182:) signal that uses the same bandwidth only updates the display half as often and was found to create a perceived flicker or stutter. CRT-based displays were able to display interlaced video correctly due to their complete analog nature, blending in the alternating lines seamlessly. However, since the early 2000s, displays such as televisions and computer monitors have become almost entirely digital - in that the display is composed of discrete pixels - and on such displays the interlacing becomes noticeable and can appear as a distracting visual defect. The deinterlacing process should try to minimize these.
575:
would try to detect direction and amount of such motion. The algorithm would then try to reconstruct the full detail of the face in both output frames by combining the images together, moving parts of each field along the detected direction by the detected amount of movement. Deinterlacers that use this technique are often superior because they can use information from many fields, as opposed to just one or two, however they require powerful hardware to achieve this in real-time.
910:– Real-time deinterlacing hardware converts interlaced programs to progressive scan immediately prior to broadcasting. Since the processing time is constrained by the frame rate and no human input is available, the quality of conversion is most likely inferior to the pre-production method; however, expensive and high-performance deinterlacing equipment may still yield good results when properly tuned.
487:
cartoon sequences with an elevated frame rate), then the filter falls back on another deinterlacing method such as blending or line-doubling. This means that the worst case for
Telecine is occasional frames with ghosting or reduced resolution. By contrast, when more sophisticated motion-detection algorithms fail, they can introduce pixel artifacts that are unfaithful to the original material. For
27:
483:
frames per second. If
Telecine was used then it is possible to reverse the algorithm to obtain the original non-interlaced footage, which has a slower frame rate. In order for this to work, the exact telecine pattern must be known or guessed. Unlike most other deinterlacing methods, when it works, inverse telecine can perfectly recover the original progressive video stream.
472:, is a combination of weaving and blending. As areas that haven't changed from frame to frame don't need any processing, the frames are woven and only the areas that need it are blended. This retains the full vertical resolution and half the temporal resolution, and it has fewer artifacts than weaving or blending because of the selective combination of both techniques.
904:– The interlaced video material is converted to progressive scan during program production. This should typically yield the best possible quality, since videographers have access to expensive and powerful deinterlacing equipment and software and can deinterlace at the best possible quality, probably manually choosing the optimal deinterlacing method for each frame.
542:
of each field that the frame was made from. Line doubling prevents combing artifacts and maintains smooth motion but can cause a noticeable reduction in picture quality from the loss of vertical resolution and visual anomalies whereby stationary objects can appear to bob up and down as the odd and even lines alternate. These techniques are also called
1074:
582:(which has its own challenges), otherwise it will attempt to find motion between two completely different scenes. A poorly implemented motion compensation algorithm would interfere with natural motion and could lead to visual artifacts which manifest as "jumping" parts in what should be a stationary or a smoothly moving image.
558:(image scaling) which uses spatial filtering to generate extra lines and hence reduce the visibility of pixelation on any type of display. The terminology 'line doubler' is used more frequently in high end consumer electronics, while 'deinterlacing' is used more frequently in the computer and digital video arena.
927:
However, the quality of both free and commercial consumer-grade software may not be up to the level of professional software and equipment. Also, most users are not trained in video production; this often causes poor results as many people do not know much about deinterlacing and are unaware that the
458:
number of pixels vertically, it is often combined with a vertical resize so that the output has no numerical loss in vertical pixels. When interpolation is used, it can result in an even softer image. Blending also loses half the temporal resolution since two motion fields are combined into one frame.
923:
Using a computer for playback and/or processing potentially allows a broader choice of video players and/or editing software not limited to the quality offered by the embedded consumer electronics device, so at least theoretically higher deinterlacing quality is possible – especially if the user can
919:
When the broadcast format or media format is interlaced, real-time deinterlacing should be performed by embedded circuitry in a set-top box, television, external video processor, DVD or DVR player, or TV tuner card. Since consumer electronics equipment is typically far cheaper, has considerably less
875:
to deinterlace video sequences. FFmpeg Bob Weaver
Deinterlacing Filter is the part of well-known framework for video and audio processing. Vapoursynth EEDI3 is the abbreviation for "enhanced edge directed interpolation 3", authors of this method state that it works by finding the best non-decreasing
727:
This benchmark has compared more than 20 methods on 40 video sequences. Total length of the sequences is 834 frames. Its authors state that the main feature of this benchmark is the comprehensive comparison of methods with visual comparison tools, performance plots and parameter tuning. Authors used
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or "bobbing" takes the lines of each interlaced field (consisting of only even or odd lines) and doubles them, filling the entire frame. This results in the video having a frame rate identical to the original field rate, but each frame having half the vertical resolution, or resolution equal to that
486:
Telecine-style algorithms: If the interlaced footage was generated from progressive frames at a slower frame rate (e.g. "cartoon pulldown"), then the exact original frames can be recovered by copying the missing field from a matching previous/next frame. In cases where there is no match (e.g. brief
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used in video compression. For example, if two fields had a person's face moving to the left, weaving would create combing, and blending would create ghosting. Advanced motion compensation (ideally) would see that the face in several fields is the same image, just moved to a different position, and
566:
More advanced deinterlacing algorithms combine the traditional field combination methods (weaving and blending) and frame extension methods (bob or line doubling) to create a high quality progressive video sequence. One of the basic hints to the direction and amount of motion would be the direction
520:
displays each interlaced field on its own, resulting in a video with half the vertical resolution of the original, unscaled. While this method retains all original pixels and all temporal resolution it is understandably not used for regular viewing because of its false aspect ratio. However, it can
948:
50 as a future-proof production standard which offers higher vertical resolution, better quality at lower bitrates, and easier conversion to other formats such as 720p50 and 1080i50. The main argument is that no matter how complex the deinterlacing algorithm may be, the artifacts in the interlaced
482:
is used to convert a motion picture source at 24 frames per second to interlaced TV video in countries that use NTSC video system at 30 frames per second. Countries which use PAL at 25 frames per second do not require
Telecine – motion picture sources are merely sped up 4% to achieve the needed 25
432:
Weaving is the simplest and most rudimentary method, performed by interleaving ("weaving") the consecutive fields together into a single frame. This method does not cause any problems when the image has not changed between fields, but any motion will result in artifacts known as "combing" when the
372:
Deinterlacing requires the display to buffer one or more fields and recombine them into full frames. In theory this would be as simple as capturing one field and combining it with the next field to be received, producing a single frame. However, the originally recorded signal was produced from two
530:
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consecutive fields to be displayed as one frame. Combing is avoided because the images are on top of each other. This instead leaves an artifact known as ghosting. The image loses both vertical resolution and temporal resolution. Although video produced with this technique only requires half the
419:
These methods take the even and odd fields and combine them into one frame. They retain the full vertical resolution at the expense of the temporal resolution (perceived frame-rate) whereby 50i/60i is converted to 24p/25p/30p which may lose the smooth, fluid feel of the original. However, if the
294:
occur with moving objects in the image. A good deinterlacing algorithm should try to avoid interlacing artifacts as much as possible and not sacrifice image quality in the process, which is hard to achieve consistently. There are several techniques available that extrapolate the missing picture
355:
Some 1080i HDV camcorders also offer PsF mode with cinema-like frame rates of 24 or 25 frame/s. TV production crews can also use special film cameras which operate at 25 or 30 frame/s, where such material does not need framerate conversion for broadcasting in the intended video system format.
258:
effect. This results in an effective doubling of time resolution as compared with non-interlaced footage (for frame rates equal to field rates). However, interlaced signal requires a display that is natively capable of showing the individual fields in a sequential order, and only traditional
509:
185:
Deinterlacing is thus a necessary process and comes built-in to most modern DVD players, Blu-ray players, LCD/LED televisions, digital projectors, TV set-top boxes, professional broadcast equipment, and computer video players and editors - although each with varying levels of quality.
438:
424:
626:- how many frames deinterlacer is able to process per second. Talking about FPS, it is necessary to specify the resolution of all frames and hardware characteristics, because the speed of specific deinterlacing method significantly depends on these two factors.
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These methods take each field (with only half the lines) and extend it to the entire screen to make a frame. This may halve the vertical resolution of the image but aims to maintain the original field-rate (50i or 60i is converted to 50p or 60p).
332:(PsF), and in this format it does not require a complex deinterlacing algorithm because each field contains a part of the very same progressive frame. However, to match 50 field interlaced PAL/SECAM or 59.94/60 field interlaced NTSC signal,
278:, are not able to work in interlaced mode, because they are fixed-resolution displays and only support progressive scanning. In order to display interlaced signal on such displays, the two interlaced fields must be converted to one
896:
Deinterlacing is required for interlaced archive programs when the broadcast format or media format is progressive, as in EDTV 576p or HDTV 720p50 broadcasting, or mobile DVB-H broadcasting; there are two ways to achieve this.
396:
which takes each field (with only half the lines) and extend it to the entire screen to make a frame. This halves the vertical resolution of the image but maintains the original field-rate (50i or 60i is converted to 50p or
347:
can either encode movies using one of these methods, or store original 24 frame/s progressive video and use MPEG-2 decoder tags to instruct the video player on how to convert them to the interlaced format. Most movies on
173:
taken in sequence: the first containing all the odd lines of the image, and the second all the even lines. Analog television employed this technique because it allowed for less transmission bandwidth while keeping a high
340:
process. Another option is to speed up 24-frame film by 4% (to 25 frames/s) for PAL/SECAM conversion; this method is still widely used for DVDs, as well as television broadcasts (SD & HD) in the PAL markets.
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behind controller input. Many TVs thus have a "game mode" in which minimal processing is done in order to maximize speed at the expense of image quality. Deinterlacing is only partly responsible for such lag;
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can be applied as a post-process to reduce the frame rate, and this combination is generally more robust than a simple inverse telecine, which fails when differently interlaced footage is spliced together.
920:
processing power and uses simpler algorithms compared to professional deinterlacing equipment, the quality of deinterlacing may vary broadly and typical results are often poor even on high-end equipment.
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The best algorithms also try to predict the direction and the amount of image motion between subsequent fields in order to better blend the two fields together. They may employ algorithms similar to
373:
fields at different points in time, and without special processing any motion across the fields usually results in a "combing" effect where alternate lines are slightly displaced from each other.
298:
Deinterlacing techniques require complex processing and thus can introduce a delay into the video feed. While not generally noticeable, this can result in the display of older video games
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which uses more advanced algorithms to detect motion across fields, switching techniques when necessary. This produces the best quality result, but requires the most processing power.
352:
have preserved the original non interlaced 24 frame/s motion film rate and allow output in the progressive 1080p24 format directly to display devices, with no conversion necessary.
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frame rate is half the field rate. Many codecs/players do not even deinterlace by themselves and rely on the graphics card and video acceleration API to do proper deinterlacing.
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which takes the even and odd fields and combine them into one frame. This halves the perceived frame-rate (the temporal resolution) whereby 50i or 60i is converted to 25p or 30p.
1072:, Casey, Robert F., "Progressive Scan Display System Having Intra-field and Inter-field Process Modes", issued October 6, 1987, assigned to RCA Corporation
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pre-convert interlaced video to progressive scan before playback and advanced and time-consuming deinterlacing algorithms (i.e. employing the "production" method).
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231:, one containing all even lines, another with the odd lines. The fields are captured in succession at a rate twice that of the nominal frame rate. For instance,
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winner for his achievements in deinterlacing technology, has stated that "interlace to progressive does not work" and advised against using interlaced signal.
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in an attempt to find the motion between the fields. This is then used to interpolate the missing lines from the original field, reducing the combing effect.
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When someone watches interlaced video on a progressive monitor with poor deinterlacing, they can see "combing" in movement between two fields of one frame.
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Since the interlaced signal contains the two fields of a video frame shot at two different times, it enhances motion perception to the viewer and reduces
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information, however they rather fall into the category of intelligent frame creation and require complex algorithms and substantial processing power.
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system delivers 29.97 frames/sec or 59.94 fields/sec. This process of dividing frames into half-resolution fields at double the frame rate is known as
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Deinterlacing has been researched for decades and employs complex processing algorithms; however, consistent results have been very hard to achieve.
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interlaced signal was originally produced from a lower frame-rate source such as film, then no information is lost and these methods may suffice.
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Some interlaced video may have been originally created from progressive footage, and the deinterlacing process should consider this as well.
286:. However, when the two fields taken at different points in time are re-combined to a full frame displayed at once, visual defects called
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263:-based TV sets are capable of displaying interlaced signal, due to the electronic scanning and lack of apparent fixed resolution.
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is necessary using various "pulldown" techniques. Most advanced TV sets can restore the original 24 frame/s signal using an
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980:: a scheme designed to acquire, store, modify, and distribute progressive-scan video using interlaced equipment and media
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All of deinterlaced videos are compared with the corresponding source video via objective video quality metric, such as
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Typical movie material is shot on 24 frames/s film. Converting film to interlaced video typically uses a process called
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which expect a noninterlaced frame, such as those exploiting information from neighbouring pixels (e.g., sharpening).
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This benchmark has compared 8 different deinterlacing methods on a synthetic video. There is a moving 3-dimensional
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whereby each frame is converted to multiple fields. In some cases, each film frame can be presented by exactly two
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223:(still images) in rapid succession; however, television systems read the captured image by serially scanning the
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VapourSynth TDeintMod author states that it is bi-directional motion adaptive deinterlacer. NNEDI method uses a
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warping between two lines according to a cost functional. The authors of Real-Time Deep Video
Deinterlacer use
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for this reason. A variant of this method discards one field out of each frame, halving temporal resolution.
59:
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1268:
Zhu, Haichao; Liu, Xueting; Mao, Xiangyu; Wong, Tien-Tsin (2017). "Real-time Deep Video
Deinterlacing".
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Proceedings of the 5th
International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication
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Deinterlacing of an interlaced video signal can be done at various points in the TV production chain.
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has argued against the use of interlaced video in production and broadcasting, recommending 720p 50
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on the video in order to make it challenging for the modern deinterlacing methods. The authors used
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1020:"Deinterlacing method based on edge direction refinement using weighted maximum frequent filter"
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pixels in one field do not line up with the pixels in the other, forming a jagged edge.
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Usually, to measure quality of deinterlacing method, the following approach is used:
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Modern deinterlacing systems therefore buffer several fields and use techniques like
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There are various methods to deinterlace video, each producing different problems or
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Different deinterlacing methods have different quality and speed characteristics.
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by lines (rows). In analog television, each frame is divided into two consecutive
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655:. For some methods there is only visual comparison, for others - only objective.
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signal cannot be eliminated because some information is lost between frames.
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Each of interlaced videos are deinterlaced with specific deinterlacing method
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Line doubling is sometimes confused with deinterlacing in general, or with
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of its own. Some methods are much cleaner in artifacts than other methods.
1557:
1177:"VirtualDub MSU Deinterlacer / Ïëàãèí äëÿ äåèíòåðëåéñèíãà ïîä VirtualDub"
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1133:"VEGAS Creative Software - Faster. More creative. Endless possibilities"
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Converting interlaced video into a non-interlaced or progressive form
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1396:– Deinterlacing and film-to-video conversion with respect to DVDs
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systems have a rate of 25 frames/sec or 50 fields/sec, while the
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also involves complex algorithms that take milliseconds to run.
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as objective metrics. Also, they measure processing speed in
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Most deinterlacing techniques fall under three broad groups:
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for smoother and more life-like motion. A non-interlaced (or
1127:
1125:
1290:"EBU R115-2005: FUTURE HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION SYSTEMS"
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and length of combing artifacts in the interlaced signal.
1404:
1417:"Interlacing, Deinterlacing, and Everything in Between"
1390:– EBU document (with animation demonstrating interlace)
400:
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form. Interlaced video signals are commonly found in
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1510:
1465:
659:Another algorithms of Deinterlacing Challenge 2019
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1407:Facts, solutions and examples of Deinterlacing.
1400:Frequently asked questions about deinterlacing
1322:"10 things you need to know about... 1080p/50"
578:Motion compensation needs to be combined with
1443:
1348:"EBU Technical Review No. 300 (October 2004)"
1052:"EBU Technical Review No. 301 (January 2005)"
8:
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1436:
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880:to get the best quality of output video.
207:Example of interlaced video (slowed down)
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
738:
657:
363:
1010:
597:A set of progressive videos is composed
819:FFmpeg Bob Weaver Deinterlacing Filter
622:The main speed measurement metric is
7:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1302:from the original on 26 March 2009
600:All of these videos are interlaced
14:
853:Real-Time Deep Video Deinterlacer
562:Motion compensation deinterlacing
401:Motion compensation deinterlacing
1375:Stream Interlace and Deinterlace
1346:Philip Laven (25 January 2005).
1050:Philip Laven (26 January 2005).
884:Where deinterlacing is performed
415:Field combination deinterlacing
158:titles, and a smaller number of
25:
1090:"PCMag Definition: Deinterlace"
1018:Jung, J.H.; Hong, S.H. (2011).
388:Field combination deinterlacing
36:needs additional citations for
1369:3:2 Pulldown and Deinterlacing
1235:"FFmpeg Filters Documentation"
1116:"Deinterlacing Challenge 2019"
704:Vegas De-interlace Interpolate
521:be successfully used to apply
500:Field extension deinterlacing
282:frame with a process known as
266:Most modern displays, such as
1:
1411:Deinterlacing - VideoLAN Wiki
1215:"Dubhater/Vapoursynth-nnedi3"
1137:www.vegascreativesoftware.com
394:Field extension deinterlacing
126:is the process of converting
1151:"MSU Deinterlacer Benchmark"
635:Deinterlacing Challenge 2019
330:progressive segmented frames
978:Progressive segmented frame
938:European Broadcasting Union
932:Concerns over effectiveness
311:Progressive source material
254:by taking advantage of the
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740:Top algorithms of MSU DIB
723:MSU Deinterlacer Benchmark
314:
196:
572:block motion compensation
130:into a non-interlaced or
1538:Super-resolution imaging
1394:DVD progressive scanning
687:Vegas De-interlace Blend
470:motion adaptive blending
624:frames per second (FPS)
1371:(theprojectorpros.com)
736:as objective metrics.
580:scene change detection
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169:frame consists of two
146:, digital television (
1350:. EBU. Archived from
1327:. EBU. September 2009
1070:US patent 4698675
1054:. EBU. Archived from
785:VapourSynth TDeintMod
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511:
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360:Deinterlacing methods
334:frame rate conversion
256:persistence of vision
206:
1380:19 July 2006 at the
548:linear deinterlacing
219:capture a series of
45:improve this article
1157:on 13 February 2021
989:Display motion blur
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586:Quality Measurement
288:interlace artifacts
1511:Special processing
1223:. 21 October 2021.
1203:. 13 October 2021.
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462:Selective blending
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1553:Pixel art scaling
1518:Film colorization
1295:. EBU. May 2005.
1096:on 7 October 2012
1033:978-1-4503-0571-6
955:, the founder of
892:Progressive media
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836:Vapoursynth EEDI3
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544:bob deinterlacing
217:photographic film
136:analog television
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1579:Video processing
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1423:. 16 April 2021.
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984:DCDi by Faroudja
973:Interlaced video
915:Interlaced media
768:MSU Deinterlacer
758:Processing speed
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677:Processing speed
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476:Inverse Telecine
338:inverse telecine
199:Interlaced video
180:progressive scan
167:interlaced video
128:interlaced video
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1467:Post-processing
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315:Main article:
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284:de-interlacing
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150:) when in the
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1492:Deinterlacing
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154:format, some
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124:Deinterlacing
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62: –
61:
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56:Find sources:
50:
46:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1548:Uncompressed
1491:
1420:
1352:the original
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1284:
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1159:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1145:
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1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1083:
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1056:the original
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994:Refresh rate
951:
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908:Broadcasting
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763:Open source
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682:Open source
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225:image sensor
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1161:24 February
518:Half-sizing
512:Half-sizing
449:is done by
280:progressive
245:interlacing
132:progressive
1502:Deflicking
1485:Comparison
1475:Deblocking
1275:1708.00187
1005:References
961:Emmy Award
902:Production
630:Benchmarks
493:decimation
197:See also:
193:Background
176:frame rate
71:newspapers
1533:Film look
1497:Denoising
1100:26 August
745:Algorithm
664:Algorithm
455:averaging
378:artifacts
144:Laserdisc
101:June 2008
1573:Category
1558:Telecine
1480:Resizing
1378:Archived
1297:Archived
967:See also
878:Deep CNN
489:telecine
480:Telecine
451:blending
447:Blending
441:Blending
350:Blu-rays
326:telecine
317:Telecine
1522:tinting
1520: (
1331:26 June
1026:. ACM.
491:video,
427:Weaving
305:scaling
300:lagging
292:combing
252:flicker
162:discs.
160:Blu-ray
85:scholar
1405:100fps
1306:24 May
1254:GitHub
1220:GitHub
1200:GitHub
1076:
1030:
856:39.203
839:39.373
822:39.679
805:39.625
788:39.916
771:40.708
710:41.292
707:16.426
693:43.594
229:fields
221:frames
171:fields
87:
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73:
66:
58:
1325:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1270:arXiv
946:1080p
859:0.976
842:0.977
828:46.45
825:0.976
808:0.978
802:NNEDI
794:50.29
791:0.977
774:0.983
760:(FPS)
690:8.086
679:(FPS)
464:, or
453:, or
397:60p).
237:SECAM
213:video
211:Both
152:1080i
92:JSTOR
78:books
1333:2010
1308:2009
1163:2021
1102:2017
1028:ISBN
999:HDTV
959:and
936:The
865:Yes
862:0.27
848:Yes
845:51.9
831:Yes
814:Yes
811:1.91
797:Yes
754:SSIM
749:PSNR
734:SSIM
732:and
730:PSNR
713:3.58
696:3.53
673:PSNR
649:PSNR
647:and
616:VMAF
612:SSIM
608:PSNR
546:and
345:DVDs
274:and
241:NTSC
235:and
215:and
148:HDTV
64:news
942:fps
780:No
777:1.3
716:No
699:No
668:MSE
653:FPS
645:MSE
614:or
468:or
290:or
272:DLP
268:LCD
261:CRT
233:PAL
165:An
156:DVD
140:VHS
47:by
1575::
1419:.
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1179:.
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1124:^
1042:^
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610:,
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108:(
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99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
