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semi-structured and followed the initial script given to the canvassers. Participants were first asked to rate their initial attitudes about reparations on a numerical scale of 1–10. The conversations with participants included asking about their life experiences and that informed their current beliefs. The canvassers were encouraged to actively listen to the participants, tell personal stories, and avoid using facts in their conversations.
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in the 2020 United States presidential election because of its efficacy in persuasion, democracy, and ethics. Prior to the election, deep canvassing was promoted as an inclusive, value-based, communication strategy that works as a strong means of political persuasion—this is because of its ability to
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Brennan and
Jackson studied the dialogical process of deep canvassing. They worked with Showing Up for Racial Justice New York City (SUFRJNYC) and studied the organization's facilitation of a deep canvassing conversation about reparations for Black Americans. The canvassing conversation was
34:, it has been shown to be an effective way to change political beliefs, having been used by researchers and activists for decades to garner support for political and/or social ideologies. Deep canvassing has been used for years to gain traction for issues surrounding the LGBTQ+ community,
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In 2017, Changing the
Conversation Together was launched as an organization of concerned citizens building a national corps of deep canvassers. This volunteer based and professionally-led organization helped flip Staten Island in 2018 and Pennsylvania in 2020.
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There was also found to be four process themes of deep canvassing when performing data analysis of canvassing conversations; these themes were
Interpersonal agreement, Intervoice dynamics, Authoring the self and the other, and Personal experience.
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when staffers decided to talk to people who voted against same sex marriage to understand them better. After the tactic was used in a pro-marriage-equality campaign in
Minnesota, Steve Deline, Ella Barrett, and David Fleischer enlisted professors
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In 2017, Kalla and
Broockman published another study that found brief door-to-door canvassing, had nearly zero effect on voting choices. Of their six studies, Kalla and Brookman have found that deep canvassing does have measurable effects.
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extend a path into advocation for change through like-minded social groups, its ability to position voters as a central facet of community organizing, and its effectiveness.
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with participants. Then, the canvasser tells a story of significance to the topic at hand, and lastly the participant's experiences are explored.
82:
Kalla and
Broockman's study, published in 2016, found that ten minute conversations did have an impact on residents’ views of transgender issues.
79:, was released showing that longer and 'deeper' conversation can change minds but was retracted the following year for having falsified data.
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conversations with the intention of shifting participant's beliefs. Though deep canvassing emerged from traditional political
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also includes a deep canvassing script on climate change that is available for downloading and viewing.
520:"The Minimal Persuasive Effects of Campaign Contact in General Elections: Evidence from 49 Field Experiments"
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593:"Reducing Exclusionary Attitudes through Interpersonal Conversation: Evidence from Three Field Experiments"
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While not confirmed by the study due to its exploratory nature, Brennan and
Jackson found evidence that
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279:"A Qualitative Examination of Dialogical Elements in Anti-Racist Deep Canvassing Conversations"
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and perspective-taking were important concepts that may play a role in deep canvassing.
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has a playbook and toolkit with some information on how deep canvassing is performed. Their
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543:"A massive new study reviews the evidence on whether campaigning works. The answer's bleak"
712:"Organizing Through Stories: The Role of Emotions in Increasing Support for Decarceration"
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204:"Can Millions of Deep Conversations With Total Strangers Beat Trump -- and Heal America?"
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331:"When contact changes minds: An experiment on transmission of support for gay equality"
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229:"Deep canvassing: Persuasion, ethics, democracy and activist public relations"
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463:"Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing"
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Deep canvassing has been shown to be effective in person and over the phone.
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407:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
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438:"These scientists can prove it's possible to reduce prejudice"
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and Josh Kalla to study the efficacy of the tactic.
686:"The American Prospect Ideas, Politics & Power"
329:LaCour, Michael J.; Green, Donald P. (2014-12-12).
591:Kalla, Joshua L.; Broockman, David E. (May 2020).
518:Kalla, Joshua; Broockman, David E. (2017-09-25).
277:Brennan, William; Jackson, Margo A. (Feb 2022).
461:Broockman, David; Kalla, Joshua (2016-04-08).
654:"Opinion | To Sway Swing Voters, Try Empathy"
101:Deep canvassing typically begins by building
8:
421:|...|intentional=yes}}
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710:Brock-Petroshius, Kristen (March 2022).
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75:In 2014, a paper by Michael J. LaCour,
184:– via Business Source Complete.
166:"Changing Minds, One Knock at a Time"
164:Issenburg, Sasha (October 13, 2014).
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568:"How to talk someone out of bigotry"
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50:The idea originated in 2012, at the
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597:American Political Science Review
652:Massing, Michael (2020-02-04).
541:Matthews, Dylan (2017-09-28).
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730:10.1080/10705422.2022.2033376
717:Journal of Community Practice
566:Resnick, Brian (2020-01-29).
436:Resnick, Brian (2016-04-07).
16:Form of political campaigning
291:(2). Sage Publications: 35.
227:Demetrious, Kristin (2022).
62:Deep canvassing was used by
284:The Counseling Psychologist
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202:Kroll, Andy (2020-07-15).
77:When contact changes minds
609:10.1017/S0003055419000923
315:– via APA PsycInfo.
297:10.1177/00110000211055408
245:10.1177/2046147X211033838
233:Public Relations Inquiry
488:10.1126/science.aad9713
390:10.1126/science.aac6638
355:10.1126/science.1256151
52:Los Angeles LGBT Center
748:– via SociINDEX.
170:Bloomburg Businessweek
413:|...}}
384:(Retracted, see
140:Political campaigning
766:Election campaigning
255:– via SagePUB.
118:cognitive dissonance
479:2016Sci...352..220B
347:2014Sci...346.1366L
341:(6215): 1366–1369.
692:. 24 February 2020
658:The New York Times
522:. Rochester, NY.
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146:References
32:canvassing
746:246520541
738:1070-5422
666:0362-4331
625:213591421
617:0003-0554
497:0036-8075
419:retracted
411:retracted
363:0036-8075
313:245622614
305:1552-3861
253:238801205
182:0007-7135
24:interview
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371:25504721
134:See also
28:empathic
528:3042867
475:Bibcode
467:Science
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103:rapport
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