Raid on Deerfield - Knowledge

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bonds. Captive experience was possibly dictated by gender as well as age. Young women may have more easily and readily assimilated into Indian and French Canadian societies. Nine girls remained as opposed to only five boys. These choices may reflect the larger frontier pattern of incorporation of young women into Indian and Canadian society. It's theorised some young women remained, not because of compulsion, fascination with the outdoor adventure, or the strangeness of life in a foreign society, but because they transitioned into established lives in new communities and formed bonds of family, religion, and language. In fact, possibly more than half of young female captives who remained settled in Montreal where "the lives of these former Deerfield residents differed very little in their broad outlines from their former neighbors". Whether in New France or in Deerfield these women generally were part of frontier agricultural communities where they tended to marry in their early twenties and have six or seven children. Other female captives remained in Native communities such as Kahnawake. These women remained because of bonds of religion and family. While colonial males castigated the slavery of English women, some captive women from this time chose to remain in Native society rather than return to colonial English settlements.

993:, about his experience, which was published in 1707. Williams' narrative was published during ongoing ransom negotiations and pressed for greater activity to return the Deerfield captives. Written with assistance from prominent Boston Puritan minister Reverend Cotton Mather, the book framed the raid, captivity, and border relations with the French and Indians in terms of providential history and God's purpose for Puritans. The work was widely distributed in the 18th and 19th centuries, and continues to be published today (see Further Reading below). Williams' work was one of the reasons this raid, unlike similar others of the time, was remembered and became an element in the American frontier story. Williams' work transformed the captivity narrative into a celebration of individual heroism and the triumph of Protestant values against savage and "Popish" enemies. The last known survivor of the raid was ironically Williams daughter 848:

engaged in a common practice: they killed those captives when it was clear they were unable to keep up. Williams commented on the savage cruelty of the Indian raiders; although most killings were "not random or wanton", none of those killed would have "needed to" be killed had they not been taken in the first place. Most (though not all) of the slain were the slow and vulnerable who could not keep up with the party and would likely have died less quickly en route. Only 89 of the captives survived the ordeal. Survival chances correlated with age and gender: infants and young children fared the worst, and older children and teenagers (all 21 of whom survived the ordeal) fared the best. Adult men fared better than adult women, especially pregnant women, and those with small children.

839:, reported the expedition lost only 11 men, and 22 were wounded, including Hertel de Rouville and one of his brothers. John Williams heard from French soldiers during his captivity that more than 40 French and Indian soldiers were lost; Haefeli and Sweeney believe the lower French figures are more credible, especially when compared to casualties incurred in other raids. A majority of the captives taken were women and children, as the French and Indian captors considered them more likely than adult males to successfully assimilate into native communities and a new life in French Canada. 661:, constructed during King William's War, had been rehabilitated and expanded. In August of that year, the local militia commander called out the militia after he received intelligence of "a party of French & Indians from Canada" who were "expected every hour to make some attaque on ye towns upon Connecticut River". However, nothing happened until October, when two men were taken from a pasture outside the palisade. Militia were sent to guard the town in response, but these returned to their homes with the advent of winter, which was generally not the period for warfare. 800:

servant were also taken prisoner. Among the first casualties of the raid were two black men. Similar scenarios occurred in many of the other houses. The residents of Benoni Stebbins' house, which was not among the ones attacked early, resisted the raiders' attacks, which lasted until well after daylight. A second house, near the northwestern corner of the palisade, was also successfully defended. The raiders moved through the village, herding their prisoners to an area just north of the town, rifling houses for items of value, and setting a number of dwellings on fire.

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seven Hadley men. Of those who died inside the village, 15 died of fire-related causes; most of the rest were killed by edged or blunt weapons. The raid's casualties were dictated by the raiders' goals to intimidate the village and to take valuable captives to French Canada. A large portion of the slain were infant children, who were not likely to have survived the trip to Canada. The raiders took 109 villagers captive; this represented forty per cent of the village population. They also took captive three Frenchmen who had been living among the villagers.

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view has served as a partial justification for the removal of Native Americans and has obscured both the larger patterns of border conflict and tensions and the family based structure of Deerfield and similar marginal settlements. Although popularly remembered as a tale of the triumph of rugged Protestant male individualism, the raid is better understood not along the lines of Turner's thesis, but as an account of the strong factors of community life and cross-cultural interaction in border communities.

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sounds. A few men climbed over the palisade via the snow drifts and opened the north gate to admit the rest. Primary sources vary on the degree of alertness of the village guard that night; one account claims he fell asleep, while another claims that he discharged his weapon to raise the alarm when the attack began, but that it was not heard by many people. As the Reverend

1038:; among its relics is a door bearing tomahawk marks from the 1704 raid. The raid is commemorated there on the weekend closest to February 29. Moving toward a more inclusive Historic Deerfield's yearly reenactment and educational programs treat "massacre" as a "dirty word" and stress Deerfield as a place to study cultural interaction and difference at society's borders. 1018:

assault on", "the destruction of", or "mischief at" Deerfield. Viewing the raid as a "massacre", 19th century New Englanders began to remember the attack as part of the larger narrative and celebration of American frontier spirit. Persisting into the twentieth century, American historical memory has tended to view Deerfield in line with Frederick Turner's

890:. From there they made their way to Chambly, at which point most of the force dispersed. The captives accompanied their captors to their respective villages. Williams' wife Eunice, weak after having given birth just six weeks earlier, was one of the first to be killed during the trek; her body was recovered and reburied in the Deerfield cemetery. 816:

former reported "killing and wounding many of them". The New Englanders soon ran into an ambush set up by the raiders who had left the village earlier. Of the 50 or so men who gave chase, nine were killed and several more were wounded. After the ambush they retreated to the village, and the raiders headed north with their prisoners.

962:, who was eight years old when captured. She became thoroughly assimilated in her Mohawk family, and married a Mohawk man when she was 16. She did not see her family of origin again until much later and always returned to Kahnawake. Other captives also remained by choice in Canadian and Native communities such as 642:(1688–1697), Deerfield was not subjected to major attacks, but 12 residents were killed in a series of ambushes and other incidents. Supposedly friendly Indians who were recognized as Pocomtuc were recorded as passing through the area. Some claimed to have participated in attacks on other frontier communities. 1030:

Canadians and native Americans who are less influenced by Williams' narrative and Turner's thesis, have given the raid a more ambivalent place in memory. Canadians view the raid not as a massacre and mass abduction but as a successful local application of guerilla techniques in the broader context of

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Deerfield and other communities collected funds to ransom the captives. French authorities and colonists also worked to extricate the captives from their Indian captors. Within a year's time, most of the captives were in French hands, a product of frontier commerce in humans that was fairly common at

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put all the Navall stores into Her Majesty's hands, and forever make an end of an Indian War", the frontier between Deerfield and Wells was fortified by upwards of 2,000 men, and the bounty for Indian scalps was more than doubled, from £40 to £100. Dudley promptly organized a retaliatory raid against

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in the 1690s (both of which included Hertel de Rouville's father), the raiders had simultaneously attacked all of the houses. They did not do so at Deerfield. Historians Haefeli and Sweeney theorize that the failure to launch a coordinated assault was caused by the wide diversity within the attacking

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to send 20 men to garrison Deerfield in February. These men, minimally trained militia from other nearby communities, had arrived by the 24th, making for somewhat cramped accommodations within the town's palisade on the night of February 28. In addition to these men, the townspeople mustered about 70

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as a singular Indian attack against a community of individualistic frontiersmen. Re-popularized and exposed to a national audience in the mid-twentieth century with the establishment of Historic Deerfield, the raid was contextualized in a celebration of exceptional American individual ambition. This

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For the 109 English captives, the raid was only the beginning of their troubles. The raiders intended to take them to Canada, a 300-mile (480 km) journey, in the middle of winter. Many of the captives were ill-prepared for this, and the raiders were short on provisions. The raiders consequently

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in the Connecticut Valley area, and acquired land titles of uncertain legality from a variety of Pocomtuc Indians. They established a village in the early 1670s, at first called "Pocumtuck", but later, "Deerfield". Located in a relatively isolated position in the Massachusetts colony, on the edge of

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The events at Deerfield were not commonly described as a massacre until the 19th century. Reverend John Taylor's 1804 centennial memorial sermon first termed the events at Deerfield a "massacre". Previous eighteenth-century accounts emphasized the physical destruction and described the raid as "the

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Many of the younger captives were adopted into the Indian tribes or French Canadian society. Thirty six Deerfield captives, mostly children and teenagers at the time of the raid, remained permanently. Those who stayed were not compelled by force, but rather by newly formed religious ties and family

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The sudden departure of the raiders and the arrival of reinforcements raised the spirits of the beleaguered survivors. About 20 Deerfield men joined the Hadley men in chasing after the fleeing raiders. The New Englanders and the raiders skirmished in the meadows just north of the village, where the

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The raiders left most of their equipment and supplies 25 to 30 miles (40 to 48 kilometers) north of the village before establishing a cold camp about 2 miles (3.2 km) from Deerfield on February 28, 1704. From this vantage point, they observed the villagers as they prepared for the night. Since

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who had once lived in the Deerfield area. Given the diversity of personnel, motivations, and material objectives, the raiders did not achieve full surprise when they entered the palisaded village. The defenders of some fortified houses in the village successfully held off the raiders until arriving

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The raiders destroyed 17 of the village's 41 homes, and looted many of the others. Of the 291 people in Deerfield on the night of the attack, only 126 remained in town the next day. Forty-four residents of Deerfield were killed: 10 men, 9 women, and 25 children, as were five garrison soldiers, and

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The raiders swept into the village, and began attacking individual houses. Reverend Williams's house was among the first to be raided; Williams's life was spared when his gunshot misfired, and he was taken prisoner. Two of his children and a servant were slain; the rest of his family and his other

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An 1875 legend recounts the attack as an attempt by the French to regain a bell, supposedly destined for Quebec, but pirated and sold to Deerfield. The legend continues that this was a "historical fact known to almost all school children". However, the story, which is a common Kahnawake tale, was

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In the first few days several of the captives escaped. Hertel de Rouville instructed Reverend Williams to inform the others that recaptured escapees would be tortured; there were no further escapes. (The threat was not an empty one — it was known to have happened on other raids.) The French

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As the morning progressed, some of the raiders began moving north with their prisoners, but paused about a mile north of the town to wait for those who had not yet finished in the village. The men in the Stebbins house kept up the battle for two hours; they were on the verge of surrendering when

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The raiders had noticed that snow drifts extended to the top of the palisade; this simplified their entry into the fortifications just before dawn on February 29. They carefully approached the village, stopping periodically so that the sentry might confuse the noises they made with more natural

509:. Conflict increased with the French and French-allied Indians. Frontier settlements took actions to fortify their towns and prepare for war. The raid has been immortalized as a part of the early American frontier story, principally due to the published account by a prominent captive, Reverend 852:

leader's troubles were not only with his captives. The Indians had some disagreements among themselves concerning the disposition of the captives, which at times threatened to come to blows. A council held on the third day resolved these disagreements sufficiently that the trek could continue.

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did a generation earlier, the sensational tale stressed reliance on God's mercy and "kept alive the spirit of the Puritan mission" in eighteenth century New England. Williams' account heightened tensions between English settlers and Native Americans and their French allies and led to more war

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again put Deerfield residents on the alert, as they feared retaliation. In response to their own losses in the Campaign, the French planned an attack on Deerfield with their native allies. They were specifically seeking to capture a leader of high enough rank to propose a prisoner exchange.

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international war and stress the successful integration of hundreds of captives taken in similar conflicts during Queen Anne's War. Similarly, most Native American records justify the action in a larger military and cultural context and remain largely unconcerned with the particular event.

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had arrived, and men from Connecticut swelled the force to 250 by the end of the next day. After debating over what action to take, they decided that the difficulties of pursuit were not worth the risks. Leaving a strong garrison in the village, most of the militia returned to their homes.

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The colonial outpost was a traditional New England subsistence farming community. The majority of Deerfield's settlers were young families who had moved west in search of land. The labor of the wives and other women was essential to the survival of the settlement and its male inhabitants.

607:, resulted in the deaths of about half the village's adult males. The village was one of several in the Connecticut River valley abandoned by the English, and it was briefly reoccupied by the warring Indians. The colonists regrouped, and in 1676 a force of mostly local colonists 978:) were returned to Boston in August 1706. Governor Dudley, who may have needed the successful return of the captives for political reasons, then released the French captives, including Baptiste; the remaining captives who chose to return were back in Boston by November 1706. 502:

reinforcements prompted their retreat. However, the raid was a clear victory for the French coalition that aimed to take captives and unsettle English colonial frontier society. More than 100 captives were taken, and about 40 percent of the village houses were destroyed.

560:, the easternmost of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, who were located west of Albany in the Mohawk Valley and raided into New England. They also had suffered population losses due to high mortality from the new, chronic 473:

families at Kahnawake and became assimilated into the tribe. In this period, English colonists and their Indian allies were involved in similar raids against French villages along the northern area between the spheres of influence.

974:), and larger concerns, including the possibility of a wider-ranging treaty of neutrality between the French and English colonies. Mediated in part by Deerfield residents John Sheldon and John Wells, some captives (including 600:". The war involved all of the New England colonies, and the colonists destroyed or severely decimated and pacified most of the Indian nations in the region. There were also many casualties among the New England colonists. 2248:

The Redeemed Captive: a Narrative of the Captivity, Sufferings, and Return of the Rev. John Williams, Minister of Deerfield, Massachusetts, who was taken Prisoner by the Indians on the Destruction of the Town, A.D.

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for the rest of their lives. Negotiations for the release and exchange of captives began in late 1704, and continued until late 1706. They became entangled in unrelated issues (like the English capture of French

947:(all in present-day Nova Scotia). Church's instructions included the taking of prisoners to exchange for those taken at Deerfield, and specifically forbade him to attack the fortified capital, Port Royal. 736:, some of whom sought revenge for incidents by whites that had taken place years earlier. As the party moved south toward Deerfield in January and February 1704, this force was joined by another 30 to 40 1844:

Another captive who choose to remain was Mary Harris who had been about 10 years old in the 1704 raid; in 1751 she was living in the Delaware town Gekelukpechink aka Newcomer's Town bear the site of

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This map depicts the approximate distribution of Indian tribes throughout southern New England in about 1600; later English colonial settlements, including Deerfield and locations of significance in

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as early as May 1703, as reported with reasonable accuracy in English intelligence reports. However, two incidents delayed their execution of the raid. The first was a rumor that

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History of the Town of Rockingham, Vermont: Including the Villages of Bellows Falls, Saxtons River, Rockingham, Cambridgeport and Bartonsville, 1753-1907, with Family Genealogies

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among the first people to die in the famed Deerfield massacre of 1704, wrought on a small town on the western edge of English colonial settlement, were two enslaved Africans

465:, just before dawn. They burned parts of the town and killed 47 colonists. The raiders left with 112 colonists as captives, whom they took overland the nearly 300 miles to 3224: 3219: 3244: 469:; some died or were killed along the way because they were unable to keep up. Roughly 60 colonists were later ransomed by their associates, while others were adopted by 2394: 576: 3164: 893:

Calls went out from the governors of the northern colonies for action against the French colonies. Governor Dudley wrote that "the destruction of Quebeck [

2399: 2722: 2084: 1856:. An oft repeated legend that Mary Harris was involved in the naming of Newcomerstown because of another white captive woman who killed Harris Indian husband see 955:, with modest success. While adult captives proved fairly resistant to proselytizing, children were more receptive or likely to accept conversion under duress. 267: 477:

Typical of the small-scale frontier conflict in Queen Anne's War, the French-Indian forces consisted of French soldiers and about 240 Indian warriors, mostly

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A study of the Anglo-Canadian captives who were taken by French Canadians and Abenaki to Nouvelle France's Québec from 1675 to 1760, where some settled.

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English colonial settlement, Deerfield became a target of frontier conflict between the French and English and their respective Native American allies.

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reinforcements arrived from the south. Early in the raid, young John Sheldon managed to escape over the palisade and began making his way to nearby

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Some of the younger captives, however, were not ransomed, as they were adopted into the tribes. Such was the case with Williams' daughter

812:" rushed to Deerfield. Their arrival prompted the remaining raiders to flee; some abandoned their weapons and other supplies in the rush. 2379: 3179: 2913: 634:

or to the west. Those going west joined other tribes that had formed a peace of sorts with the authorities in the eastern area of the

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the villagers had been alerted to the possibility of a raid, they all took refuge within the palisade, and a guard was posted.

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According to John Williams' account of his captivity, most of the party traveled up the frozen Connecticut River, then up the

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By 1675 the village had grown to about 200 persons. In that year, conflict between English colonists and Indians in southern

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for its defense. The second was the detachment of some troops for operations in Maine; critically, these forces included

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De la Nouvelle Angleterre à la Nouvelle France - L'histoire des captifs anglo-américains au Canada entre 1675 et 1760

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Deerfield was evacuated in September 1675 after a coordinated series of Native American attacks, culminating in the

513:, who was the principal leader of the village. He and much of his family were taken on the long overland journey to 3239: 3154: 2855: 2560: 1857: 1319:

Brodhead, John Romeyn; Fernow, Berthold; O'Callaghan, E. B. (Edmund Bailey); New York (State). Legislature (1853).

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to raise the alarm. The fires from the burning houses had already been spotted, and "thirty men from Hadley and

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later recounted, "with horrid shouting and yelling", the raiders launched their attack "like a flood upon us".

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raised the frontier alarms at Deerfield. Hertel de Rouville did not return to Montreal until the fall of 1703.

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As the alarm spread to the south, reinforcements continued to arrive in the village. By midnight, 80 men from

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refuted as early as 1882 and does not appear to have significantly affected American perception of the raid.

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The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion: or, The Captivity and Deliverance of Rev. John Williams of Deerfield

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of possible action by the French and their allies. He notified Governor Dudley and Connecticut's Governor

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nation. In the early 1660s, the Pocomtuc were shattered as a nation due to conflict with the aggressive

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Ongoing raids by the Mohawk forced many of the remaining Indians to retreat north to French-controlled

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The expedition's departure was not a secret. In January 1704, Iroquois warned New York's Indian agent

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Although predicted because of existing tensions during the war, the raid shocked colonists throughout

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family; she became assimilated, married a Mohawk man, and had a family with him. Williams's account,

454: 358: 3204: 3087: 3037: 3027: 2893: 2850: 2565: 2535: 2515: 2453: 2342: 1845: 986: 868: 744:, raising the troop size to nearly 300 by the time it reached the Deerfield area in late February. 438: 291: 43: 1325:. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. Albany, N.Y. : Weed, Parsons and Co. p. 2540: 2471: 2078: 1035: 752: 741: 677:

The Connecticut River valley had been identified as a potential raiding target by authorities in

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On Sunday March 5, five days after the raid, the captors and their captives reached what is now

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A portion of the original village of Deerfield has been preserved as a living history museum,

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the time on both sides. The French and converted Indians worked to convert their captives to

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When European colonists began in the 17th century to settle in the middle reaches of the

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The raiders also suffered losses, although reports vary. New France's governor-general,

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men of fighting age; these forces were all under the command of Captain Jonathan Wells.

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The raiders' attack probably did not go exactly as they had intended. In attacks on

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in honor of that service. A historical marker was placed near the site in 1912.

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Documents relative to the colonial history of the state of New York - Vol. IX

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in 1756 she was reported living near an Indian village near Montreal Canada

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carried by traders and colonists, to which Native Americans had no acquired

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Gazetteer and Business Directory of Lamoille and Orleans Counties, Vermont

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After King Philip's War: Presence and Persistence in Indian New England

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Tuscarawas County Ohio. See Christopher Gist Journal January 14, 1751

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English attacks on the frontier communities of what is now southern

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as early as 1702. The forces for the raid had begun gathering near

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Captors and Captives: The 1704 French and Indian Raid on Deerfield

2000:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. pp. 117–118. 854: 762: 646: 617: 912:). In the summer of 1704, New Englanders under the leadership of 571:

In 1665, English colonists from the Massachusetts settlement of

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The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America

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New England Outpost: War and Society in Colonial Deerfield

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Deerfield holds a "special place in American history". As

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The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America

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New England Outpost:War and Society in Colonial Deerfield

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Minor raids against other communities convinced Governor

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at a site then called "Peskeompscut". It is now called "

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1969 reprint of a 1908 edition of Williams's narrative

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King Philip's War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676

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Williams, John; West, Stephen; Taylor, John (1969).

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valley (where it flows through the present state of

2995: 2959: 2864: 2811: 2743: 2667: 2591: 2501: 2440: 2372: 2131:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. 2124: 2096:Acadia, the Geography of Early Nova Scotia to 1760 2093: 1661: 1571: 1569: 1249:. The University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 1242: 1123: 997:, also known as Marguerite Kanenstenhawi Arosen. 2036:. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. 2329:Fates of Individuals Taken Captive at Deerfield 36: 2261:A 19th-century printing of Williams' narrative 2246:Williams, John (1833). Leavitt, Joshua (ed.). 2100:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 2350: 2310:Digital Collection "Old Indian House" (photo) 268: 8: 3170:Battles of the War of the Spanish Succession 2357: 2343: 2335: 2154:Johnson, Michael; Smith, Jonathan (2006). 2083:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 275: 261: 253: 33: 3225:1704 in the Province of Massachusetts Bay 3220:History of Franklin County, Massachusetts 2156:Indian Tribes of the New England Frontier 1668:. Bellows Falls, VT: The Town. p. 2. 1212:. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 6–7. 732:(also known as Huron, from Lorette), and 497:(both mission villages), and a number of 3245:Native American history of Massachusetts 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1158: 1156: 1014:preparedness among settler communities. 481:(from what is now Maine), but including 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1441: 1439: 1338: 1336: 1108: 1106: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1046: 3165:Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts 2123:Haefeli, Evan; Sweeney, Kevin (2003). 2076: 1998:The French in North America, 1500–1783 1393: 1391: 1130:. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 456. 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1066: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1050: 991:The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion 2599:List of French forts in North America 1808:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 157 and 207. 7: 1761:"Attack on Deerfield (paragraph #2)" 2380:French colonization of the Americas 1859:but see Gist's own Journal entries 1011:The Sovereignty and Goodness of God 596:erupted into what is now known as " 3190:Massacres in the Thirteen Colonies 1584:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp 5 and 150. 25: 1956:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 273-274. 1935:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 272-274. 1817:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 222-223. 549:), the area was inhabited by the 27:1704 raid during Queen Anne's War 3083: 3082: 3008:Military history of the Acadians 2756:Seigneurial system of New France 1893:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 178-179 1741:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 157–163 1650:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 130–135 1545:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 121–122 1507:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 115–119 1424:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 110–111 1189:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 273–274 728:(mostly Mohawk from Kahnawake), 699:Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville 651:Northeast Coast Campaign of 1703 451:Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville 211: 199: 178: 163: 125: 109: 50: 3150:Military history of New England 2432:History of the French-Americans 2032:Calloway, Colin Gordon (1997). 1009:'s popular captivity narrative 2761:Criminal justice in New France 2390:Timeline of New France history 1309:Haefeli and Sweeney, pp. 29–30 716:militia and recruits from the 517:. His seven-year-old daughter 1: 3200:Massacres committed by France 3195:Massacres by Native Americans 3160:1704 in the Thirteen Colonies 2751:Custom of Paris in New France 2158:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 995:Eunice Kanenstenhawi Williams 972:Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste 449:raiders under the command of 56:1900 illustration of the raid 3210:Captives of Native Americans 2251:. New York: S. W. Benedict. 2220:Boy Captive of Old Deerfield 2010:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 274. 1977:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 272. 1875:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 177. 1826:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 242. 1609:. New York: Knopf. pp. 1593:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 130. 1563:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 122. 1001:Legacy and historical memory 837:Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil 2092:Clark, Andrew Hill (1968). 1944:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 18. 1884:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 273 1799:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 174 1790:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 173 1781:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 165 1732:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 147 1705:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 190 1696:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 191 1687:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 128 1678:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 129 1641:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 127 1554:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 122 1454:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 113 1406:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 111 1385:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 100 1241:Drake, James David (1999). 1208:Borneman, Walter R (2006). 1150:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 125 1112:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 115 1084:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 123 859:Portrait believed to be of 771:showing the march to Canada 740:warriors led by the sachem 588:Previous raids on Deerfield 455:English colonial settlement 441:on February 29, 1704, when 3266: 2698:Governor of Trois-Rivières 2187:. New York: W. W. Norton. 1902:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 1. 1482:W. W. Norton & Company 1369:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 99 1360:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 38 1282:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 21 1231:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 20 1058:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 98 933:St. Stephen, New Brunswick 609:slaughtered an Indian camp 3180:Battles involving England 3078: 3050:Expulsion of the Acadians 2841:Company of 100 Associates 2654:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 2283:Fournier, Marcel (1992). 2181:Melvoin, Richard (1989). 2019:Johnson and Smith, p. 44. 1912:Dufour, Roland P (1994). 1122:Melvoin, Richard (1989). 302: 236: 221: 192: 100: 60: 49: 41: 3215:Deerfield, Massachusetts 3185:Battles involving France 3175:Battles in Massachusetts 3045:French and Iroquois Wars 2059:Child, Hamilton (1883). 1660:Hayes, Lyman S. (1907). 227:48 regulars and militia 3055:Great Peace of Montreal 2856:Compagnie de l'Occident 2427:History of the Acadians 917:raided Acadian villages 708:The force assembled at 306:Quebec and Newfoundland 3003:Military of New France 2929:Gens de couleur libres 2659:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 2644:Fortress of Louisbourg 2468:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 2385:French colonial empire 985:John Williams wrote a 864: 772: 627: 605:Battle of Bloody Brook 338:Acadia and New England 193:Commanders and leaders 2217:Smith, Mary (1991) . 1996:Eccles, W.J. (1998). 1763:. Library of Congress 1750:Melvoin, pp. 484-486. 858: 793:Durham, New Hampshire 789:Schenectady, New York 766: 689:warships were on the 621: 237:Casualties and losses 92:French-Indian victory 2703:Governor of Montreal 2609:Fort Michilimackinac 2417:1763 Treaty of Paris 1603:Demos, John (1994). 1273:Melvoin, pp. 108,114 1162:Melvoin, pp. 215–216 843:Captivity and ransom 718:troupes de la marine 691:Saint Lawrence River 636:Province of New York 531:captivity narratives 527:The Redeemed Captive 433:, also known as the 390:Carolina and Florida 229:240 Native Americans 3118:42.5486°N 72.6071°W 3113: / 2851:Mississippi Company 2269:. New York: Kraus. 1846:Newcomerstown, Ohio 987:captivity narrative 869:Rockingham, Vermont 673:Organizing the raid 551:Algonquian-speaking 384:2nd Northeast Coast 344:1st Northeast Coast 3023:King William's War 3018:Intercolonial Wars 1850:Gist Journal .p.41 1198:Melvoin, pp. 52–58 1180:Melvoin, pp. 39–47 1171:Melvoin, pp. 26–29 1036:Historic Deerfield 865: 773: 640:King William's War 628: 562:infectious disease 437:, occurred during 435:Deerfield Massacre 287:Spanish Succession 18:Deerfield Massacre 3240:Massacres in 1704 3155:Conflicts in 1704 3129:Raid on Deerfield 3123:42.5486; -72.6071 3096: 3095: 3033:King George's War 3013:Acadian Civil War 2960:Missionary groups 2951:Intellectual life 2688:Sovereign Council 2422:History of Quebec 2230:978-0-9612876-5-8 2194:978-0-393-02600-9 2165:978-1-84176-937-0 2138:978-1-55849-503-6 2043:978-0-87451-819-1 1620:978-0-394-55782-3 1491:978-0-87140-672-9 1480:(1st. ed.). 1478:New England Bound 1137:978-0-393-02600-9 953:Roman Catholicism 929:Passamaquoddy Bay 624:King Philip's War 598:King Philip's War 543:Connecticut River 521:was adopted by a 463:Massachusetts Bay 431:Raid on Deerfield 424: 423: 251: 250: 185:Massachusetts Bay 96: 95: 82:Massachusetts Bay 68:February 29, 1704 37:Raid on Deerfield 16:(Redirected from 3257: 3235:Queen Anne's War 3137: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3086: 3085: 3065:Schenectady Raid 3038:Seven Years' War 3028:Queen Anne's War 2894:King's Daughters 2846:Crozat's Company 2829:Coureur des bois 2771:Superior Council 2693:Bishop of Quebec 2678:Governor General 2619:Fort de Chartres 2478:Illinois Country 2359: 2352: 2345: 2336: 2298: 2278: 2260: 2242: 2206: 2177: 2150: 2130: 2119: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2074: 2065:. Syracuse, NY. 2055: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1966: 1965:Melvoin, p. 598. 1963: 1957: 1954: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1926:Melvoin, p. 508. 1924: 1918: 1917: 1914:Colonial America 1909: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1575:Melvoin, p. 481. 1573: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1386: 1383: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1248: 1238: 1232: 1229: 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2025: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1986:Child, p. 23. 1983: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1723:Clark, p. 220 1720: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1484:. p. 9. 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1337: 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680: 672: 670: 667: 666:Joseph Dudley 662: 660: 655: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 625: 620: 616: 614: 613:Turners Falls 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 587: 585: 581: 578: 577:given a grant 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 552: 548: 547:Massachusetts 544: 536: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511:John Williams 508: 503: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 453:attacked the 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 401:St. Augustine 399: 397: 394: 393: 389: 388: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 337: 336: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 305: 304: 301: 295: 288: 278: 273: 271: 266: 264: 259: 258: 255: 244: 241: 240: 235: 231: 226: 225: 220: 209: 207: 197: 196: 191: 186: 176: 175: 174: 172: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 134: 122: 121: 120: 118: 105: 104: 99: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 3098: 3069: 3060:Lachine Raid 2797:Maréchaussée 2795: 2719:Terre-Neuve 2624:Fort Detroit 2604:Fort Rouillé 2577:Terre-Neuve 2483:Ohio Country 2284: 2266: 2247: 2219: 2183: 2155: 2126: 2095: 2061: 2033: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1982: 1961: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1765:. Retrieved 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1663: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1605: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1503: 1495: 1477: 1474:Wendy Warren 1468: 1459: 1450: 1429: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1321: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1244: 1236: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1146: 1125: 1117: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1016: 1010: 1004: 990: 984: 980: 957: 949: 894: 892: 877: 866: 850: 846: 834: 830: 818: 814: 802: 798: 786: 778: 774: 746: 707: 676: 663: 656: 644: 629: 626:, are shown. 602: 591: 582: 570: 540: 526: 504: 476: 434: 430: 428: 411:Charles Town 379:Bloody Creek 353: 312:Newfoundland 247:112 captured 242:10–40 killed 160: 106: 101:Belligerents 29: 3121: / 2914:Amerindians 2877:1666 census 2786:Officiality 2781:Provostship 2668:Governments 2649:Castle Hill 2571:New Orleans 2547:Île Royale 2526:Quebec City 2474:(1713–1763) 2462:(1662–1713) 2460:Terre-Neuve 2456:(1608–1763) 2450:(1604–1713) 2319:Frary House 1854:.pp.114-115 976:Noel Doiron 910:Nova Scotia 880:Wells River 825:Springfield 821:Northampton 769:Howard Pyle 742:Wattanummon 657:The town's 594:New England 507:New England 396:Flint River 327:Fort Albany 3205:New France 3144:Categories 3127: ( 3108:72°36′26″W 3105:42°32′55″N 2987:Sulpicians 2944:card money 2872:Population 2766:Intendancy 2729:Louisiane 2634:Fort Condé 2557:Louisiane 2551:Louisbourg 2516:Port Royal 2472:Île Royale 2366:New France 2314:(painting) 2026:References 1865:pp.114-115 945:Beaubassin 921:Pentagouet 901:Port Royal 899:] and 687:Royal Navy 679:New France 537:Background 285:War of the 245:56 killed 232:90 militia 133:New France 2982:Ursulines 2977:Grey Nuns 2972:Récollets 2889:Canadiens 2884:Habitants 2834:Voyageurs 2824:Fur trade 2803:Code Noir 2683:Intendant 2581:Plaisance 2503:Towns and 2466:Louisiana 2410:1663–1759 2405:1608–1662 2400:1534–1607 2331:, Babcock 2174:255490222 2147:493973598 2116:186629318 2079:cite book 2052:260111112 1767:March 31, 1629:237118051 969:privateer 964:Kahnawake 937:Grand Pré 863:, c. 1707 738:Pennacook 638:. During 495:Kahnawake 459:Deerfield 416:Pensacola 406:Apalachee 369:Haverhill 359:Grand Pré 354:Deerfield 156:Pennacook 78:Deerfield 3250:Pocomtuc 3088:Category 2939:Currency 2899:Acadians 2733:Governor 2723:Governor 2713:Governor 2536:Montreal 2505:villages 2441:Colonies 2257:35735291 2239:35792763 2203:17260551 1476:(2016). 941:Pisiquid 810:Hatfield 753:Winthrop 734:Pocomtuc 726:Iroquois 714:Canadien 683:Montreal 659:palisade 566:immunity 554:Pocomtuc 499:Pocomtuc 467:Montreal 349:Falmouth 222:Strength 206:Rouville 152:Pocomtuc 73:Location 42:Part of 2934:Alcohol 2924:Plaçage 2919:Slavery 2865:Society 2812:Economy 2791:Bailiff 2709:Acadie 2674:Canada 2541:Détroit 2522:Canada 2512:Acadie 2373:History 2275:2643638 2071:7019124 796:force. 730:Wyandot 722:Abenaki 710:Chambly 649:in the 487:Lorette 479:Abenaki 171:England 148:Wyandot 140:Abenaki 2566:Biloxi 2561:Mobile 2454:Canada 2448:Acadia 2291: 2273: 2255: 2237: 2227: 2201: 2191: 2172: 2162: 2145: 2135: 2114: 2104: 2069: 2050: 2040: 1627: 1617: 1488: 1257: 1134: 960:Eunice 943:, and 906:Acadia 806:Hadley 695:Quebec 632:Canada 573:Dedham 558:Mohawk 523:Mohawk 519:Eunice 515:Canada 491:Mohawk 471:Mohawk 443:French 332:Quebec 168: 144:Mohawk 130: 117:France 114: 89:Result 2909:Métis 2592:Forts 1861:.p.39 1611:38–39 1042:Notes 703:Wells 647:Maine 575:were 493:from 483:Huron 2996:Wars 2744:Laws 2312:and 2289:ISBN 2271:OCLC 2253:OCLC 2249:1704 2235:OCLC 2225:ISBN 2199:OCLC 2189:ISBN 2170:OCLC 2160:ISBN 2143:OCLC 2133:ISBN 2112:OCLC 2102:ISBN 2085:link 2067:OCLC 2048:OCLC 2038:ISBN 1863:and 1769:2007 1625:OCLC 1615:ISBN 1486:ISBN 1255:ISBN 1251:1–15 1132:ISBN 823:and 791:and 759:Raid 445:and 429:The 65:Date 1327:762 935:), 927:), 919:at 896:sic 886:to 457:of 3146:: 2233:. 2197:. 2168:. 2141:. 2110:. 2081:}} 2077:{{ 2046:. 1970:^ 1949:^ 1623:. 1613:. 1568:^ 1512:^ 1494:. 1438:^ 1390:^ 1374:^ 1335:^ 1253:. 1155:^ 1105:^ 1089:^ 1075:^ 1063:^ 1049:^ 989:, 939:, 724:, 568:. 533:. 489:, 461:, 80:, 3131:) 2358:e 2351:t 2344:v 2297:. 2277:. 2259:. 2241:. 2205:. 2176:. 2149:. 2118:. 2087:) 2073:. 2054:. 1771:. 1631:. 1329:. 1263:. 1140:. 276:e 269:t 262:v 20:)

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