films of the 1970s and 1980s, became a writer on the Superman feature in
1538:, and “limited editions” of certain issues featuring a special or variant cover. The first issues of
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into almost every X-book for two to three months. These "X-overs" usually led to a spike in sales.
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Kılınç, Ugur (2017). "Create It! Extend It! Evolution of Comics Through Narrative Advertising".
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This also led to an avalanche of other movie adaptations which included previously lesser known
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The popularity of trade paperbacks has resulted in older material being reprinted as well. The
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became a force of nature who means no personal malice in his feedings, and the X-Men's nemesis
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The late 1970s saw famed creators going to work for new independent publishers. The arrival of
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animated series, various other companies would release manga-style comics such as Ben Dunn's
722:, was launched in 1993, with the goal of specializing in this genre. Existing titles such as
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2972:"R.J. Carter. "Interview: Peter David: An Apropos Conversation" The Trades; August 14, 2002"
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1064:" series, is an alternative universe story, starting the X-Men tale anew. This was done for
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455:) would reach fruition in the Bronze Age but their impact was still felt in the Modern Age.
1404:, as Image titles favored alternative covers, foil covers, and other "collectible" comics.
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985:, were published each month. On an almost annual basis from 1986 until 1999, one storyline
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solo series. There were many new popular additions to the X-Men in the 1990s, including
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was the first company on paper to contract non-Japanese artists to produce and market (
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548:
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388:, due to the popularity and artistic influence of titles with serious content, such as
17:
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titles, sometimes collectively referred to as "X-books". These early X-books included
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993:
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1920:, started writing for DC in 1994 on special projects and took the helm as writer of
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were buying massive amounts of comics they thought would be valuable in the future.
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debuted, while new toys have been developed and sold since the success of the first
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3109:
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1960:
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1594:#1 (sold without cover enhancements) badly underperformed and Superman's return in
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would revert to his original grey skin color in issue 325. Issue 300 of the first
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847:, both of which were series of psychological depth that starred troubled heroes.
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Maximizing the Impact of Comics in Your Library: Graphic Novels, Manga, and More
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feature film. The comic books themselves have been reinvented in series such as
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is the most definitive example of this impact as Bronze Age characters such as
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would overlap with the infancy of the Modern Age. The work of creators such as
332:(1986), one of the comics considered to signify the beginning of the Modern Age
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working on a new Wonder Woman series. Batman would also get a makeover as the
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Conversely, film and TV directors and producers became involved with comics.
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would emerge as the X-Men's Angel's dark counterpart after serving as one of
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3129:
2879:"Comics and Graphic Novel Sales top $ 1.21B in 2019 — the biggest year ever"
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1994:, the first company to do so to a large degree was Eclipse which introduced
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1933:'s career as a novelist developed concurrently with his comic book career.
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died in issue 8. Specifically, Barry Allen signified the beginning of the
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storyline would be one of the most popular Batman stories ever published.
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is the bridge that joins the two ages. The result was the cancellation of
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2998:"Surprising New Data Shows Comic Readers Are Leaving Superheroes Behind"
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In addition to individual character or franchise/family-wide makeovers,
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3171:
2593:"Free Comic Book Day is here: Your best excuse to start reading comics"
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1996:
1544:
1485:, about an African-American teen who became Milestone's key character;
1353:
1344:
948:
813:
2951:"Peter David. "WHAT'CHA WANNA KNOW?" peterdavid.net; October 21, 2003"
1527:
ran reports that comic books were good financial investments and soon
1497:, about an alien mimicking the appearance of an African-American; and
1326:, and many other contemporary stars became vocal advocates for Kirby.
1130:) to keep up with any existing storylines. If a collector only bought
3908:
3867:
3585:
3081:
3002:
2262:
Narrative Advertising Models and Conceptualization in the Digital Age
1477:
In 1993, a coalition of African-American writers and artists started
1274:
1245:
1085:
2638:
2191:
1784:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1012:, which debuted in 1992 and drew in a large number of younger fans.
812:, who straddled the conventional boundary between love interest and
207:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
992:
This sales boom resulted in a great deal of merchandising, such as
3896:
3286:
2750:"Comic Sales Figures Prove To Marvel: Diversity Isn't The Problem"
1991:
1963:
saw success in the comics field with the controversial miniseries
1548:
1339:
1291:
1148:
was the first example as Supergirl died in issue 7, and long-time
1015:
The sales boom began to wane in the mid to late 1990s, due to the
932:
1582:(figures made in smaller runs than others in a particular line),
1534:
Publishers responded by manufacturing collectors’ items, such as
868:. They featured morally ambiguous characters such as the cynical
644:), this period marks the summit of the artform per comics expert
2096:
1176:
1004:. This success was thanks in no small part to the Fox Network's
636:
4379:
Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée
3054:
2559:
The Librarian's Guide to Graphic Novels for Children and Tweens
2038:
were established to meet the demand for manga. Upon the 2000s,
1959:, then went on to write comics for DC and Dark Horse. Novelist
1647:
The Librarian's Guide to Graphic Novels for Children and Tweens
2413:(1. ed.). Milwaukie, Or.: Dark Horse Comics. p. 69.
1749:
1156:
and his death was highly shocking at the time. Marvel Comics'
850:
By the late 1980s DC had published many mature titles such as
234:
172:
70:
29:
1941:
has also enjoyed success as a fantasy writer and number one
1896:
in 2006, co-writing with comics writer (and Donner's former
3034:
The Dark Age: Grim, Great & Gimmicky Post-Modern Comics
2853:"Comics And Graphic Novels Shattered Sales Records In 2019"
252:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2903:"Comics and Graphic Novel Sales Top $ 1.2 Billion in 2019"
880:
imprint that publishes titles outside of the DC Universe.
27:
Mid-1980s to present era of American superhero comic books
3050:
2464:. bNet: Business Wire via Findarticles.com. July 26, 1996
2698:"Beinecke Cataloging Manual - Comics and Graphic Novels"
1985:
Influence of other countries, genres, media and markets
1773:
1019:
and the effect it had on the industry. Marvel declared
258:
196:
664:
to abandon its horror comics line. Publishers such as
555:) creators were free to create very personal stories.
2828:"On the Victims of the Marvel Cancellation Bloodbath"
2264:. United States of America: IGI Global. p. 118.
1565:, issue 50 (June 1991). A glow-in-the-dark cover for
1266:. An example of a less ambitious scale of changes is
2562:. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. pp. 3–24.
535:
saw the departure of key creators at Marvel such as
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498:(with issue 329). The post-Crisis world would have
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352:
344:
315:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1709:the Elemental Man. Other characters have included
1505:. In 1997, the Milestone Universe merged with the
4394:Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association
1637:Trade paperback (comics) § Readers and sales
2803:"No, Diversity Didn't Kill Marvel's Comic Sales"
2436:"Diamond Ended Up With 50% of the Comics Market"
1244:resulted in several miniseries which explicitly
1171:would have a silver-and-red armor in issue 200.
4193:Comics and comic strips made into feature films
2778:"Does the Comics Industry Need Disrupting Too?"
1650:finally being collected into trades". In 2015,
4384:Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association
4272:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection
1333:, which would serve as a prominent example of
3066:
1220:The 1990s would bring similar changes to the
8:
2974:. The-trades.com. 2002-08-14. Archived from
2510:. Santa Barbara, California. pp. 4–12.
1201:would switch to a brown and yellow costume,
1027:In the early 2000s, a series of blockbuster
2927:"2019 North American Comics Sales Rose 11%"
1952:The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay
1411:, famous for his long run as the writer of
384:An alternative name for this period is the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4432:British Amateur Press Association (comics)
4320:
4230:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
4093:
3791:
3498:
3307:
3073:
3059:
3051:
2538:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2320:Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture
1337:comics publishing. Marvel artists such as
1185:series resulted in a new lineup including
321:
4427:Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors
4341:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers
2637:
2220:Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books
1800:Learn how and when to remove this message
1697:. The first four have included Superman,
506:writing a brand-new Superman series, and
375:history of American superhero comic books
299:Learn how and when to remove this message
281:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
4549:1985 establishments in the United States
4389:Canadian Society for the Study of Comics
2318:Duncan, Randy; Smith, Mathew J. (2009).
2286:"When Were Superheroes Grim and Gritty?"
1842:, was recruited to write Marvel Comics'
1288:Image Comics and creator rights disputes
2659:. Vol. 43, no. 1. p. 27.
2499:
2497:
2235:
2531:
2409:Duin, Steve; Richardson, Mike (1998).
1513:Rise and fall of the speculator market
543:, and others. In these new companies (
312:
4247:Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel
2772:
2770:
2744:
2742:
2551:
2549:
2225:Portrayal of women in American comics
1467:Milestone Comics and ethnic diversity
800:challenged the previous model of the
7:
4198:Comics solicited but never published
2723:"Does Trade-Waiting "Hurt" a Comic?"
2438:. MileHighComics.com. Archived from
2322:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing US.
99:adding citations to reliable sources
4518:
4346:Australian Cartoonists' Association
4336:Association of Canadian Cartoonists
2249:. Vol. 38. 2008. p. 1028.
1746:Comics creators' mainstream success
467:would have a huge influence on the
2996:Salkowitz, Rob (October 8, 2019).
1631:Rise of the trade paperback format
926:Development of the X-Men franchise
872:and the violence-loving Lobo with
25:
2672:Journal of Academic Librarianship
2618:Journal of Academic Librarianship
2246:Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide
2091:In October 2019 industry analyst
1955:, a novel about the start of the
1745:
1598:#500 sold less than his death in
604:to create defining works such as
45:This article has multiple issues.
4517:
4508:
4507:
4496:
4484:
4447:Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund
4361:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas
4262:Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection
2383:#166 (February 1994), pp. 27–33.
2370:#148 (February 1992), pp. 11–12.
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2190:
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2148:
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1949:who won the Pulitzer Prize with
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1269:Green Arrow: The Longbow Hunters
1017:crash of the speculators' market
607:Green Arrow: The Longbow Hunters
239:
177:
75:
34:
4277:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
2877:MacDonald, Heidi (2020-07-15).
2721:Plummer, Jessica (2016-09-14).
2086:Original English-language manga
2050:Original English-language manga
1617:Diamond Comic Distributors Inc.
829:Batman: The Dark Knight Returns
700:(followed a few years later by
640:(which would later receive the
391:Batman: The Dark Knight Returns
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
4351:Comic Art Professional Society
3091:Glossary of comics terminology
1858:became the writer of Marvel's
1263:Wonder Woman: Gods and Mortals
1138:Makeovers and universe reboots
1060:, which, like Marvel's other "
718:line, under the editorship of
590:, Dave Steven's Rocketeer and
523:Rise of independent publishers
1:
4442:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
2484:"Marvel Files for Bankruptcy"
1917:Superman: The Animated Series
1394:, and especially McFarlane’s
1248:character histories, such as
1127:Superman: The Man of Tomorrow
819:Two artistically influential
4356:National Cartoonists Society
4145:Based on television programs
2684:10.1016/j.acalib.2009.01.008
2630:10.1016/j.acalib.2005.12.002
853:John Constantine, Hellblazer
4287:Words & Pictures Museum
2591:Polo, Susana (2015-05-01).
2290:Los Angeles Review of Books
1911:Batman: The Animated Series
1780:the claims made and adding
203:the claims made and adding
110:"Modern Age of Comic Books"
4595:
4579:2020s in the United States
4574:2010s in the United States
4569:2000s in the United States
4564:1990s in the United States
4559:1980s in the United States
4331:Academy of Comic Book Arts
4303:Center for Cartoon Studies
4225:Belgian Comic Strip Center
2702:beinecke1.library.yale.edu
2556:Serchay, David S. (2008).
2411:Comics: Between the Panels
1634:
1516:
1470:
1402:speculator market crashing
1307:
1121:Superman: The Man of Steel
946:(which would later become
826:contributed to the trend:
680:’s groundbreaking work on
4554:Modern Age of Comic Books
4479:
4437:Club des bandes dessinées
4171:Best-selling comic series
3749:Portrayal of black people
3088:
3036:. TwoMorrows Publishing.
2308:Voger, Mark (2006), p. 6.
1978:Justice League of America
1957:Golden Age of Comic Books
1943:New York Times Bestseller
1908:, producer and writer of
1612:Heroes World Distribution
1314:In the mid-1980s, artist
1242:Crisis on Infinite Earths
1237:Crisis on Infinite Earths
1145:Crisis on Infinite Earths
833:also by Frank Miller and
780:In the mid-1980s, Marvel
760:(based on the comic book
477:Crisis on Infinite Earths
471:in the 1980s and beyond.
411:Bronze Age of Comic Books
371:Modern Age of Comic Books
362:Bronze Age of Comic Books
320:
316:Modern Age of Comic Books
2434:Rozanski, Chuck (n.d.).
2019:Japanese popular culture
1871:Buffy the Vampire Slayer
1228:replacing Hal Jordan as
4242:British Cartoon Archive
4235:National Cartoon Museum
1431:, also made popular by
1094:supporting character(s)
743:Shade, the Changing Man
386:Dark Age of Comic Books
18:Dark Age of Comic Books
4452:Finnish Comics Society
4409:Svenska Serieakademien
4399:Comics Studies Society
4267:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo
3771:Women in Refrigerators
3766:The Hawkeye Initiative
3404:Female comics creators
2656:School Library Journal
2504:Phoenix, Jack (2020).
1886:, among other series.
1845:The Amazing Spider-Man
1834:J. Michael Straczynski
1596:Adventures of Superman
1305:
1257:Superman: Man of Steel
1109:Adventures of Superman
1072:Effect on other comics
808:. Miller also created
531:as editor-in-chief at
492:(with issue 423), and
348:c. 1985 – present
261:by rewriting it in an
4188:Comic books on CD/DVD
3438:Comics historiography
2095:presented data at an
2060:'s adaptation of the
2024:Comics Code Authority
1969:, as well as runs on
1681:fairs and the like".
1519:Comic book collecting
1443:WildStorm Productions
1295:
1278:in 2011 and Marvel's
1205:would be replaced by
1197:. Within the decade,
796:’s darker version of
658:Comics Code Authority
4404:Sequart Organization
4150:Based on video games
3732:Gender and webcomics
3297:Publishing companies
3032:Voger, Mark (2006).
2931:PublishersWeekly.com
2490:. December 27, 1996.
2015:Japan Bubble Economy
2010:Mai the Psychic Girl
1898:production assistant
1154:Silver Age of Comics
792:, and writer/artist
784:such as the X-Men's
95:improve this article
4462:The Hero Initiative
3742:American mainstream
3544:Comics in education
3147:Comic strip formats
3010:on October 10, 2019
2834:. December 21, 2017
2784:. November 12, 2019
1177:The Incredible Hulk
1150:Flash (Barry Allen)
910:. For example, the
373:is a period in the
4544:1985 comics debuts
4503:Cartoon portal
4257:The Cartoon Museum
4252:Cartoon Art Museum
3976:France and Belgium
3761:Portrayal of women
3754:African characters
3722:Ethnic stereotypes
2399:#22, December 1993
2381:The Comics Journal
2368:The Comics Journal
1868:, creator of TV's
1836:, creator of TV's
1765:possibly contains
1608:comic market crash
1306:
1301:#1 – cover art by
930:By the mid-1980s,
776:Rise of antiheroes
652:Fantasy and horror
502:as the new Flash,
486:(with issue 350),
263:encyclopedic style
250:is written like a
188:possibly contains
4531:
4530:
4491:Comics portal
4475:
4474:
4308:The Kubert School
4211:
4210:
4083:
4082:
3781:
3780:
3706:Widescreen comics
3549:Comics journalism
3419:
3418:
3211:Political cartoon
3152:Daily comic strip
2569:978-1-55570-626-5
2517:978-1-4408-6886-3
2069:Ninja High School
2028:Dark Horse Comics
1877:Astonishing X-Men
1874:, wrote Marvel's
1810:
1809:
1802:
1767:original research
1695:Showcase Presents
1627:after the crash.
1124:(and eventually,
457:The Uncanny X-Men
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4135:Based on fiction
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3868:China and Taiwan
3792:
3591:Graphic medicine
3534:Autobiographical
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3477:Japanese (manga)
3383:Japanese (manga)
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3017:
3015:
3006:. Archived from
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2953:. Peterdavid.net
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2112:Raina Telgemeier
1923:Detective Comics
1805:
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1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:inline citations
1758:
1757:
1750:
1686:Essential Marvel
1643:trade paperbacks
1489:, an example of
1479:Milestone Comics
1251:Batman: Year One
1187:Mister Fantastic
1037:X-Men: Evolution
874:graphic violence
870:John Constantine
754:titles, notably
622:by Truman. With
616:by Chaykin, and
513:Batman: Year One
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4216:Collections and
4207:
4181:manga magazines
4154:
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4114:Manga magazines
4079:
4063:
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3856:
3806:
3777:
3710:
3681:Talking animals
3657:
3618:Science fiction
3529:Anthropomorphic
3495:and narratology
3494:
3486:
3433:Years in comics
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3392:
3356:Jewish American
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3135:Trade paperback
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2058:Eternity Comics
2003:Legend of Kamui
1987:
1966:Identity Crisis
1856:Reginald Hudlin
1806:
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1759:
1755:
1748:
1639:
1633:
1521:
1515:
1503:Dwayne McDuffie
1499:Blood Syndicate
1475:
1473:Milestone Media
1469:
1420:Sovereign Seven
1409:Chris Claremont
1350:The New Mutants
1312:
1290:
1191:Invisible Woman
1173:Captain America
1140:
1074:
928:
778:
670:Gold Key Comics
654:
573:American Flagg!
525:
469:Marvel Universe
431:Chris Claremont
406:
353:Related periods
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4137:
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4017:
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3966:Czech Republic
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3492:Comics studies
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3179:Digital comics
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3169:
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3159:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Ongoing series
3122:
3117:
3115:Limited series
3112:
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3099:
3095:
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2689:
2678:(2): 162–169.
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2624:(2): 173–182.
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2159:
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2129:
2126:
1986:
1983:
1947:Michael Chabon
1929:Comics writer
1888:Richard Donner
1851:Fantastic Four
1815:Todd McFarlane
1808:
1807:
1790:September 2011
1762:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1670:public library
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1580:action figures
1517:Main article:
1514:
1511:
1471:Main article:
1468:
1465:
1455:Brent Anderson
1438:Battle Chasers
1369:Todd McFarlane
1308:Main article:
1303:Todd McFarlane
1289:
1286:
1195:Fantastic Four
1139:
1136:
1073:
1070:
1057:Ultimate X-Men
1046:Grant Morrison
994:action figures
983:limited series
927:
924:
824:limited series
804:as a cheerful
777:
774:
769:V for Vendetta
676:Starting with
653:
650:
642:Pulitzer Prize
632:Art Spiegelman
592:John Ostrander
568:Howard Chaykin
524:
521:
426:Fantastic Four
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402:
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4317:Organizations
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3845:United States
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3676:Decompression
3674:
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3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
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3634:
3633:Tijuana bible
3631:
3629:
3626:
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3616:
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3577:
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3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Comics poetry
3552:
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3545:
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3540:
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3364:
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3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
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3288:
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3271:
3268:
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3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Silent comics
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Graphic novel
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
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3165:
3163:
3162:Sunday comics
3160:
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3155:
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3148:
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3140:
3136:
3133:
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3043:1-893905-53-5
3039:
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3009:
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3004:
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2989:
2978:on 2013-03-25
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2142:Comics portal
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2132:
2127:
2125:
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2118:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:Milton Griepp
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1893:Action Comics
1889:
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1863:
1862:
1861:Black Panther
1857:
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1763:This section
1761:
1752:
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1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:Bleeding Cool
1733:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1723:Elongated Man
1720:
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1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Green Lantern
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1659:graphic novel
1655:
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1624:
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1597:
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1587:
1585:
1584:trading cards
1581:
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1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:Silver Surfer
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1540:Marvel Comics
1537:
1536:trading cards
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1439:
1434:
1433:Uncanny X-Men
1430:
1429:Joe Madureira
1426:
1422:
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1416:
1415:
1414:Uncanny X-Men
1410:
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1399:
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1366:
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1360:
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1342:
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1336:
1335:creator-owned
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908:supervillains
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894:
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886:
885:Marvel Comics
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4523:WikiProject
4159:Other lists
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3519:Alternative
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3201:Gag cartoon
3157:Lianhuanhua
3142:Comic strip
2397:Comic World
2395:reprinting
2074:Barry Blair
2044:digest size
2040:Shonen Jump
1972:Green Arrow
1939:Neil Gaiman
1931:Peter David
1902:Geoff Johns
1866:Joss Whedon
1848:and, later
1819:Neil Gaiman
1731:Screen Rant
1719:Teen Titans
1711:Green Arrow
1666:book stores
1568:Ghost Rider
1507:DC Universe
1463:for Image.
1447:Kurt Busiek
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1379:WildC.A.T.s
1359:Rob Liefeld
1281:Secret Wars
1226:Kyle Rayner
1222:DC Universe
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998:video games
943:New Mutants
859:Swamp Thing
757:Constantine
731:Doom Patrol
702:Garth Ennis
697:The Sandman
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666:Dell Comics
529:Jim Shooter
358:Preceded by
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2393:STARLOGGED
2295:2017-05-28
2231:References
2102:Dav Pilkey
1854:filmmaker
1823:Alan Moore
1774:improve it
1707:Metamorpho
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1529:collectors
1525:newspapers
1460:Astro City
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1364:Spider-Man
1320:Alan Moore
1316:Jack Kirby
1215:Apocalypse
1082:Spider-Man
1021:bankruptcy
841:Alan Moore
782:antiheroes
763:Hellblazer
737:Hellblazer
725:Animal Man
678:Alan Moore
624:Alan Moore
610:by Grell,
582:Steve Rude
578:Mike Baron
557:Mike Grell
504:John Byrne
500:Wally West
465:Sabretooth
415:John Byrne
379:comic book
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50:improve it
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4119:Webcomics
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3482:Webcomics
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3292:Letterers
3277:Colorists
3130:Minicomic
2727:Book Riot
2578:212375709
2534:cite book
2488:E! Online
2468:April 27,
2446:April 27,
2345:vol 2 #75
2036:Viz Media
1926:in 2006.
1906:Paul Dini
1839:Babylon 5
1778:verifying
1728:In 2018,
1703:Jonah Hex
1604:Marvel UK
1451:Alex Ross
1284:in 2015.
1246:retconned
1211:Archangel
1199:Wolverine
1193:, of the
1051:New X-Men
1006:animated
967:Wolverine
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662:EC Comics
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3351:American
3257:Creators
3189:Webcomic
3120:One-shot
3014:June 29,
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2883:The Beat
2639:2376/743
2343:Superman
2128:See also
2122:Bookscan
2082:Tokyopop
2063:Robotech
1883:Runaways
1721:and the
1715:Superman
1600:Superman
1487:Hardware
1457:created
1189:and the
1182:Avengers
1169:Iron Man
1103:Superman
1090:Superman
1078:Punisher
1062:Ultimate
1054:and the
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938:spin-off
916:Galactus
836:Watchmen
790:Punisher
714:). DC's
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3098:Formats
3026:Sources
2597:Polygon
2107:Dog Man
2078:Samurai
1997:Area 88
1937:writer
1935:Sandman
1772:Please
1653:Polygon
1545:X-Force
1372:formed
1354:X-Force
1345:Jim Lee
949:X-Force
920:Magneto
878:Vertigo
814:villain
810:Elektra
752:Vertigo
716:Vertigo
549:Eclipse
545:Pacific
445:), and
257:Please
195:Please
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3502:Genres
3468:events
3287:Inkers
3167:Topper
3082:Comics
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1592:Turok
1549:X-Men
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1340:X-Men
1298:Spawn
1162:Venom
1066:X-Men
1042:X-Men
1032:films
1030:X-Men
1008:X-Men
972:Cable
933:X-Men
912:Joker
901:Spawn
893:Venom
889:Cable
587:Nexus
553:First
142:JSTOR
128:books
4045:list
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3981:list
3931:list
3914:list
3890:list
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3861:Asia
3850:list
3737:LGBT
3611:list
3579:list
3409:list
3323:list
3270:list
3038:ISBN
3016:2020
2574:OCLC
2564:ISBN
2540:link
2522:OCLC
2512:ISBN
2470:2010
2448:2010
2415:ISBN
2357:#497
2324:ISBN
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2117:Guts
2110:and
2097:ICv2
2072:and
2056:and
2007:and
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