428:
133:
350:
324:
185:
853:
706:
338:
752:
665:
653:
764:
815:
740:
641:
213:, suspended from a crane. The excavator digs down to design depth (or bedrock) for the first wall segment. The excavator is then lifted and moved along the trench guide walls to continue the trench with successive cuts as needed. The trench is at all times kept filled with slurry to prevent its collapse, but the fluid filling allows the excavation machinery and excavation spoil to be moved without hindrance.
788:
36:
841:
829:
865:
776:
889:
805:
728:
629:
877:
677:
231:
Slurry walls are successively extended to enclose an area, blocking water and softened earth from flowing into it. Once the concrete has hardened, excavation within the now concrete-wall-enclosed area can proceed. To prevent the concrete wall from collapsing into the newly excavated area, temporary
204:
Slurry walls are typically constructed by starting with a set of concrete guide walls, typically 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) deep and 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) thick. The guide walls are constructed near the ground surface to outline the desired slurry trench, and to guide the excavation
200:
and water). The dense but liquid slurry prevents the trench from collapsing by providing outward pressure, which balances the inward hydraulic forces and also retards water flow into the trench. The density of the slurry mix must be carefully monitored and adjusted to produce the correct outward
175:
sites to contain the waste or contamination and reduce potential future migration of waste constituents, often with other waste treatment methods. Slurry walls are a "well-established" technology but the decision to use slurry walls for a certain project requires geophysical and other engineering
284:
The design of a slurry wall (diaphragm wall) includes the design of wall thickness and reinforcements. Thickness of a slurry wall in preliminary design is generally set to about 4-8% of the excavation depth. Slurry wall design is undertaken based on
304:
In a single-phase diaphragm wall, also known as a "cut-off wall", a binder (usually cement) is added to the supporting fluid so that the supporting fluid hardens without exchange. One application for this type of construction is a
271:
project in Boston was one of the first projects in the US to use the modern form of the technology, with hydromill trench cutters and the "Milan method". Slurry walls were also used extensively in Boston's 1990s
236:
or internal crossbeams are installed. When completed, the structure built within the walled-off area usually supports the wall, so that tiebacks or other temporary bracing may be optionally removed.
176:
studies to develop a plan appropriate for the needs of that specific location. Slurry walls may need to be used in conjunction with other methods to meet project objectives.
577:
252:
in Italy by the company ICOS (Impresa
Costruzioni Opere Specializzate). This new technology became an important component of the top-down tunnelling method also known as
349:
228:
pipes. The heavier concrete displaces the bentonite slurry, which is pumped out, filtered, and stored in tanks for use in the next wall segment, or it is recycled.
1542:
399:
485:
A portion of the slurry wall was deliberately left exposed in the
Foundation Hall of the National September 11 Memorial Museum, set to open next year.
467:
1708:
570:
446:
137:
374:
323:
595:
563:
119:
337:
132:
57:
497:
Bahrami, M.; Khodakarami, M.I.; Haddad, A. (April 2019). "Seismic behavior and design of strutted diaphragm walls in sand".
1245:
1126:
668:
100:
297:. In the design of such underground walls, width of the unit is considered as one meter, and the wall is analyzed under
268:
72:
53:
1558:
301:
condition. Since the length-to-width ratio of excavations is generally large, plane strain conditions can be assumed.
1158:
603:
79:
46:
1461:
856:
1537:
1527:
1399:
1389:
1219:
957:
755:
586:
168:
656:
86:
1377:
1352:
1292:
972:
913:
767:
407:
329:
264:
210:
141:
743:
1713:
1640:
1451:
1265:
1101:
1076:
997:
927:
906:
798:
233:
1327:
1136:
644:
68:
791:
1680:
1532:
1489:
1382:
1307:
844:
690:
1456:
1446:
987:
947:
920:
695:
685:
156:
731:
1407:
1116:
899:
818:
290:
245:
192:
While a trench is being excavated to create a form for a wall, it is simultaneously filled with
1504:
1250:
1141:
962:
184:
163:
table. This technique is typically used to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surrounding
152:
1554:
1441:
1332:
1297:
1272:
1131:
952:
506:
1587:
852:
705:
1670:
1494:
1412:
1347:
1342:
1240:
1106:
977:
832:
751:
664:
294:
244:
The slurry wall technique was first introduced in the 1950s during the excavations of the
93:
652:
1617:
1509:
1426:
1230:
992:
982:
868:
763:
472:
369:
286:
814:
739:
640:
1702:
1645:
1484:
1362:
1357:
1081:
1002:
524:
403:
379:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1630:
1317:
1260:
1091:
808:
298:
510:
1675:
1372:
1194:
260:
249:
160:
35:
787:
1499:
1479:
1367:
1179:
1174:
1096:
1086:
967:
840:
828:
712:
632:
550:
17:
1655:
1635:
1521:
1337:
1322:
938:
880:
864:
779:
680:
206:
197:
172:
775:
555:
888:
804:
727:
1685:
1572:
1302:
1277:
1204:
1121:
1111:
306:
221:
628:
1625:
1597:
1282:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1184:
892:
273:
876:
676:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1514:
1312:
1287:
1235:
1045:
468:"Looking to a Wall That Limited the World Trade Center's Devastation"
225:
193:
164:
531:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 7–7, 2013
1060:
217:
183:
131:
220:
is lowered into the slurry-filled pit and the pit is filled with
159:
walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high
1547:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1015:
717:
259:
Slurry wall construction was used in 1967–1968 to construct the
559:
205:
machinery. Excavation is done using a special clamshell-shaped
29:
529:
201:
pressure to prevent the trench walls from collapsing.
1616:
1571:
1470:
1434:
1425:
1398:
1218:
1167:
1154:
1069:
1023:
1014:
937:
615:
602:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
355:A set of slurry wall guide walls before excavation
216:Once a particular depth of trench is reached, a
263:that surrounded the foundations of most of the
571:
8:
1431:
1164:
1020:
612:
578:
564:
556:
551:Video Overview of Slurry Wall Construction
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
390:
319:
466:David W. Dunlap (September 11, 2013).
309:seal that is to be retrofitted later.
188:Sequence of constructing a slurry wall
7:
429:"Engineering Bulletin: Slurry Walls"
343:Clamshell-type slurry wall excavator
267:in New York City. In the 1980s, the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
375:Building of the World Trade Center
25:
596:Offshore geotechnical engineering
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
827:
813:
803:
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
726:
704:
675:
663:
651:
639:
627:
525:"(Ab)Dicht(ungs)(schlitz)wand f"
348:
336:
322:
34:
1709:Geotechnical shoring structures
45:needs additional citations for
1:
1246:Mechanically stabilized earth
511:10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.12.019
998:Hydraulic conductivity tests
269:Red Line Northwest Extension
1559:Stress distribution in soil
293:envelope obtained from the
171:. Slurry walls are used at
136:Exposed slurry wall of the
27:Civil engineering technique
1730:
709:Pore pressure measurement
167:and open cuts, and to lay
1462:Preconsolidation pressure
857:Standard penetration test
593:
499:Computers and Geotechnics
224:from the bottom up using
958:California bearing ratio
756:Rotary-pressure sounding
587:Geotechnical engineering
155:technique used to build
1378:Geosynthetic clay liner
1353:Expanded clay aggregate
973:Proctor compaction test
914:Crosshole sonic logging
900:Nuclear densometer test
657:Geo-electrical sounding
330:Hydromill trench cutter
265:World Trade Center site
211:hydromill trench cutter
1641:Earthquake engineering
1452:Lateral earth pressure
1077:Hydraulic conductivity
928:Wave equation analysis
907:Exploration geophysics
799:Deformation monitoring
768:Rotary weight sounding
447:"Primo by Ex Libris -"
196:(usually a mixture of
189:
144:
819:Settlement recordings
744:Rock control drilling
645:Cone penetration test
187:
135:
1681:Agricultural science
1383:Cellular confinement
54:improve this article
1573:Numerical analysis
1457:Overburden pressure
1447:Pore water pressure
1227:Shoring structures
1102:Reynolds' dilatancy
1003:Water content tests
988:Triaxial shear test
948:Soil classification
921:Pile integrity test
157:reinforced concrete
1548:Slab stabilisation
1528:Stability analysis
256:("Milan method").
190:
145:
138:World Trade Center
1696:
1695:
1567:
1566:
1543:Sliding criterion
1505:Response spectrum
1421:
1420:
1251:Pressure grouting
1150:
1149:
1010:
1009:
963:Direct shear test
669:Permeability test
433:United States EPA
398:Gutberle (1994).
232:supports such as
153:civil engineering
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1721:
1555:Bearing capacity
1442:Effective stress
1432:
1333:Land reclamation
1273:Land development
1168:Natural features
1165:
1132:Specific storage
1021:
953:Atterberg limits
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
817:
807:
792:Screw plate test
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
730:
708:
679:
667:
655:
643:
631:
613:
580:
573:
566:
557:
539:
538:
537:
536:
521:
515:
514:
494:
488:
487:
482:
480:
463:
457:
456:
454:
453:
443:
437:
436:
425:
419:
418:
416:
415:
406:. Archived from
395:
352:
340:
326:
276:tunnel project.
218:reinforcing cage
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1671:Earth materials
1612:
1574:
1563:
1472:
1466:
1417:
1394:
1348:Earth structure
1343:Erosion control
1241:Ground freezing
1231:Retaining walls
1214:
1156:
1146:
1107:Angle of repose
1065:
1006:
940:
933:
932:
893:Visible bedrock
845:Simple sounding
833:Shear vane test
609:instrumentation
608:
606:
598:
589:
584:
547:
542:
534:
532:
523:
522:
518:
496:
495:
491:
478:
476:
465:
464:
460:
451:
449:
445:
444:
440:
427:
426:
422:
413:
411:
397:
396:
392:
388:
366:
361:
360:
359:
356:
353:
344:
341:
332:
327:
315:
295:stress analysis
282:
242:
182:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1618:Related fields
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Classification
1535:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1510:Seismic hazard
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1137:Shear strength
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Friction angle
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:Oedometer test
990:
985:
983:Sieve analysis
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
943:
935:
934:
931:
930:
924:
923:
917:
916:
910:
909:
903:
902:
896:
895:
884:
883:
872:
871:
869:Total sounding
860:
859:
848:
847:
836:
835:
824:
823:
822:
821:
811:
795:
794:
783:
782:
771:
770:
759:
758:
747:
746:
735:
734:
723:
722:
721:
720:
715:
701:
700:
699:
698:
693:
688:
672:
671:
660:
659:
648:
647:
636:
635:
624:
623:
621:
610:
600:
599:
594:
591:
590:
585:
583:
582:
575:
568:
560:
554:
553:
546:
545:External links
543:
541:
540:
516:
489:
473:New York Times
458:
438:
420:
400:"Slurry Walls"
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
370:Retaining wall
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
347:
345:
342:
335:
333:
328:
321:
318:
317:
316:
314:
311:
287:bending moment
281:
278:
241:
238:
181:
178:
128:
127:
110:September 2009
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Diaphragm wall
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1726:
1715:
1714:Types of wall
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Geomorphology
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Consolidation
1488:
1486:
1485:Frost heaving
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:Geosynthetics
1361:
1359:
1358:Crushed stone
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:Cut-and-cover
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Water content
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
942:
936:
929:
926:
925:
922:
919:
918:
915:
912:
911:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
897:
894:
890:
886:
885:
882:
878:
874:
873:
870:
866:
862:
861:
858:
854:
850:
849:
846:
842:
838:
837:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
789:
785:
784:
781:
780:Sample series
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
761:
760:
757:
753:
749:
748:
745:
741:
737:
736:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
707:
703:
702:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
678:
674:
673:
670:
666:
662:
661:
658:
654:
650:
649:
646:
642:
638:
637:
634:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
614:
611:
605:
604:Investigation
601:
597:
592:
588:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
558:
552:
549:
548:
544:
530:
526:
520:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
493:
490:
486:
479:September 11,
475:
474:
469:
462:
459:
448:
442:
439:
434:
430:
424:
421:
410:on 2007-08-24
409:
405:
404:Virginia Tech
401:
394:
391:
385:
381:
380:Grout curtain
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
351:
346:
339:
334:
331:
325:
320:
312:
310:
308:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
279:
277:
275:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
254:Metodo Milano
251:
247:
239:
237:
235:
229:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
202:
199:
195:
186:
179:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
143:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
69:"Slurry wall"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1666:Biogeography
1661:Hydrogeology
1651:Soil science
1631:Geochemistry
1390:Infiltration
1318:Cut and fill
1261:Soil nailing
1255:
1127:Permeability
1092:Bulk density
809:Inclinometer
732:Ram sounding
617:
533:, retrieved
528:
519:
502:
498:
492:
484:
477:. Retrieved
471:
461:
450:. Retrieved
441:
432:
423:
412:. Retrieved
408:the original
393:
303:
299:plane strain
283:
258:
253:
243:
230:
215:
203:
191:
180:Construction
148:
146:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1676:Archaeology
1400:Foundations
1373:Geomembrane
1256:Slurry wall
1195:Water table
1159:Interaction
1155:Structures
1142:Sensitivity
939:Laboratory
250:Milan Metro
169:foundations
161:groundwater
149:slurry wall
142:Ground Zero
1703:Categories
1533:Mitigation
1515:Shear wave
1500:Earthquake
1495:Compaction
1480:Permafrost
1471:Phenomena/
1368:Geotextile
1293:Embankment
1283:Excavation
1220:Earthworks
1180:Vegetation
1175:Topography
1097:Thixotropy
1087:Void ratio
1070:Properties
968:Hydrometer
713:Piezometer
633:Core drill
535:2022-03-28
452:2015-08-25
414:2012-01-05
386:References
80:newspapers
1656:Hydrology
1636:Petrology
1524:analysis
1522:Landslide
1427:Mechanics
1338:Track bed
1323:Fill dirt
1308:Terracing
881:Trial pit
696:Statnamic
681:Load test
505:: 75–87.
261:"bathtub"
198:bentonite
173:Superfund
1686:Agrology
1575:software
1473:problems
1303:Causeway
1278:Landfill
1205:Subgrade
1122:Porosity
1117:Cohesion
364:See also
307:landfill
246:Red Line
234:tiebacks
222:concrete
1626:Geology
1598:SVSlope
1408:Shallow
1328:Grading
1266:Tieback
1210:Subsoil
1200:Bedrock
1190:Topsoil
1185:Terrain
978:R-value
941:testing
691:Dynamic
618:in situ
616:Field (
313:Gallery
274:Big Dig
248:of the
240:History
165:tunnels
94:scholar
1608:Plaxis
1603:UTEXAS
1593:SVFlux
1583:SEEP2D
1435:Forces
1288:Trench
1236:Gabion
1046:Gravel
686:Static
280:Design
226:tremie
207:digger
194:slurry
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1588:STABL
1061:Loess
1024:Types
291:shear
209:or a
151:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
1413:Deep
1056:Loam
1051:Peat
1041:Sand
1036:Silt
1031:Clay
1016:Soil
718:Well
481:2013
289:and
73:news
1298:Cut
607:and
507:doi
503:108
140:at
56:by
1705::
1557:*
527:,
501:.
483:.
470:.
431:.
402:.
147:A
1161:)
1157:(
620:)
579:e
572:t
565:v
513:.
509::
455:.
435:.
417:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
