1442:
1295:
1002:
1380:
886:
158:
1553:
708:
1401:
1491:
527:. They measure about 80 to 100 cm (2.6 to 3.3 ft) in length, with a wingspan around 120 cm (3.9 ft), and weigh some 1,050 to 1,350 grams (37 to 48 oz). The males have black and dark-brown plumage, a short erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage, especially on the neck and underparts, and are a bit larger overall. Both have grey stippling on long
513:
835:
317:
497:
1339:
133:
1671:
1532:
597:
877:
used for mating. Males display to attract females by raising (but not stretching) their wings to wave them in an alternating fashion, bowing and snapping the bill, or giving twigs to potential mates. To strengthen the pair bond, partners rub their bills or wave, point upwards or bow their necks in
3033:
Cione, Alberto Luis; de las
Mercedes Azpelicueta, MarĂa; Bond, Mariano; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Casciotta, Jorge R.; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto; de la Fuente, Marcelo; Gasparini, Zulma; Goin, Francisco J.; Noriega, Jorge; ScillatoyanĂ©, Gustavo J.; Soibelzon, Leopoldo; Tonni, Eduardo Pedro; Verzi, Diego
1188:
of darters and cormorants that was dropped again in some of the latter, or whether it evolved independently in darters and those cormorants that do it, is not clear. The male raised-wing display seems to be a synapomorphy of the Sulae; like almost all cormorants and shags but unlike almost all
905:
are made of twigs and lined with leaves; they are built in trees or reeds, usually near water. Typically, the male gathers nesting material and brings it to the female, which does most of the actual construction work. Nest construction takes only a few days (about three at most), and the pairs
1706:
origin. With fossil gannets being known since the mid-Eocene (c. 40 Ma) and fossil cormorants appearing soon thereafter, the origin of the darters as a distinct lineage was presumably around 50–40 Ma, maybe a bit earlier.
826:
has also been noted. But many would-be predators know better than to try to catch a darter. The long neck and pointed bill in combination with the "darting" mechanism make the birds dangerous even to larger carnivorous
922:
for 25 to 30 days, starting after the first has been laid; they hatch asynchronously. To provide warmth to the eggs, the parents will cover them with their large webbed feet, because like their relatives they lack a
1193:
bent as they lift the wings in display, but their alternating wing-waving, which they also show before take-off, is unique. That they often balance with their outstretched wings during walking is probably an
676:, but are highly territorial on the nest: despite being a colonial nester, breeding pairs – especially males – will stab at any other bird that ventures within reach of their long neck and bill. The
460:
species occurs in any one region. It refers to their long thin neck, which has a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged, or when mated pairs twist it during their bonding
1674:
Spine, tendons and musculature of the neck showing the elongated vertebrae (3–8) that enable the darting movements. The tendon that runs behind the spine runs under a fibrous bridge ("bridge of
580:
Darter vocalizations include a clicking or rattling when flying or perching. In the nesting colonies, adults communicate with croaks, grunts or rattles. During breeding, adults sometimes give a
2607:, apparently ancestral to the Old World lineages: Martin & Mengel (1975), Brodkorb & Mourer-ChauvirĂ© (1982), Olson (1985): p.206, Becker (1986), Mackness (1995), MlĂkovskĂ˝ (2002): p.73
949:
Darter eggs are edible and considered delicious by some; they are locally collected by humans as food. The adults are also eaten occasionally, as they are rather meaty birds (comparable to a
1441:
878:
unison. When one partner comes to relieve the other at the nest, males and females use the same display the male employs during courtship; during changeovers, the birds may also "
2164:
734:
to impale the food animal. They do not dive deep but make use of their low buoyancy made possible by wettable plumage, small air sacs and denser bones. On the underside of the
2430:
946:
These birds reach sexual maturity by about two years, and generally live to around nine years. The maximum possible lifespan of darters seems to be about sixteen years.
750:. After they have stabbed the prey, they return to the surface where they toss their food into the air and catch it again, so that they can swallow it head-first. Like
758:
and their plumage gets wet during diving. To dry their feathers after diving, darters move to a safe location and spread their wings. Darters go through a synchronous
2931:
Brodkorb, Pierce; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (1982). "Fossil anhingas (Aves: Anhingidae) from Early Man sites of Hadar and Omo (Ethiopia) and
Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)".
4346:
3380:
4454:
4372:
1627:), respectively. In the former case, however, the remains are larger than those of the geographically closest extant population of long-tailed cormorants on
2784:
Alvarenga, Herculano M.F.; Guilherme, Edson (2003). "The anhingas (Aves: Anhingidae) from the upper tertiary (Miocene-Pliocene) of southwestern
Amazonia".
3002:
Campbell, K.E. Jr. (1996). "A new species of giant anhinga (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Anhingidae) from the upper
Miocene (Huayquerian) of Amazonian Peru".
1726:, and thus it is likely that the family originated there. Some of the genera which ultimately became extinct were very large, and a tendency to become
762:
of all their primaries and secondaries making them temporarily flightless, although it is possible that some individuals go through incomplete moults.
4459:
2324:
Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré (1982), Olson (1985): p.207, Becker (1986), Christidis & Boles (2008): p.100, Mayr (2009): pp.67–70, Myers et al.
4320:
3102:
Kennedy, Martyn; Spencer, Hamish G.; Gray, Russell D. (1996). "Hop, step and gape: do the social displays of the
Pelecaniformes reflect phylogeny?
4359:
391:
3028:
3457:
901:
Breeding is seasonal (peaking in March/April) at the northern end of their range; elsewhere they can be found breeding all year round. The
3054:
730:
of comparable size. These birds are foot-propelled divers which quietly stalk and ambush their prey; then they use their sharply pointed
2786:
2507:, but distinctness in space and time makes assignment to that species questionable: Mackness (1995), Alvarenga & Guilherme (2003)
1126:
were initially believed to be cormorants or shags (see below). Some earlier authors included the darters in the
Phalacrocoracidae as
3407:
3245:
3096:
2659:
2455:
1160:
data. While the darters' lack of many display behaviors is shared with gannets (and that of a few with cormorants), these are all
4421:
3327:
1675:
660:
flight they are rather cumbersome. On dry land, darters walk with a high-stepped gait, wings often spread for balance, just like
1294:
4364:
3307:
1814:. With their considerable stamina and continent-wide distribution abilities (as evidenced by the anhinga and the Old World
3326:
Noriega, Jorge
Ignacio (1994): Las Aves del "Mesopotamiense" de la provincia de Entre RĂos, Argentina . Doctoral thesis,
3413:
2738:
2734:
2687:
2652:
2558:(LACM 135357-135358), three humerus pieces (LACM 135360, 135362-135363), probably also the almost complete left humerus
2543:
2480:
4268:
4255:
1051:
2248:
Ornithologie, ou, MĂ©thode
Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés
1044:
1134:. However, as this agrees quite well with the fossil evidence, some unite the Anhingidae and Phalacrocoracidae in a
484:. It is sometimes called "water turkey" in the southern United States; though the anhinga is quite unrelated to the
2616:
2559:
2488:
2356:
1001:
3320:
3262:
2886:
2666:, but apparently a close relative: Martin & Mengel (1975), Olson (1985): p.206, Becker (1986), Campbell (1992)
1379:
4377:
3900:
3057:[Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]
936:
3055:"Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely"
3035:
157:
4035:
3930:
3450:
3338:
3198:
2844:
2243:
1024:
371:
243:
1899:(Late Miocene of C Europe ?and Tunisia, East Africa, Pakistan and Thailand –? Sahabi Early Pliocene of Libya)
1730:
has been noted in prehistoric darters. Their distinctness has been doubted, but this was due to the supposed
3543:
1539:
1424:
573:
changes in color between yellow, red or brown seasonally. The young hatch naked, but soon grow white or tan
300:
31:
2496:
4208:
3910:
810:
38:
4408:
4116:
3971:
3905:
3553:
3548:
2394:
Miller (1966), Olson (1975), Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré (1982), Olson (1985): p.206, Mackness (1995)
2158:
1620:
1612:
1576:
1514:
1362:
1138:
1131:
1078:
565:
changes from pink or yellow to black, and the bare facial skin, otherwise yellow or yellow-green, turns
468:
term when referring to particular species. It alludes to their manner of procuring food, as they impale
405:
4273:
3997:
2492:
1631:: they thus might belong to an extinct subspecies (Mauritian cormorant), which would have to be called
831:, and they will actually move toward an intruder to attack rather than defending passively or fleeing.
3331:
2986:
4426:
4387:
4294:
4085:
4045:
4015:
3316:
3177:
2942:
2794:
1835:
1691:
1387:
1214:
907:
288:
1213:". The supposed traits uniting them, like all-webbed toes and a bare gular sac, are now known to be
885:
664:
do. They tend to gather in flocks – sometimes up to about 100 birds – and frequently associate with
4449:
4040:
4007:
3806:
3710:
3443:
2822:
2278:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 170.
1972:
1718:
darters similar to those still alive have been described, as well as some more distinct genera now
1659:
870:
692:
601:
2305:
1114:(gannets and boobies). Cormorants and darters are extremely similar as regards their body and leg
4183:
3935:
3563:
3367:
3295:
3287:
3223:
3166:, a New Pygmy Darter from the Early Pliocene Bluff Downs Local Fauna, North-eastern Queensland".
3150:
3123:
2919:
2911:
2873:
2810:
2195:
1959:
961:
are also collected in a few places to raise the young. Sometimes this is done for food, but some
644:; the populations in the coolest parts of the range may migrate however. Their preferred mode of
329:
224:
152:
2299:
2137:
Ryan, PG (2007). "Diving in shallow water: the foraging ecology of darters (Aves: Anhingidae)".
1971:, was in old times considered a primitive darter. However, it is also placed in its own family (
1743:
540:
4413:
1754:
4395:
4281:
4158:
4002:
3956:
3880:
3680:
3637:
3558:
3403:
3241:
3092:
3070:
3024:
3018:
3014:
2675:
2576:
2566:; apparently distinct from the living genus: Campbell (1992), Alvarenga & Guilherme (2003)
2555:
1976:
1892:
1699:
1145:
1107:
978:
974:
874:
735:
566:
521:
461:
4351:
939:
of partly digested food when young, switching to entire food items as they grow older. After
918:(usually about four) which have a pale green color. The eggs are laid within 24–48 hours and
4400:
4111:
3961:
3915:
3833:
3737:
3657:
3590:
3488:
3395:
3359:
3279:
3270:
3215:
3185:
3142:
3115:
2981:
2950:
2903:
2894:
2865:
2802:
2761:
and probably its direct ancestor: Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré (1982), Olson (1985): p.206
2635:), probably not very closely related to any living species: Alvarenga & Guilherme (2003)
2187:
2146:
1727:
1648:
1210:
1096:
928:
919:
782:
444:, three of which are very common and widespread while the fourth is rarer and classified as
433:
4246:
3435:
707:
3966:
3925:
3796:
3700:
3466:
3250:
2750:
2683:
2662:
25739 (another humerus piece). Longer-winged, about 25% larger than and twice as heavy as
2596:
2584:
2539:
2311:
2058:
1655:
1552:
1302:
838:
688:
677:
561:, but the bare parts vary in color around the year. During breeding, however, their small
558:
488:, they are both large, blackish birds with long tails that are sometimes hunted for food.
445:
282:
1081:
401:
3181:
2963:
2946:
2798:
2346:
Christidis & Boles (2008): p.100, Answers.com , Mayr (2009): pp.67–70, Myers et al.
1818:), the smaller lineage has survived for over 20 Ma. As evidenced by the fossil species'
4178:
4173:
4168:
3976:
3920:
3885:
3801:
3642:
3399:
1202:
1161:
1135:
1005:
747:
720:
649:
641:
629:
574:
341:
260:
141:
2954:
1773:(Middle/Late Miocene – Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of SC South America) – may include
1654:
is not specifically distinct from the
Australasian darter; it might have been a large
1400:
943:, the young are fed for about two more weeks while they learn to hunt for themselves.
4443:
4152:
4142:
4137:
4065:
3871:
3350:
3206:
3168:
3154:
2972:
2856:
2520:
2150:
2046:
1853:
1723:
1711:
1683:
1084:. However, in its first documented use as an English term in 1818, it referred to an
950:
911:
802:
798:
683:
381:
266:
90:
51:
3299:
3254:
3127:
2923:
2814:
2199:
1490:
4286:
4132:
4122:
4076:
3895:
3647:
2500:
2083:
1979:
member of the Sulae and/or close to the common ancestor of cormorants and darters.
1819:
1815:
1449:
1249:
1206:
1185:
1157:
1036:
927:. The last young to hatch will usually starve in years with little food available.
842:
727:
512:
294:
252:
4260:
3315:
Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C.S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G.S. & Dewey, T.A. :
834:
316:
3235:
4333:
4240:
4163:
4147:
4026:
3705:
3662:
3652:
3534:
3484:
2742:
2624:
2600:
2551:
2467:
2273:
2255:
2251:
2070:
1827:
1766:
1759:
1715:
1222:
1195:
1165:
1119:
1009:
986:
924:
774:
755:
645:
625:
617:
551:
532:
496:
485:
65:
2360:
628:
lakes, rivers, marshes, swamps, and are less often found along the seashore in
4127:
4096:
3947:
3470:
2933:
2269:
2099:
2066:
2054:
1780:
1628:
1226:
1177:
1169:
1153:
819:
790:
778:
723:
570:
465:
457:
209:
110:
75:
1995:
Walter J. Bock (1994): History and
Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names.
1690:
already and appears to be lacking its base. The other families placed in the
456:
is usually used without any additions to signify whichever of the completely
4307:
4105:
3890:
3829:
2869:
2112:
2062:
2050:
1964:
1703:
1600:
1596:
1181:
1149:
1127:
1085:
1062:
982:
977:. With an increasing number of nomads settling down in recent decades, this
932:
902:
867:
863:
823:
751:
696:
621:
562:
169:
115:
59:
4231:
3199:"A new species of anhinga (Anhingidae) from the Upper Pliocene of Nebraska"
3146:
3119:
2178:
Ryan, Peter G. (2014). "Moult of Flight Feathers in Darters (Anhingidae)".
1338:
1069:
forest spirit; it is often translated as "devil bird". The name changed to
1244:, although the Old World ones were often lumped together as subspecies of
596:
132:
4225:
2754:
2726:
2679:
2645:
2620:
2580:
2532:
2191:
1687:
1115:
1100:
958:
940:
915:
770:
657:
637:
613:
585:
528:
429:
189:
105:
100:
85:
80:
70:
1670:
746:-like mechanism that can project the neck, head and bill forward like a
4056:
3857:
3791:
3768:
3614:
3586:
3520:
3371:
3291:
3227:
2915:
2877:
2655:
2628:
2592:
2484:
2459:
2124:
2087:
1968:
1830:
seems to have been the main driver of the genus' success and survival:
1823:
1811:
1803:
1719:
1288:
1173:
1111:
1028:
954:
890:
661:
653:
547:
524:
501:
481:
441:
120:
95:
17:
3189:
2832:
1826:, with the younger species ranging eastwards out of the Americas, the
1198:
of darters, necessitated by their being plumper than the other Sulae.
3691:
3004:
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science
2517:
2426:
2116:
2095:
1885:(Late Miocene –? Early Pliocene of SC South America) – may belong in
1807:
1698:, the most distinct – frigatebirds – being known since almost 50 Ma (
1695:
1123:
970:
846:
828:
739:
633:
543:
179:
4338:
4325:
4202:
3363:
3283:
3219:
2907:
1221:
than of the Sulae. Hence, the Sulae and the frigatebirds – and some
4312:
981:
is in danger of being lost. On the other hand, as evidenced by the
3988:
3846:
3757:
3741:
3628:
3603:
3509:
3492:
3042:
Aceñolaza, F.G. & Herbst, R. (eds.): El Neógeno de Argentina.
2753:(W 731), and well-preserved (10 736) and fragmentary (2870) right
2730:
2690:
2588:
2562:-4562. A rather short-winged species about two-thirds larger than
2120:
2091:
1669:
1640:
1531:
1238:
1218:
1190:
1103:
1066:
1017:
1000:
966:
962:
884:
873:
at least for a breeding season. There are many different types of
850:
833:
759:
743:
706:
669:
665:
595:
511:
495:
397:
3053:
Gál, Erika; HĂr, János; Kessler, EugĂ©n; KĂłkay, JĂłzsef (1998–99).
2806:
1866:(Middle Miocene of Colombia –? Late Pliocene of SC South America)
695:
along with other human interferences (such as egg collection and
2746:
2709:
2648:
2547:
2535:
1237:
There are four living species of darters recognized, all in the
1176:
also. Like cormorants but unlike other birds, darters use their
990:
879:
731:
716:
699:
overuse) are the main reasons for declining darter populations.
673:
536:
473:
469:
449:
199:
4206:
3827:
3731:
3584:
3482:
3439:
3036:
Miocene vertebrates from Entre RĂos province, eastern Argentina
1088:
darter. Ever since, it has also been used for the modern genus
4299:
2745:(L 193-78), a proximal (AL 225-3) and a distal (11 234) left
2697:
and apparently quite distinct: Becker (1986), Mackness (1995)
2587:; additional material includes another cervical vertebra and
1184:
in display. Whether the pointing display of mates is another
2839:(6th ed.). Columbia University Press. Retrieved 2009-Sep-09.
957:
they do not taste particularly good though. Darter eggs and
2770:
Olson (1985): p.206, Mackness (1995), Mayr (2009): pp.62–63
1908:(Solimões Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of SC South America)
1872:
sp. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary) –
1335:
southern United States, Mexico, Cuba, and Grenada, Brazil.
989:
seem to have considered the anhinga a kind of bird of ill
1738:, rather than due to them resembling the living species:
554:, and their legs are short and set far back on the body.
1926:(Allingham Early Pliocene of Charters Towers, Australia)
862:
They usually breed in colonies, occasionally mixed with
711:
Darter tossing its prey in air and swallowing it, India
953:); like other fish-eating birds such as cormorants or
3023:. CSIRO Publishing, CollingwoodVictoria, Australia.
1999:, number 222; with application of article 36 of ICZN.
1842:(Late Oligocene to Early Miocene of central Australia
1130:
Anhingina, but this is nowadays generally considered
4012:
2433:
rules. An apparently flightless species the size of
2250:(in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
2020:
Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré (1982), Myers et al.
1611:. But these are actually misidentified bones of the
1229:, which is sometimes dubbed "Phalacrocoraciformes".
37:"Snakebird" redirects here. For the video game, see
4215:
4094:
4074:
4054:
4024:
3986:
3945:
3869:
3845:
3780:
3756:
3689:
3671:
3626:
3602:
3532:
3508:
3263:"An Evaluation of the Fossil Anhingas of Australia"
2361:"Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies, cormorants"
1997:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1217:, and pelicans are apparently closer relatives of
1144:The Sulae are also united by their characteristic
2987:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696712A93582012.en
2163:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1851:(Early Miocene of Thomas Farm, US) – formerly in
1757:" (Middle/Late Miocene of Paraná, Argentina) – a
1095:This family is very closely related to the other
2733:(AL 288-52). Additional material consists of a
2631:). The smallest known darter (30% smaller than
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
588:communicate with squealing or squawking calls.
3240:. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg & New York.
2849:Brodkorb as the earliest record of Anhingidae"
2523:: Gál et al. (1998–99), MlĂkovskĂ˝ (2002): p.74
1225:relatives – are increasingly separated as the
3451:
2705:
2703:
1945:(Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of E Africa)
1201:The Sulae were traditionally included in the
8:
3020:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
1787:(Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Uruguay)
1686:of the Anhingidae is rather dense, but very
324:World distribution of the family Anhingidae
2887:"Two New Birds from the Miocene of Florida"
436:Anhingidae, which contains a single genus,
4203:
3851:
3842:
3824:
3762:
3753:
3728:
3608:
3599:
3581:
3514:
3505:
3479:
3458:
3444:
3436:
3063:Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis
1932:sp. (Early Pliocene of Bone Valley, US) –
1549:Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
1252:with regard to the more distinct anhinga:
315:
131:
43:
3394:: 206–207 (Section X.G.5.c. Anhingidae).
2985:
2550:end (LACM 135361), a well-preserved left
2211:
2209:
2007:
2005:
2416:(2000), Alvarenga & Guilherme (2003)
1603:known only from bones were described as
1254:
1189:gannets and boobies, darters keep their
973:train tame darters to be employed as in
3091:. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
2011:Answers.com , BLI (2009), Myers et al.
1988:
1802:were presumably distributed in similar
1466:
1397:tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.
1319:
1023:was introduced by the French zoologist
3312:(Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague.
3034:& Guiomar Vucetich, MarĂa (2000):
2627:) and UFAC-4719 (almost complete left
2156:
1710:Fossil Anhingidae are known since the
931:is given and the young are considered
3089:A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2437:: Noriega (1994), Cione et al. (2000)
2367:. International Ornithologists' Union
2272:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
1917:(Late Miocene –? Late Pliocene of US)
1283:IUCN status and estimated population
7:
4455:Extant Burdigalian first appearances
4388:0db465c3-58d2-48d6-9a98-44a86a5f963a
4155:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
3197:Martin, Larry; Mengel, R.G. (1975).
2837:In: Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
2403:Becker (1986), Mayr (2009): pp.67–70
2215:Kennedy et al. (1996), Myers et al.
1943:Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré, 1982
516:Australasian darter drying its wings
3253:(MW) : Online English Dictionary –
3044:INSUGEO Serie CorrelaciĂłn GeolĂłgica
2973:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2538:135356 is a slightly damaged right
2429:and hence not validly according to
1954:(Early – Late Pleistocene of SE US)
1694:sequentially appear throughout the
1678:") in the shortened ninth vertebra.
306:
3400:10.1016/b978-0-12-249408-6.50011-x
2385:Olson (1985): p.207, Becker (1986)
1617:Microcarbo/Phalacrocorax africanus
1077:as it was transferred to the Tupi–
719:; far more rarely, they eat other
25:
2644:Assorted material, including the
985:of "anhinga" detailed below, the
715:Darters feed mainly on mid-sized
4460:Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach
3328:Universidad Nacional de La Plata
2470:: Brodkorb (1956), Becker (1986)
2275:Check-list of Birds of the World
2151:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04070.x
2057:(carps, minnows and relatives),
1785:Rinderknecht & Noriega, 2002
1551:
1530:
1489:
1440:
1399:
1378:
1337:
1293:
1148:behavior, which agrees with the
738:5–7 is a keel, which allows for
640:. Most are sedentary and do not
624:regions. They typically inhabit
520:Anhingidae are large birds with
480:) is more commonly known as the
156:
3339:"An Evaluation of the Supposed
3017:& Boles, Walter E. (2008):
2962:BirdLife International (2016).
2359:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
2115:(crabs, crayfish and shrimps),
1906:Alvarenga & Guilherme, 2003
1722:. The diversity was highest in
1274:Scientific name and subspecies
1110:(cormorants and shags) and the
374:, 1777 (unjustified emendation)
2693:piece). Slightly smaller than
616:in distribution, ranging into
550:. The darters have completely
1:
2955:10.1016/S0016-6995(82)80071-5
1639:) – quite ironically, as the
584:or sighing or hissing calls.
3554:Christmas Island frigatebird
3381:"The Fossil Record of Birds"
3065:(in Hungarian and English).
2843:Becker, Jonathan J. (1986).
2542:; other material includes a
2462:half. About 15% larger than
2073:(livebearers): Myers et al.
1487:sub-Saharan Africa and Iraq.
773:of darters are mainly large
3309:Cenozoic Birds of the World
2365:World Bird List Version 9.1
2224:Answers.com , Myers et al.
4476:
3087:Jobling, James A. (1991):
2623:, an almost complete left
2603:pieces. About as large as
1633:Microcarbo africanus nanus
1122:. In fact, several darter
464:. "Darter" is used with a
36:
29:
3854:
3841:
3823:
3765:
3752:
3727:
3611:
3598:
3580:
3517:
3504:
3478:
3379:Olson, Storrs L. (1985).
3337:Olson, Storrs L. (1975).
3261:Miller, Alden H. (1966).
3162:Mackness, Brian (1995). "
2885:Brodkorb, Pierce (1956).
2847:"Phalacrocorax" subvolans
2778:General and cited sources
2737:left femur (AL 305-2), a
2729:is a well-preserved left
2288:Jobling (1991): p.48, MW
2244:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
2090:(newts and salamanders),
1915:Martin & Mengel, 1975
1810:in the hotter and wetter
1607:("Mauritian darter") and
1527:
1437:
1375:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1008:on the waterfront of the
997:Systematics and evolution
472:with their thin, pointed
335:
328:
323:
314:
279:
274:
258:
251:
153:Scientific classification
151:
139:
130:
46:
4036:Double-crested cormorant
3931:White-breasted cormorant
3323:. Retrieved 2009-Sep-09.
3306:MlĂkovskĂ˝, JirĂ (2002):
3257:. Retrieved 2009-Sep-09.
2980:: e.T22696712A93582012.
2828:. Retrieved 2009-SEP-09.
2757:. Slightly smaller than
2069:(eeltail catfishes) and
1967:phalacrocoraciform from
1750:(Early Miocene of Chile)
1734:being rather similar to
1025:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
754:, they have a vestigial
592:Distribution and ecology
440:. There are four living
3979:(long-tailed cormorant)
3544:Magnificent frigatebird
3069:: 33–78. Archived from
2686:) and QM FF2365 (right
2458:4500, a proximal right
2315:: Mayr (2009): pp.65–67
1806:as today, ranging into
1798:Prehistoric members of
1595:Extinct "darters" from
1540:Anhinga novaehollandiae
1065:refers to a malevolent
866:or herons. The darters
606:Anhinga novaehollandiae
535:. The sharply pointed
476:. The American darter (
301:Anhinga novaehollandiae
32:Darter (disambiguation)
4108:(Magellanic cormorant)
3938:(Temminck's cormorant)
3911:Little black cormorant
3473:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
3237:Paleogene Fossil Birds
3147:10.1006/anbe.1996.0124
3120:10.1006/anbe.1996.0028
2787:J. Vertebr. Paleontol.
2153:(inactive 2024-09-18).
1679:
1637:Phalacrocorax a. nanus
1013:
910:at the nest site. The
898:
854:
815:Haliaeetus leucoryphus
712:
609:
539:has serrated edges, a
517:
509:
39:Snakebird (video game)
4409:Paleobiology Database
4117:New Zealand king shag
3972:Little pied cormorant
3906:Black-faced cormorant
3549:Ascension frigatebird
3234:Mayr, Gerald (2009):
2870:10.1093/auk/103.4.804
2845:"Reidentification of
2503:). Size identical to
2497:Cachoeira do Bandeira
2233:AnAge , Myers et al.
1673:
1621:little pied cormorant
1613:long-tailed cormorant
1004:
897:) in breeding plumage
888:
837:
710:
620:and barely into warm
599:
515:
499:
4086:Red-legged cormorant
4046:Flightless cormorant
4016:Spectacled cormorant
3836:: Phalacrocoracidae)
3740:: Anhingidae ·
3491:: Fregatidae ·
3317:Animal Diversity Web
2966:Anhinga melanogaster
2712:fossils larger than
2192:10.5253/078.101.0213
1836:Anhinga walterbolesi
1822:centered around the
1692:Phalacrocoraciformes
1528:Australasian darter
1388:Anhinga melanogaster
1043:is derived from the
1031:or American darter (
742:to attach to form a
289:Anhinga melanogaster
30:For other uses, see
4041:Neotropic cormorant
4008:Red-faced cormorant
3807:Australasian darter
3711:Australasian gannet
3587:Gannets and boobies
3182:1995EmuAO..95..265M
2947:1982Geobi..15..505B
2799:2003JVPal..23..614A
2554:(LACM 135357), two
2446:Olson (1985): p.206
2086:(frogs and toads),
1291:or American darter
1267:
1164:that are absent in
914:size is two to six
811:Pallas's fish eagle
693:Habitat destruction
612:Darters are mostly
602:Australasian darter
4184:South Georgia shag
4119:(rough-faced shag)
3998:Brandt's cormorant
3936:Japanese cormorant
3564:Lesser frigatebird
3164:Anhinga malagurala
2749:, a proximal left
2556:cervical vertebrae
2493:Solimões Formation
1940:Anhinga hadarensis
1921:Anhinga malagurala
1880:"Anhinga" fraileyi
1775:"Anhinga" fraileyi
1732:"Anhinga" fraileyi
1702:) and probably of
1680:
1625:M./P. melanoleucos
1255:
1248:. They may form a
1139:Phalacrocoracoidea
1061:), which in local
1027:in 1760, with the
1014:
935:. They are fed by
899:
855:
841:nesting colony at
807:Circus aeruginosus
736:cervical vertebrae
713:
610:
608:, drying its wings
522:sexually dimorphic
518:
510:
432:waterbirds in the
4437:
4436:
4396:Open Tree of Life
4209:Taxon identifiers
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4159:Heard Island shag
4003:Pelagic cormorant
3957:Crowned cormorant
3881:Socotra cormorant
3865:
3864:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3776:
3775:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3638:Blue-footed booby
3622:
3621:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3559:Great frigatebird
3528:
3527:
3190:10.1071/MU9950265
3141:(5): 1197. 1996.
3029:978-0-643-06511-6
2577:cervical vertebra
2297:E.g. genera like
1975:) and might be a
1953:
1944:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1893:Anhinga pannonica
1884:
1850:
1846:Anhinga subvolans
1841:
1786:
1772:
1749:
1700:million years ago
1647:means dwarf. The
1592:
1591:
1546:
1456:
1394:
1327:A. a. leucogaster
1309:
1280:Size and ecology
1265:
1211:higher waterbirds
1162:symplesiomorphies
1108:Phalacrocoracidae
979:cultural heritage
975:cormorant fishing
882:" at each other.
787:Corvus coronoides
777:birds, including
632:estuaries, bays,
414:
413:
409:
395:
385:
375:
361:
354:
345:
247:
228:
16:(Redirected from
4467:
4430:
4429:
4417:
4416:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4264:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4204:
4112:Guanay cormorant
4014:
3962:Little cormorant
3916:Indian cormorant
3852:
3843:
3825:
3763:
3754:
3729:
3658:Red-footed booby
3609:
3600:
3582:
3515:
3506:
3480:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3412:. Archived from
3385:
3375:
3347:
3303:
3267:
3231:
3203:
3193:
3158:
3135:Animal Behaviour
3131:
3108:Animal Behaviour
3104:Animal Behaviour
3084:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3060:
3011:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2958:
2927:
2891:
2881:
2853:
2818:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2723:
2717:
2707:
2698:
2673:
2667:
2642:
2636:
2614:
2608:
2573:
2567:
2530:
2524:
2514:
2508:
2491:-4721) from the
2477:
2471:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2134:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2080:
2074:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2000:
1993:
1951:
1942:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1882:
1849:(Brodkorb, 1956)
1848:
1839:
1784:
1770:
1747:
1652:Anhinga laticeps
1649:Late Pleistocene
1580:
1555:
1544:
1534:
1518:
1493:
1454:
1444:
1428:
1403:
1392:
1382:
1376:Oriental darter
1366:
1341:
1308:(Linnaeus, 1766)
1307:
1297:
1268:
1263:
929:Bi-parental care
817:). Predation by
795:Corvus splendens
783:Australian raven
682:A. melanogaster
546:and no external
400:
390:
380:
370:
359:
353:Rafinesque, 1815
352:
340:
319:
242:
223:
161:
160:
135:
125:
62:
50:Temporal range:
44:
21:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4425:
4420:
4412:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4386:
4384:
4376:
4371:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4337:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4211:
4201:
4188:
4090:
4070:
4050:
4020:
3982:
3967:Pygmy cormorant
3941:
3926:Great cormorant
3861:
3837:
3811:
3797:Oriental darter
3772:
3748:
3715:
3701:Northern gannet
3685:
3667:
3618:
3594:
3568:
3524:
3500:
3474:
3464:
3434:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3383:
3378:
3364:10.2307/4084567
3345:
3336:
3284:10.2307/1365447
3265:
3260:
3251:Merriam-Webster
3220:10.2307/4084425
3201:
3196:
3161:
3132:
3101:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3058:
3052:
3015:Christidis, Les
3001:
2992:
2990:
2961:
2930:
2908:10.2307/1365055
2889:
2884:
2851:
2842:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2751:carpometacarpus
2724:
2720:
2716:: Becker (1986)
2708:
2701:
2695:A. melanogaster
2684:carpometacarpus
2674:
2670:
2643:
2639:
2615:
2611:
2597:tarsometatarsus
2585:carpometacarpus
2574:
2570:
2540:tarsometatarsus
2531:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2478:
2474:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2155:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2127:: Myers et al.
2110:
2106:
2102:: Myers et al.
2081:
2077:
2059:Cyprinodontidae
2044:
2040:
2035:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1949:Anhinga beckeri
1912:Anhinga grandis
1897:Lambrecht, 1916
1748:Alvarenga, 1995
1668:
1656:paleosubspecies
1594:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1543:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1438:African darter
1432:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1391:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:Anhinga anhinga
1266:– four species
1246:A. melanogaster
1235:
1180:to stretch the
1152:as laid out by
1033:Anhinga anhinga
999:
860:
839:Oriental darter
768:
705:
689:Near Threatened
678:Oriental darter
594:
559:eclipse plumage
494:
446:near-threatened
396:
386:
376:
366:
363:
357:
355:
350:
348:
346:
338:
304:
298:
292:
286:
283:Anhinga anhinga
270:
264:
241:
222:
155:
144:
126:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
57:
56:
55:
48:
42:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4473:
4471:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4418:
4405:
4392:
4382:
4369:
4356:
4343:
4330:
4317:
4304:
4291:
4278:
4265:
4252:
4237:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4179:Macquarie shag
4176:
4174:Kerguelen shag
4171:
4169:Antarctic shag
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3977:Reed cormorant
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Cape cormorant
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3901:Pied cormorant
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Bank cormorant
3883:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3802:African darter
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3732:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3681:Abbott's booby
3677:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:Peruvian booby
3640:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3483:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3433:
3432:External links
3430:
3429:
3428:
3408:
3376:
3358:(2): 374–376.
3334:
3324:
3313:
3304:
3278:(4): 315–320.
3258:
3248:
3232:
3214:(1): 137–140.
3194:
3176:(4): 265–271.
3159:
3114:(2): 273–291.
3099:
3085:
3050:
3031:
3012:
2999:
2959:
2941:(4): 505–515.
2928:
2902:(5): 367–370.
2882:
2864:(4): 804–808.
2840:
2831:Answers.com :
2829:
2826:longevity data
2819:
2793:(3): 614–621.
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2763:
2718:
2699:
2668:
2637:
2609:
2568:
2525:
2509:
2472:
2448:
2439:
2418:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2348:
2339:
2326:
2317:
2290:
2281:
2261:
2256:Vol. 6, p. 476
2235:
2226:
2217:
2205:
2186:(4): 177–180.
2170:
2145:(4): 507–514.
2129:
2104:
2098:and even baby
2075:
2038:
2022:
2013:
2001:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1927:
1924:Mackness, 1995
1918:
1909:
1903:Anhinga minuta
1900:
1889:
1883:Campbell, 1996
1877:
1867:
1857:
1843:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1763:
1751:
1714:; a number of
1667:
1664:
1590:
1589:
1579: LC
1574:
1556:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1524:
1517: LC
1512:
1494:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:A. r. chantrei
1463:Two subspecies
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1455:(Daudin, 1802)
1446:
1435:
1434:
1427: NT
1422:
1404:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1365: LC
1360:
1342:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1316:Two subspecies
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1234:
1233:Living species
1231:
1203:Pelecaniformes
1006:African darter
998:
995:
859:
856:
803:marsh harriers
767:
764:
748:throwing spear
704:
701:
593:
590:
493:
490:
412:
411:
333:
332:
326:
325:
321:
320:
312:
311:
277:
276:
272:
271:
265:
261:Plotus anhinga
256:
255:
249:
248:
234:
230:
229:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
149:
148:
142:African darter
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
63:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4472:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4153:Imperial shag
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:Campbell shag
4141:
4139:
4138:Auckland shag
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4066:European shag
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3872:Phalacrocorax
3868:
3860:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3431:
3419:on 2011-07-18
3415:
3411:
3409:9780122494086
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3388:Avian Biology
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3344:
3343:of Mauritius"
3342:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:3-540-89627-9
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3097:0-19-854634-3
3094:
3090:
3086:
3076:on 2011-07-21
3072:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:plesiomorphic
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2252:Vol. 1, p. 60
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:J. Avian Biol
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:(pupfishes),
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:(sunfishes),
2048:
2047:Centrarchidae
2042:
2039:
2036:Myers et al.
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:Protoplotidae
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:Phalacrocorax
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1771:Noriega, 1992
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:South America
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:Early Miocene
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:fossil record
1677:
1672:
1666:Fossil record
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Anhinga parva
1606:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1479:A. r. vulsini
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:Pennant, 1769
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:A. a. anhinga
1320:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1269:
1264:Brisson, 1760
1261:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:domestic duck
947:
944:
942:
938:
937:regurgitation
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
896:
892:
887:
883:
881:
876:
872:
869:
865:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
830:
825:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:birds of prey
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:invertebrates
725:
722:
718:
709:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
684:sensu stricto
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
603:
598:
591:
589:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
542:
541:desmognathous
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
514:
507:
503:
498:
491:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
410:
407:
403:
399:
393:
389:
383:
379:
373:
369:
362:
343:
337:Family-level:
334:
331:
327:
322:
318:
313:
310:
308:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
284:
278:
273:
268:
263:
262:
257:
254:
250:
245:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
226:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
150:
147:
143:
138:
134:
129:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
53:
52:Early Miocene
45:
40:
33:
19:
4216:
4133:Chatham shag
4123:Foveaux shag
4095:
4077:Poikilocarbo
4075:
4055:
4025:
3987:
3946:
3896:Spotted shag
3870:
3856:
3782:
3781:
3767:
3744:
3733:
3690:
3672:
3648:Masked booby
3627:
3613:
3533:
3519:
3496:
3485:Frigatebirds
3421:. Retrieved
3414:the original
3391:
3387:
3355:
3349:
3340:
3332:PDF abstract
3308:
3275:
3269:
3236:
3211:
3205:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3138:
3134:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3088:
3078:. Retrieved
3071:the original
3066:
3062:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3019:
3007:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2977:
2971:
2965:
2938:
2932:
2899:
2893:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2836:
2823:
2807:10.1671/1890
2790:
2785:
2766:
2758:
2721:
2713:
2694:
2671:
2663:
2640:
2632:
2612:
2604:
2571:
2563:
2528:
2512:
2504:
2501:Acre, Brazil
2479:Including a
2475:
2463:
2451:
2442:
2434:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2364:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2320:
2310:
2306:Limicorallus
2304:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2159:cite journal
2142:
2138:
2132:
2107:
2100:crocodilians
2078:
2053:(cichlids),
2041:
2016:
1996:
1991:
1958:
1957:
1952:Emslie, 1998
1948:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:A. pannonica
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1840:Worthy, 2012
1834:
1820:biogeography
1816:superspecies
1799:
1797:
1792:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1758:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1709:
1681:
1660:last ice age
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1605:Anhinga nana
1604:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1538:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1450:Anhinga rufa
1448:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1326:
1321:
1301:
1292:
1271:Common name
1258:
1257:
1250:superspecies
1245:
1241:
1236:
1207:paraphyletic
1200:
1196:autapomorphy
1186:synapomorphy
1166:frigatebirds
1158:DNA sequence
1143:
1094:
1092:as a whole.
1089:
1082:LĂngua Geral
1074:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1037:type species
1032:
1020:
1015:
948:
945:
900:
894:
871:monogamously
861:
843:Kalletumkara
818:
814:
809:complex) or
806:
794:
786:
769:
714:
681:
611:
605:
581:
579:
557:There is no
556:
533:wing coverts
519:
508:) taking off
505:
477:
466:geographical
453:
437:
425:
421:
417:
415:
387:
377:
367:
365:Genus-level:
364:
336:
299:
295:Anhinga rufa
293:
287:
281:
280:
259:
253:Type species
237:
236:
219:
146:Anhinga rufa
145:
4334:iNaturalist
4241:Wikispecies
4164:Crozet shag
4148:Bounty shag
4027:Nannopterum
3706:Cape gannet
3663:Brown booby
3653:Nazca booby
3133:"Erratum".
2993:12 November
2743:tibiotarsus
2625:tibiotarsus
2601:tibiotarsus
2552:tibiotarsus
2425:Named in a
2357:Gill, Frank
2270:Mayr, Ernst
2071:Poeciliidae
2065:(mullets),
1960:Protoplotus
1887:Macranhinga
1828:Hadley cell
1767:Macranhinga
1760:nomen nudum
1736:Macranhinga
1716:prehistoric
1545:Gould, 1847
1474:A. r. rufa
1223:prehistoric
1170:tropicbirds
1136:superfamily
1132:overlumping
1120:sister taxa
1118:and may be
1106:, i.e. the
1052:transcribed
1010:Chobe River
925:brood patch
775:carnivorous
756:preen gland
724:vertebrates
626:fresh water
618:subtropical
552:webbed feet
492:Description
486:wild turkey
452:. The term
428:are mainly
406:pre-Linnean
360:Poche, 1904
339:Anhinginae
225:Reichenbach
4450:Anhingidae
4444:Categories
4261:Anhingidae
4247:Anhingidae
4217:Anhingidae
4128:Otago shag
4097:Leucocarbo
3948:Microcarbo
3830:Cormorants
3593:: Sulidae)
3471:Suliformes
3423:2009-09-09
3321:Anhingidae
3080:2007-02-06
3049:: 191–237.
2714:A. anhinga
2664:A. anhinga
2633:A. anhinga
2564:A. anhinga
2505:A. grandis
2464:A. anhinga
2435:A. anhinga
2300:Borvocarbo
2067:Plotosidae
2055:Cyprinidae
1963:, a small
1934:A. beckeri
1781:Giganhinga
1744:Meganhinga
1728:flightless
1688:apomorphic
1629:Madagascar
1619:) and the
1227:Suliformes
1215:convergent
1209:group of "
1178:hyoid bone
1154:anatomical
1079:Portuguese
1012:, Botswana
895:A. anhinga
864:cormorants
824:crocodiles
820:Crocodylus
791:house crow
779:passerines
752:cormorants
726:and large
531:and upper
506:A. anhinga
478:A. anhinga
458:allopatric
426:snakebirds
358:Ptynginae
356:Plottinae
220:Anhingidae
210:Suliformes
58:18–0
4106:Rock shag
3891:Pitt shag
3155:235331320
2755:coracoids
2658:end) and
2651:20070 (a
2466:and more
2113:Crustacea
2063:Mugilidae
2051:Cichlidae
1983:Citations
1965:Paleogene
1755:Paranavis
1704:Paleocene
1601:Australia
1597:Mauritius
1205:, then a
1182:gular sac
1150:phylogeny
1128:subfamily
1116:skeletons
1086:Old World
1063:mythology
1035:) as the
983:etymology
959:nestlings
933:altricial
920:incubated
868:pair bond
781:like the
771:Predators
766:Predation
697:pesticide
691:species.
622:temperate
586:Nestlings
567:turquoise
563:gular sac
529:scapulars
454:snakebird
392:Bonaparte
351:Plotinae
349:Plottidae
305:(but see
176:Kingdom:
170:Eukaryota
4226:Wikidata
3673:Papasula
3300:87211599
3128:53202305
2924:86895919
2821:AnAge :
2815:84072750
2735:proximal
2727:holotype
2688:proximal
2682:, right
2680:holotype
2678:F25776 (
2646:holotype
2621:holotype
2583:) and a
2581:holotype
2533:Holotype
2333:Kennedy
2312:Piscator
2246:(1760).
2200:86476224
2125:mollusks
1804:climates
1174:pelicans
1101:suborder
1097:families
955:seaducks
941:fledging
908:copulate
875:displays
858:Breeding
801:such as
662:pelicans
658:flapping
638:mangrove
630:brackish
614:tropical
548:nostrils
462:displays
430:tropical
422:anhingas
382:Linnaeus
347:Plotidae
330:Synonyms
275:Species
267:Linnaeus
216:Family:
190:Chordata
186:Phylum:
180:Animalia
166:Domain:
54:– Recent
4057:Gulosus
3858:Species
3792:Anhinga
3783:Anhinga
3769:Species
3745:Anhinga
3734:Darters
3615:Species
3535:Fregata
3521:Species
3497:Fregata
3372:4084567
3341:Anhinga
3292:1365447
3255:Anhinga
3228:4084425
3178:Bibcode
2943:Bibcode
2934:GĂ©obios
2916:1365055
2878:4087190
2824:Anhinga
2795:Bibcode
2759:A. rufa
2656:humerus
2629:humerus
2619:-4720 (
2605:A. rufa
2593:humerus
2521:phalanx
2485:humerus
2460:humerus
2371:2 April
2121:leeches
2117:insects
2096:turtles
2088:Caudata
1969:Sumatra
1930:Anhinga
1870:Anhinga
1864:grandis
1860:Anhinga
1824:equator
1812:Miocene
1800:Anhinga
1793:Anhinga
1720:extinct
1658:of the
1565:Habitat
1503:Habitat
1413:Habitat
1351:Habitat
1289:Anhinga
1259:Anhinga
1242:Anhinga
1146:display
1124:fossils
1112:Sulidae
1099:in the
1090:Anhinga
1075:anhangá
1071:anhingá
1067:demonic
1041:Anhinga
1029:anhinga
1021:Anhinga
891:anhinga
829:mammals
797:), and
740:muscles
721:aquatic
687:) is a
654:gliding
650:soaring
642:migrate
634:lagoons
600:Female
525:plumage
502:anhinga
500:Female
482:anhinga
448:by the
442:species
438:Anhinga
418:darters
402:Möhring
372:Scopoli
368:Plottus
342:Ridgway
244:Brisson
238:Anhinga
233:Genus:
206:Order:
196:Class:
18:Darters
4427:196051
4401:443646
4385:NZOR:
4365:174753
4352:104623
4313:1ANHIF
4232:Q19370
3834:family
3738:family
3591:family
3489:family
3406:
3370:
3298:
3290:
3271:Condor
3244:
3226:
3153:
3126:
3095:
3027:
3010:: 1–9.
2922:
2914:
2895:Condor
2876:
2833:darter
2813:
2739:distal
2653:distal
2544:distal
2518:ungual
2483:right
2481:distal
2427:thesis
2414:et al.
2412:Cione
2337:(1996)
2335:et al.
2198:
2092:snakes
1808:Europe
1696:Eocene
1676:Dönitz
1277:Range
1256:Genus
1219:storks
1191:wrists
1059:ayingá
1055:áyinga
1050:(also
971:Bengal
963:nomads
912:clutch
847:Kerala
789:) and
674:ibises
670:herons
666:storks
646:flight
569:. The
544:palate
470:fishes
434:family
404:1752 (
394:, 1828
378:Plotus
344:, 1887
269:, 1766
246:, 1760
227:, 1849
47:Darter
4422:WoRMS
4414:39685
4347:IRMNG
4287:62353
3989:Urile
3847:Genus
3758:Genus
3742:genus
3692:Morus
3604:Genus
3510:Genus
3493:genus
3467:Order
3417:(PDF)
3384:(PDF)
3368:JSTOR
3346:(PDF)
3296:S2CID
3288:JSTOR
3266:(PDF)
3224:JSTOR
3202:(PDF)
3151:S2CID
3124:S2CID
3074:(PDF)
3059:(PDF)
2920:S2CID
2912:JSTOR
2890:(PDF)
2874:JSTOR
2852:(PDF)
2811:S2CID
2741:left
2731:femur
2691:femur
2589:femur
2579:(the
2546:left
2196:S2CID
2180:Ardea
2111:E.g.
2084:Anura
2082:E.g.
2045:E.g.
1977:basal
1645:nanus
1643:term
1641:Latin
1239:genus
1104:Sulae
1048:ajĂĹ‹a
1018:genus
967:Assam
903:nests
889:Male
851:India
760:moult
744:hinge
656:; in
424:, or
398:Ptynx
388:Ptinx
140:Male
4378:9211
4373:NCBI
4360:ITIS
4339:5059
4326:2989
4321:GBIF
4308:EPPO
4300:8014
4274:1435
4269:BOLD
3629:Sula
3404:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3093:ISBN
3025:ISBN
2995:2021
2978:2016
2747:ulna
2725:The
2710:Ulna
2649:UNSM
2617:UFAC
2599:and
2560:UFAC
2548:ulna
2536:LACM
2489:UFAC
2431:ICZN
2373:2019
2165:link
2123:and
1862:cf.
1682:The
1635:(or
1599:and
1571:Diet
1559:Size
1509:Diet
1497:Size
1419:Diet
1407:Size
1357:Diet
1345:Size
1172:and
1156:and
1045:Tupi
1016:The
991:omen
987:Tupi
969:and
916:eggs
880:yawn
732:bill
717:fish
703:Diet
652:and
636:and
575:down
571:iris
537:bill
474:beak
450:IUCN
416:The
384:1766
307:text
200:Aves
66:Preęž’
4295:EoL
4282:CoL
4256:AFD
3396:doi
3360:doi
3351:Auk
3280:doi
3216:doi
3207:Auk
3186:doi
3169:Emu
3143:doi
3116:doi
3106:".
3040:In:
3038:.
3008:460
2982:doi
2951:doi
2904:doi
2866:doi
2862:103
2857:Auk
2803:doi
2575:a
2516:An
2495:of
2309:or
2188:doi
2184:101
2147:doi
1073:or
1057:or
965:in
672:or
648:is
582:caw
4446::
4424::
4411::
4398::
4375::
4362::
4349::
4336::
4323::
4310::
4297::
4284::
4271::
4258::
4243::
4228::
3495::
3469::
3402:.
3390:.
3386:.
3366:.
3356:92
3354:.
3348:.
3330:.
3319:–
3294:.
3286:.
3276:68
3274:.
3268:.
3222:.
3212:92
3210:.
3204:.
3184:.
3174:95
3172:.
3149:.
3139:51
3137:.
3122:.
3112:51
3110:.
3067:23
3061:.
3047:14
3006:.
2976:.
2970:.
2949:.
2939:15
2937:.
2918:.
2910:.
2900:58
2898:.
2892:.
2872:.
2860:.
2854:.
2835:.
2809:.
2801:.
2791:23
2702:^
2676:QM
2660:UF
2595:,
2591:,
2456:UF
2363:.
2303:,
2254:,
2208:^
2194:.
2182:.
2161:}}
2157:{{
2143:38
2141:.
2119:,
2094:,
2025:^
2004:^
1662:.
1573::
1567::
1561::
1511::
1505::
1499::
1421::
1415::
1409::
1359::
1353::
1347::
1262:–
1168:,
1141:.
1039:.
993:.
849:,
668:,
604:,
577:.
420:,
309:)
116:Pg
60:Ma
4013:â€
3832:(
3747:)
3736:(
3589:(
3499:)
3487:(
3459:e
3452:t
3445:v
3426:.
3398::
3392:8
3374:.
3362::
3302:.
3282::
3230:.
3218::
3192:.
3188::
3180::
3157:.
3145::
3130:.
3118::
3083:.
2997:.
2984::
2968:"
2964:"
2957:.
2953::
2945::
2926:.
2906::
2880:.
2868::
2817:.
2805::
2797::
2499:(
2487:(
2375:.
2258:.
2202:.
2190::
2167:)
2149::
1936:?
1876:?
1753:"
1623:(
1615:(
893:(
853:)
845:(
813:(
805:(
793:(
785:(
680:(
504:(
408:)
121:N
111:K
106:J
101:T
96:P
91:C
86:D
81:S
76:O
71:ęž’
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
