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rarely read. A notable example of a data privacy breach in the digital health space took place in 2016. Google faced a major lawsuit over a data-sharing agreement that gave its artificial intelligence arm, DeepMind, access to the personal health data of 1.6 million
British patients. Google failed to secure patient consent and guarantee the anonymity of the patients. Another concept is that data is considered as a form of public good. Researchers from Stanford University proposed the use of such a framework, to think about data and the development of AI; they were thinking about radiology data specifically. They concluded that clinical data should be a form of public good, used for the benefit of future patients and that the data should be widely available for the development of knowledge and tools to benefit future patients. From this, they drew three main conclusions. Firstly, if the clinical data is really not owned by anyone, those who interact with it then have an obligation to ensure that the data is used for the benefit of future patients in societies. Secondly, this data should be widely shared for research and development, and all the individuals and entities with access to that data, then essentially become stewards of that data and become responsible to carefully safeguard the privacy and to ensure that the data is used for developing knowledge and tools for the good. Thirdly, patient consent would not necessarily be required before the data is used for secondary purposes, such as AI development and training and testing, as long as there are mechanisms in place to ensure that ethical standards are being followed. According to this proposed framework, the authors propose that it would be unethical to sell data to the third parties by granting exclusive access in exchange for monetary or any kind of payments that exceed costs.
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system has to be accounted for. Physicians that use the EMRs have a different view of how effective this new technology is and most of this has to do with age. Younger primary care physicians (PCP) find the technology easier to use as they have more knowledge about technology, therefore were inclined to use EMRs than older physicians with less knowledge of technology. Electronic medical records still have positive and negative implications for the medical field. Some of the positives of the EMRs in the medical field include the accuracy of results by both minimalizing the errors that used to occur as well as having more complete records. This leads to having a better quality of healthcare for patients because the guidelines are better followed. Not only that, but the efficiency of the work also increases because not only can the data be shared more readily, but also the time required to work on the medical records is less. However, there is contrary information which is that when it comes to data management and communication function, EMRs are less effective. Another positive is that there is better privacy for the records as they are harder to access by non-authoritative personnel. However, all these benefits are debatable because there is no tangible evidence that there has been an improvement in the quality of the work being performed by primary care physicians.
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challenges encompass frustrations stemming from communication problems, reduced physician-patient interaction, inadequate resources, increased workloads, system complexity, difficulties in accessing information within
Electronic Health Records (EHRs), and limited access to web-based information stored in digital systems. Additionally, clinicians often find themselves overwhelmed by the sheer volume of data and alerts generated by digital tools, which can hinder patient-centered care. In this digital healthcare landscape, emerging fears are prevalent, including the fear of change and potential job replacement, the fear of forgetting crucial patient information, and the fear of misinterpreting patient data. These fears contribute to increased stress and anxiety when new technologies are adopted. Furthermore, a sense of confusion is reported by some clinicians, stemming from a conflict between digital tools and their professional identity. This conflict revolves around concerns related to work visibility and perceived threats to professional autonomy.
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modified so that the EMRs would be relevant and useful to the location. This implementation of EMRs would not be possible at locations that lack the resources to instruct physicians in charge of using the new E-health applications, especially in smaller or solo clinics. Not only that, but EMRs also are unable to factor in the social and psychological aspects of a patient into the record. To better understand how EMRs would compare with paper-based records in a hospital setting, a study was conducted between two hospitals and each of the hospitals adopted one of the methods. The results were that the quality of healthcare service in the hospital that had adopted the usage of EMRs was better than the other hospital. The quality of health care services is defined by how health results are improved. Multiple factors play a role in quality enhancement. Some factors are regarding the interaction between the patient and physician. For example, whether the patient gets assurance from the responses given by the physician.
767:. The following reasons why this strategy was passed included how health care managers didn't have the resources for prevention of Tuberculosis. There was a need for a step to step plan to include digital health for the End TB Strategy. The plan would also give opportunity to improve health care technology and increase efficiency and sustainability of efforts. The plan focused on treating and preventing tuberculosis, and giving treatment options for patients suffering from Tuberculosis from national to international levels. the following steps included functional laboratory information included using digital technologies to diagnose patients, providing secure data transmission and storage, and using data to store patients' results. Some of the technologies used in the campaign were Video Treatment Support, and eHealth Portal.
618:(EHR) systems National digital programs exist to support healthcare, form meaningful indicators, and facilitate population-based studies by providing clinically procured data in an open-source and standardized digital format. These can inform public health decisions, which are especially crucial in low-resource settings. The World Health Organization's Global Observatory for eHealth (GOe) conducts and reports a worldwide survey of its 194 member nations on their progress towards EHR implementation as well as universal healthcare coverage. In their latest issue in 2015, 73 Members (58%) responded with having some eHealth strategy in place, a count that has increased since 1990. Within this cohort, high-income countries are overrepresented, as well as the majority are countries with universal health care (UHC).
491:, sometimes referred to as telehealth, is one of the broadest areas of digital health. It refers to medical advice and treatment provided via or relying on telecommunication technology. It encompasses the digitization of medical records, remote care, appointment booking, self-symptom checkers, patient outcome reporting, and many others. Digital and remote clinics are commonly used to provide quick, nonurgent consultations that save both the patients and doctors time. Especially with the COVID-19 pandemic, this type of treatment has become the primary way doctors are seeing their patients and may be as effective as face to face appointments. This type of digital treatment keeps both parties safe and is a reliable method that physicians plan to use for routine checks even after the pandemic ends.
539:, which creates interactive simulations that mimic real-life scenarios and can be tailored for personalized treatments. Many stroke victims lose range of motion and under standard treatment protocols; 55% to 75% of patients have long-term upper muscular dysfunction, as the lower body is primarily targeted during therapy. Repeated actions and the length of therapy are the two main factors that show positive progress towards recovery. Virtual reality technologies can create various 3D environments that are difficult to replace in real-life but are necessary to help patients retrain their motor movements. These simulations can not only target specific body parts, but can also increase in intensity as the patient improves and requires more challenging tasks.
873:(HITECH) Act which seeks to examine personal health data privacy laws through the lens of the private sector and increase enforcement of HIPAA. Critics of these acts claim that they don't go far enough as there are still around 600,000 types of businesses that can access patient data without explicit consent. Not to mention, there are extensive reports proving that HIPAA regulations are constantly violated, making some wonder whether the government even has the capacity to enforce the laws that they put in place. With major companies like Facebook and Apple moving into digital health, critics question whether existing regulations are comprehensive enough.
751:, "The success of providing care depends on collaboration, empathy and shared decision making. What is needed for this is a newly defined co-operation between patients and their caregivers." In this quote, health care experts explain that they need to collaborate with patients and respect their decisions in choosing treatment options for them. The article then explains how a strong relationship between physicians and patients help influence what treatment options they choose, and how empathy is an important characteristic for physicians to have.
702:, among others. According to FDA guidelines, if you release an app designed to help someone with a medical condition then that is considered a medical device. The FDA cannot regulate all healthcare apps, so they use "enforcement discretion", and up until 2020, have chosen not to regulate all digital care programs and apps. However, programs that use the word treatment, seek to diagnose or treat a condition, or are deemed unsafe, are and will be regulated by the FDA. During the COVID-19 pandemic, regulations and enforcement of
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technology to spread slowly. Since doctors were seen as experts in their fields, patients would have very little decision on how they were treated. Although there's been an extensive change in technology, the current health care system doesn't reflect on the changes in treatments. During the 2010s, healthcare knowledge continued to grow rapidly, and patients began to get frustrated due to the vast knowledge out there that physicians didn't know or use. The number of and the cost to treat chronic illnesses increased, and the
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records are the technological replacement for paper-based documentation, which is not only labor-intensive but also repetitive, inaccurate at times, and can consume a lot of time. Electronic health records (EHRs) are another E-health application used by physicians. However, despite the many similarities in both health applications, they are not the same. The main difference between the two is that EHRs have an additional feature which includes the ability to share the data for multiple authorized physicians.
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test results, EKGs, MRIs, billing records, drug prescriptions, and other private medical information. Medical professionals can use this data to make more data-driven decisions about patient care and consumers themselves can utilize it to make informed choices about their own health. Given the personal nature of the data being collected, a crucial debate has arisen amongst stake-holders about one of the challenges induced by digital health solutions: the ownership of
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implementation of national strategies towards digital health, and to increase authority over digital health from global to national levels. The World Health
Organization also made guidelines in regulating certifying digital health medical devices similar to how medicine and vaccines are tested. The strategy was also made to list health data as a public health good, and made an outline for how research and data are shared, and how
580:) approaches can model health-related outcomes. These advanced simulations are able to be repeated, replicated, and tailored to any research area. In medical imaging, the applications for this technology helps healthcare professionals visualize genes, brain structures, and many other components of human anatomy. The flexibility in this technology also allows for more positive and accurate results. Mobile health (or
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view their patient's medical history. The applications of this technology can extend into data-driven diagnosis, augmented patient documentation, or even enhanced treatment plans, all by wearing a pair of smart glasses when treating a patient, although planning is recommended to ensure equity, and that the highest ethical standards are upheld as planning moves forward and regulatory frameworks are developed.
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self-care because not only did it change the technology accessible to patients, but also the patients' ability to choose their way of treatment. Although this new way of treatment has given patients a role in treatment, it has led to difficulty with patients choosing the best treatment options. According to the article, Digital Health is a
Cultural Transformation of Traditional Healthcare from the
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number of uses and applications seen during the COVID-19 pandemic has also brought to light the limitations of existing legislation and other regulatory tools to grapple with these concerns (or, in some cases, been enabled by changes in legislation that groups such as the
Varieties of Democracy have argued have produced a 'pandemic backslide' in human rights protections).
515:, researchers are developing smart-related bodywear, like patches, clothes, and accessories, to administer "on-demand drug release". This technology can expand into smart implants for both severe and non-severe medical cases, where doctors will be able to create better, dynamic treatment protocols that would not have been possible without such mobile technology.
254:, collect data about people's health-related behaviours and attempt to 'nudge' members of target groups to change their behaviour in the interests of their health." In other words, Lupton states that various media technologies that can be found on mobile devices are being utilized to try and better certain groups' behaviors in concern with digital health.
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Multiple studies have shown challenges in implementing digital health technologies in a variety of settings. There is a need to rethink digital health technologies to accommodate diverse user requirements with flexible, adaptable tools. A robust implementation strategy and effective training programs
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and technology companies are storing citizens' medical information, leaving many concerned with how their data is being used and/or who has access to it. This is further compounded by the fact that the details that answer these questions is oftentimes hidden in complex terms & conditions that are
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At a global level, the implementation of digital health solutions depends on large data sets, ranging from simple statistics that record every birth and death to more sophisticated metrics that track diseases, outbreaks, and chronic conditions. These systems record data such as patient records, blood
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In the United
Kingdom, the National Health Service (NHS) has commissioned a report on how to integrate digital healthcare technologies into the next generation of medicine. The "Topol Review" recommended an expansion of education for both patients and providers of next-generation technologies such as
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information in how this information is secured and protected in the interest of personal safety of the individuals whose information is being stored, and
Medical Devices that are able to communicate within each other to better care for a patient by transmitting what needs to be done on one machine to
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Although some studies (such as one by the Asian
Development Bank) have suggests that such programs have been beneficial in combating spread, some critics worry have continued to express strong concerns about the potential loss of civil liberties associated with individuals handing over their private
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Digital healthcare presents a wide range of complex and sometimes novel regulatory challenges, including questions about how to balance public interest concerns against an individual's right to privacy as well as the risks of 'pseudo-experts' providing medical advice. Meanwhile, the explosion in the
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These technologies are used to gather data on patients at all times during the day. Since doctors no longer need to have their patients come into the office to collect the necessary data, being downloaded automatically, the data can lead to better treatment plans and patient monitoring. Doctors will
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Although digital health platforms enable rapid and inexpensive communications, critics warn against potential privacy violations of personal health data and the role digital health could play in increasing the health and digital divide between social majority and minority groups, possibly leading to
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technology enhances real-world experiences with computerized sensory information and is used to build smart devices for healthcare professionals. Since the majority of patient-related information now comes from hand-held devices, smart glasses provide a new, hands-free augmented way for a doctor to
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The rest of the elements of
Digital health that do not fall so squarely into acute or primary care services are listed as the transmission of medical education and information between practitioners and researchers through the utilization of digital technologies and applications that can be employed
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Due to the initial gap between the expectations and performances of electronic medical records, they are frowned upon by clinicians. The initial failures have shaped physicians' perceptions of EMR. Therefore, before considering adopting the EMRs in the medical field, the quality of the information
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In May 2018, the World Health
Organization passed a global strategy for digital health. There were four major goals for the strategy. The first goal was for nations and companies to collaborate more in making new treatments and technology. Two other main goals for the strategy were to increase the
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Although the data and information provided by personalized health platforms may give reassurance to users, they might simultaneously induce increased anxiety and obsessive behavior. As seen with platforms like WebMD, the misinterpretation of data can further contribute to patient hysteria: having
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Telemedicine also covers online health records, where both patients and doctors have access to the relevant information at all times. All this digital information means that patient data is accessible to healthcare professions and can be analyzed to create better and smarter treatment plans. This
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One of the most used E-health applications worldwide is electronic medical records (EMRs). Electronic medical records have multiple functions in the medical field. Some of the functions include but are not limited to documentation, communication, and management of patient data. Electronic medical
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The prominence of Digital health in the past century has culminated for the emergence of three reasons, stated by both Professor John Powell and Professor Theodoros N Arvanitis "the development of new technologies... and also trends towards smart, wearable and pervasive technologies; the need for
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required to use many digital health platforms. As a result, the already existing health gap between low-income and high-income populations may become further exacerbated by up and coming health technologies. To be effective, digital health solutions must foster the development of health literacy
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Worldwide adoption of electronic medical records has been on the rise since 1990. Digital health is a multi-disciplinary domain involving many stakeholders, including clinicians, researchers and scientists with a wide range of expertise in healthcare, engineering, social sciences, public health,
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In the age of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of digital health platforms as a means to contain the spread of the disease has been accelerated worldwide. Governments in many economies, including South Korea, Taiwan, India, Italy, Poland, and China, have implemented strict digital track and trace
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is defined as the process of systemic discrimination against the elderly. As digital health becomes more prevalent in our society, those who lack strong digital skills and the technical know-how needed to navigate these platforms will be put at a disadvantage. This doesn't just apply to current
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estimated that there was a worldwide shortage of 4.3 million healthcare workers. During the transition from traditional healthcare to digital health, the amount of access to high quality health technology and medical records and studies increased. The transition also gave patients the option of
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comes in many forms, including smartwatches and on-body sensors. Smartwatches were one of the first wearable devices that promoted self-monitoring and were typically associated with fitness tracking. Many record health-related data, such as "body mass index, calories burnt, heart rate, physical
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In traditional healthcare, doctors conducted medical practices with a limited number of tools, and got more experienced over time. Since becoming a doctor required experience and knowledge, very few took up the profession. The lack of communication between people in different places caused new
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The innovation process for digital health is an iterative cycle for technological solutions that can be classified into five main activity processes from the identification of the healthcare problem, research, digital solution, and evaluating the solution, to implementation in working clinical
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Digital health technologies come in many different forms and extend into various parts of healthcare. As new technologies develop, digital health, as a field, respectively transforms. The three most popular domains of digital health technologies include telemedicine, wearable technologies, and
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The second group of these services is known as acute care in the digital health domain. These services include telemedicine which is defined as handling patients over some sort of streaming device and is targeted towards areas where the population is more widely scattered, medical devices that
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There are also negative consequences of using electronic medical records. Firstly, the place where the EMRs are being implemented would have to be financially capable as there is a very high cost of implementation. Additionally, the systems that are being used at the location would have to be
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are currently excluded from full participation in the digital health ecosystem. Mechanisms for facilitating further consultation between the various stakeholders involved in digital health, including patients and carers, need to be established. The rights and responsibilities of the different
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The integration of digital health has brought about considerable challenges for healthcare providers, and some physicians are highly critical of the utility of EMRs for patient care, and point to their rising use as a significant component in physician burnout. Other negative experiences and
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will always be present, unless health companies actively work to try to minimize this gap. Not to mention, seniors are more prone to chronic health issues, meaning that they are one of the groups that has the greatest need for a digital health platform. They represent an untapped user group.
287:', Health IT is how the electronic database stores, processes, and analyses personal health information and how this information can be utilized by medical personnel and organizations around the world of easier access of information, Cybersecurity which then plays into the storing of
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Whole Genome Sequencing, and has also created Digital Fellowships for health professionals. The United States has also embarked on a nationwide health study known as 'All of Us" to bring together a variety of health indicators in a digital format for researchers around the world.
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is how physicians treat patients remotely and the different technologies needed to make the process more efficient and faster. The other main side of digital health is data collection and how to provide on-demand medical information for patients, which gave rise to wearables.
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increased access to information on oneself is not always positive. In an extreme scenario, patients might feel a misplaced sense of security knowing that they have this access, meaning that they won't seek medical advice or help from professionals, even if it may be needed.
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is used. It even endorsed people-centered health systems that used digital health. While the World Health Organization was pushing their strategy, other groups are also developing strategies to make digital health more available in communities that don't have it.
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privacy and security need protection." Lupton concludes that despite the innovation of various elements in this digital health area, there are still multiple issues that need to be organized and dealt with for the continuation of the revolution of Digital Health.
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that encourage the betterment of an individual's health as well as applications that promote overall general wellness. For example, researchers developed a digital service to help elderly people with balance disorder and risk of falling. As prominent
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that planned to reduce inefficiencies for physicians in an effort to cut overhead costs, improve access, increase quality of service, and make medicine more easily adapted for each person. Topics within the innovation plan are
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are crucial for addressing specific needs and managing information overload. The often-overlooked importance of clinician experiences suggests that their insights can help navigate enduring challenges in digital health.
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as well as the encouragement of the education of digital health to the public. There are also patient-based applications that can be utilized to share information by individual patients as well as encourage the usage of
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and to make medicine more personalized and precise. It uses information and communication technologies to facilitate understanding of health problems and challenges faced by people receiving medical treatment and
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On the other hand, the implementation of these innovations has also brought to light societal risks and regulatory needs, which are certainly challenging the current governance structures in the health sector.
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A wide range of robotic technology has been used in medical contexts. A notable example being in robot assisted surgery. A good example is the Da Vinci Robotic Surgery System developed by Intuitive Surgery
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have better knowledge into how well a certain medication is performing. They will also be able to continuously learn from this data and improve upon their original treatment plans to intervene when needed.
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Greenhalgh, T.; Stramer, K.; Bratan, T.; Byrne, E.; Russell, J.; Potts, H. W. W. (2010). "Adoption and non-adoption of a shared electronic summary record in England: A mixed-method case study".
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Worldwide, the UN estimates that 3.8 billion people are offline and even in the US, 19 million people do not have reliable connectivity access. Other barriers to access include a lack of basic
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In fact some of these technologies are being propelled by the startup space, which has been followed via Internet or online media sources such as podcasts on digital health entrepreneurs. The
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has developed has also come about through Digital Health. Finally the recording of the environment around sensor devices that are being utilized for the betterment of the community.
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The first group of these services is known as primary care services in the domain of digital health. These services include wireless medical devices that utilize technology such as
606:). Digital hearing aids use various algorithms to reduce background noises and improve perceptual performance, which is a significant improvement from regular hearing implants.
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221:, and patient-led care." These three points have directed and motivated the rise in the elements that play a crucial role in the creation of Digital health care services.
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is another subset of digital health that leverages other engineering industries to improve upon applications include knowledge discovery, decision making, optimization,
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3768:"Primary care physicians' attitudes to the adoption of electronic medical records: a systematic review and evidence synthesis using the clinical adoption framework"
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2435:"Mobile health (mHealth) approaches and lessons for increased performance and retention of community health workers in low- and middle-income countries: a review"
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paves the path for a more personalized healthcare system, which can help patients better understand their conditions and could result in more positive outcomes.
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2656:"Enforcement Policy for Digital Health Devices For Treating Psychiatric Disorders During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency"
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552:. This semi-automatic robot, allows a surgeon to remotely perform surgery. The robot performing incisions as directed the surgeon observing via screen.
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1961:"Effectiveness of Individual Real-Time Video Counseling on Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol, Physical Activity, and Obesity Health Risks: Systematic Review"
673:. These commonly follow a user-centered approach to design, which are evaluated by subject-matter experts in their daily life using real-world data.
192:, augmented reality, and virtual reality. Generally, digital health interconnects health systems to improve the use of computational technologies,
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Deborah Lupton states, "Health promoters have experimented with using text messages, social media sites and apps to disseminate information about
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Torous J, Roberts LW (May 2017). "Needed Innovation in Digital Health and Smartphone Applications for Mental Health: Transparency and Trust".
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1244:"Associations Between Digital Health Intervention Engagement, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behavior: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
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869:(HIPAA) of 1996 was the first comprehensive framework that aimed to protect the personal data of patients. In 2009, it was amended with the
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Gillispie, Clara. "How Can South Korea Teach, Lead, and Better Engage with the Asia-Pacific in Shaping Data Governance for the 5G Era?."
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O'Donoghue J, Herbert J (1 October 2012). "Data Management within mHealth Environments: Patient Sensors, Mobile Devices, and Databases".
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Ayaad, Omar; Alloubani, Aladeen; ALhajaa, Eyad Abu; Farhan, Mohammad; Abuseif, Sami; Al Hroub, Ahmad; Akhu-Zaheya, Laila (1 July 2019).
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Before this strategy was published, the World Health Organization made a plan around the beginning of 2015 to use digital health to end
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health data to government entities; this includes whether new or emergency regulations will stay in place in a post-pandemic world.
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3700:"Blind-sided by privacy? Digital contact tracing, the Apple/Google API and big tech's newfound role as global health policy makers"
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3325:"Tensions and Paradoxes in Electronic Patient Record Research: A Systematic Literature Review Using the Meta-narrative Method"
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Greenhalgh, T.; Abimbola, S. (2019). "The NASSS Framework - A Synthesis of Multiple Theories of Technology Implementation".
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in more personalised and precise ways. The definitions of digital health and its remits overlap in many ways with those of
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seniors. New digital technologies become popularized every year rendering older technology obsolete. This means that this
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hold the promise of bringing personalized data and health-related tracking to all users. In terms of digitized treatment,
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built on core systems of patient and provider registries, clinical and diagnostic imaging systems, clinical reports and
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stakeholders involved in connected digital health also need to be better identified and highlighted. At the same time,
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by doctors for risk-assessment regarding patients. Devices that can be utilized for the improvement and management of
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568:, and unobtrusive monitoring sensors that can help people with disabilities perform their daily tasks independently.
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activity patterns". Such technology is increasingly being available in conventional Smartphones including the iPhone
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3669:"To serve and protect? Electronic health records pose challenges for privacy, autonomy and person-centered medicine"
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1465:"A Digital Health Service for Elderly People with Balance Disorders and Risk of Falling: A Design Science Approach"
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1166:"Digital health interventions for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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471:(NIHR) has published a review of research on how digital health technologies can help manage health conditions.
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Källander K, Tibenderana JK, Akpogheneta OJ, Strachan DL, Hill Z, ten Asbroek AH, et al. (January 2013).
2313:"Success criteria for electronic medical record implementations in low-resource settings: a systematic review"
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is the UN Specialized Agency for ICTs, the Agencies collaborate in their work on digital health, such as the
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3853:"Experience of Health Care Professionals Using Digital Tools in the Hospital: Qualitative Systematic Review"
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1778:"The role of electronic medical records in improving the quality of health care services: Comparative study"
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systems to both identify those infected with COVID-19 and to ensure that they obey quarantine guidelines.
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can create personalized regimens for patients that can be repeated and tailored to treat many conditions.
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939:"Protocol for a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of information quality frameworks in eHealth"
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2266:"Speech Noise Reduction Algorithm in Digital Hearing Aids Based on an Improved Sub-band SNR Estimation"
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3017:"Ethics of Using and Sharing Clinical Imaging Data for Artificial Intelligence: A Proposed Framework"
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217:... and the role of the empowered patient and the shift in models of health service delivery towards
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1550:"Digital health now and in the future: Findings from a participatory design stakeholder workshop"
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Fadahunsi KP, Akinlua JT, O'Connor S, Wark PA, Gallagher J, Carroll C, et al. (March 2019).
640:, partnerships between patients with cell phones, local and regional governments, technologists,
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Byaruhanga J, Atorkey P, McLaughlin M, Brown A, Byrnes E, Paul C, et al. (September 2020).
1910:"The role of telehealth during COVID-19 outbreak: a systematic review based on current evidence"
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Merians AS, Jack D, Boian R, Tremaine M, Burdea GC, Adamovich SV, et al. (September 2002).
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Greenhalgh, Trisha; Potts, Henry W.W.; Wong, Geoff; Bark, Pippa; Swinglehurst, Deborah (2009).
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Mclaughlin M, Delaney T, Hall A, Byaruhanga J, Mackie P, Grady A, et al. (February 2021).
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and their patients manage illnesses and health risks, as well as promote health and wellbeing.
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2138:
2130:
2081:
2070:"Digital Transformation in Health Care: Augmented Reality for Hands-Free Service Innovation"
2029:
1982:
1972:
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331:
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189:
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100:
1104:
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687:
666:
536:
461:
2312:
2015:"Mobile, wearable and ingestible health technologies: towards a critical research agenda"
1861:
1518:
3879:
3852:
3300:
3273:
3106:
Becker S, Miron-Shatz T, Schumacher N, Krocza J, Diamantidis C, Albrecht UV (May 2014).
2143:
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4146:
4141:
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3996:
3988:
3802:
3767:
3766:
O'Donnell, Amy; Kaner, Eileen; Shaw, Caroline; Haighton, Catherine (13 November 2018).
3724:
3699:
3668:
3349:
3324:
3134:
3107:
2757:
2732:
2708:
2681:
2630:"Examples of Software Functions for Which the FDA Will Exercise Enforcement Discretion"
2605:
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1987:
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963:
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818:
317:
284:
3493:
Dunn P, Hazzard E (October 2019). "Technology approaches to digital health literacy".
2535:
2220:
Silva BM, Rodrigues JJ, de la Torre Díez I, López-Coronado M, Saleem K (August 2015).
4257:
4206:
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2049:
1817:
1367:
1220:
699:
298:
242:
3190:
2206:
1295:"A systematic review of the impact of adherence on the effectiveness of e-therapies"
1003:
4196:
4128:
2958:"When digital health meets digital capitalism, how many common goods are at stake?"
2297:
1793:
1687:
1610:"Telehealth and telemedicine: how the digital era is changing standard health care"
1519:"Critical Perspectives on Digital Health Technologies: Digital Health Technologies"
1147:
844:
skills amongst platform users to make sure that the technology is used as intended
764:
691:
626:
325:
293:
193:
185:
2033:
1293:
Donkin L, Christensen H, Naismith SL, Neal B, Hickie IB, Glozier N (August 2011).
17:
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349:
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42:
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1164:
Widmer RJ, Collins NM, Collins CS, West CP, Lerman LO, Lerman A (April 2015).
637:
512:
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321:
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149:
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2596:
2510:
2289:
2095:
2041:
1801:
1679:
1565:
1402:
629:. By 2014, 75% of Canadian physicians were using electronic medical records.
584:) is the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices.
4049:
3158:
1139:
988:"Characteristics of Digital Health Studies Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov"
234:
3888:
3811:
3733:
3514:
3428:
3393:
3358:
3309:
3182:
3143:
3042:
2929:
2861:
Edgell A, Lachapelle J, Lührmann A, Maerz SF, Grahn S, et al. (2020).
2839:
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2419:
2338:
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1996:
1945:
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1481:
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1279:
1199:
1079:
1021:
972:
3684:
3274:"The Paradoxes of Digital Tools in Hospitals: Qualitative Interview Study"
3248:
2748:
2400:
1097:"Global diffusion of eHealth: Making universal health coverage achievable"
3124:
3071:
Lupton D (2014). "Critical Perspectives on Digital Health Technologies".
1626:
914:
Digital Health: How modern technology is changing medicine and healthcare
792:
695:
264:
181:
2801:
1877:
1714:"Virtual reality-augmented rehabilitation for patients following stroke"
986:
Chen CE, Harrington RA, Desai SA, Mahaffey KW, Turakhia MP (June 2019).
621:
National digital programs exist to support healthcare, such as those of
4136:
4069:
3420:
3084:
2984:
2682:"Digital health is a cultural transformation of traditional healthcare"
2134:
1534:
661:
practices. Digital health may incorporate methods and tools adopted by
581:
374: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
213:
health services to find new approaches to addressing the demands of an
144:
is a discipline that includes digital care programs, technologies with
31:
3385:
3174:
2451:
1311:
4112:
3645:. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Singapore and Digital Asia Hub Hong Kong.
2863:"Pandemic Backsliding: Democracy During Covid-19 (PanDem), Version 6"
813:
633:
508:
292:
another. Sociologist Deborah Lupton states "However, members of some
145:
3015:
Larson DB, Magnus DC, Lungren MP, Shah NH, Langlotz CP (June 2020).
2680:
Meskó B, Drobni Z, Bényei É, Gergely B, Győrffy Z (September 2017).
602:
techniques, and medical devices can aid in speech and hearing (e.g.
196:, computational analysis techniques, and communication media to aid
3639:
South Korea's Digital Healthcare Conundrum. The Next Digital Decade
2581:"Digital transformation in government: Lessons for digital health?"
3869:
3290:
3239:
Loader BD (13 January 2009). Loader B, Hardey M, Keeble L (eds.).
1977:
1260:
727:
706:
apps were relaxed to facilitate use and reduce in-person contact.
330:
230:
1469:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3157:
Lloyd-Sherlock PG, Ebrahim S, McKee M, Prince MJ (August 2016).
2884:
Center for Devices and Radiological Health (22 September 2020).
1438:"Essential Components of an Effective Digital Health Initiative"
3924:
3212:"The Effect of Ageism on the Digital Divide Among Older Adults"
2790:"Digital health for the end TB strategy: an agenda for action"
1348:"What is digital health technology and what can it do for me?"
871:
Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health
343:
36:
3911:
What is digital health technology and what can it do for me?
2794:
World Health Organization & European Respiratory Society
2654:
Center for Devices and Radiological Health (16 April 2020).
2175:"Computational Intelligence for Medical Imaging Simulations"
3108:"mHealth 2.0: Experiences, Possibilities, and Perspectives"
267:
otherwise known as SaMD, and examples of these devices are
732:
ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health
644:, academia, and industry have enabled mHealth solutions.
3609:
Assessment of Covid-19 response in the republic of Korea
2317:
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association
1342:
1340:
1044:"Mobile technology and the digitization of healthcare"
826:
Challenges in implementing digital health technologies
204:
mistrust and hesitancy to use digital health systems.
3615:. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. 2021.
320:. The tracking of outbreaks of disease by the use of
4220:
4126:
4093:
4030:
4017:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
3987:
3958:
3827:"Improve EHR Systems by Rethinking Medical Billing"
867:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
271:. The final example of acute care services is the '
152:, living, and society to enhance the efficiency of
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2222:"Mobile-health: A review of current state in 2015"
1656:"How Wearable Computing Is Shaping Digital Health"
511:, which contains a built in heart monitor. Beyond
3673:International Journal of Person Centered Medicine
27:Application of digital technologies to healthcare
3915:National Institute for Health and Care Research
3569:"Coronavirus bio-surveillance around the globe"
2563:High-Performance In-Memory Genome Data Analysis
2540:National Institutes of Health (NIH) — All of Us
2515:The Topol Review – NHS Health Education England
2068:Klinker K, Wiesche M, Krcmar H (25 June 2019).
1223:. US Food and Drug Administration. 19 July 2019
1042:Bhavnani SP, Narula J, Sengupta PP (May 2016).
469:National Institute for Health and Care Research
4075:Participative decision-making in organizations
3159:"Institutional ageism in global health policy"
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2264:Jiang T, Liang R, Wang Q, Bao Y (March 2018).
3936:
2733:"Towards a global strategy on digital health"
8:
3409:Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
1890:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1782:International Journal of Medical Informatics
3772:BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making
3278:Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR)
2574:
2572:
2384:"National Physician Survey: EMR use at 75%"
730:standard on safe listening, as well as the
3943:
3929:
3921:
2869:. University of Gothenburg. Archived from
2311:Fritz F, Tilahun B, Dugas M (March 2015).
2117:Curtis, Caitlin; Brolan, Claire E (2023).
1872:(1). Massachusetts Medical Society. 2018.
890:Burden on healthcare providers' well-being
3906:GOV.UK Evaluating digital health products
3878:
3868:
3801:
3783:
3723:
3348:
3299:
3289:
3133:
3123:
3032:
2983:
2973:
2756:
2737:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2707:
2697:
2604:
2579:Benjamin K, Potts HW (27 February 2018).
2460:
2450:
2409:
2399:
2328:
2237:
2142:
2085:
1986:
1976:
1935:
1925:
1729:
1625:
1573:
1490:
1480:
1442:Northeastern University Graduate Programs
1410:
1381:Powell J, Arvanitis TN (1 January 2015).
1320:
1310:
1269:
1259:
1189:
1069:
1059:
1011:
962:
916:. Sheffield, UK: Sicklebrook publishing.
434:Learn how and when to remove this message
176:Digital health technologies include both
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3667:Miron-Scahtz T, Elwyn G (30 June 2011).
3540:"The rise of the bio-surveillance state"
2867:Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute
2561:Plattner H, Schapranow MP, eds. (2013).
1908:Monaghesh E, Hajizadeh A (August 2020).
1614:Smart Homecare Technology and TeleHealth
1159:
1157:
2270:Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing
1771:
1769:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1128:Journal of Data and Information Quality
904:
3761:
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2063:
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2008:
2006:
1903:
1901:
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1647:
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1643:
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1639:
1637:
1512:
1510:
1432:
1430:
861:Additional Legal and Regulatory Issues
4103:Health information on Knowledge (XXG)
3563:
3561:
3534:
3532:
3234:
3232:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2796:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2536:"National Institutes of Health (NIH)"
2363:from the original on 12 November 2016
1837:"EHR vs. EMR: What's the Difference?"
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1463:Gaspar AG, Lapão LV (February 2022).
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1091:
1089:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
724:International Telecommunication Union
683:Digital Health Innovation Action Plan
7:
2439:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1965:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1299:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1248:Journal of Medical Internet Research
535:Another similar technology space is
372:adding citations to reliable sources
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3825:Daniel Essin MA (6 February 2012).
3495:International Journal of Cardiology
2788:Organization, World Health (2015).
714:At an intergovernmental level, the
30:For the "health" of computers, see
4095:Health information on the Internet
3468:"Eighth Broadband Progress Report"
184:solutions and services, including
25:
3704:Ethics and Information Technology
3472:Federal Communications Commission
3241:Digital Welfare for the Third Age
2660:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2634:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2226:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
2013:Rich E, Miah A (2 January 2017).
877:Electronic Medical Records (EMRs)
791:. In most cases, governments and
720:United Nations Specialized Agency
677:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
475:Electronic medical records (EMRs)
263:incorporate different aspects of
3341:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00578.x
2922:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0262
560:Some other technologies include
348:
41:
4228:Open-source healthcare software
1608:El-Miedany Y (1 January 2017).
1004:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7235
447:augmented and virtual reality.
359:needs additional citations for
52:needs additional citations for
2119:"Health care in the metaverse"
1794:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.04.014
642:non-governmental organizations
163:health and medical informatics
1:
2074:Information Systems Frontiers
2034:10.1080/14461242.2016.1211486
681:In 2019, the FDA published a
523:Augmented and virtual reality
306:Other Digital Health Elements
3507:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.06.039
2123:Medical Journal of Australia
1548:Lupton D (9 November 2017).
1517:Lupton D (4 December 2014).
1182:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.026
749:National Library of Medicine
4045:Doctor–patient relationship
3952:Telemedicine and telehealth
3851:Wosny M (17 October 2023).
2699:10.21037/mhealth.2017.08.07
1672:10.1109/MPRV.2018.011591067
955:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024722
596:natural language processing
335:Elements of digital health.
4285:
4080:Patient Activation Measure
3716:10.1007/s10676-020-09547-x
2382:Collier R (January 2015).
2179:Journal of Medical Systems
2087:10.1007/s10796-019-09937-7
1927:10.1186/s12889-020-09301-4
1360:10.3310/nihrevidence_53447
865:In the United States, the
671:agile software development
588:Health systems engineering
29:
4152:Remote patient monitoring
3785:10.1186/s12911-018-0703-x
3034:10.1148/radiol.2020192536
2886:"What is Digital Health?"
2628:FDA (26 September 2019).
2282:10.1007/s00034-017-0605-7
2239:10.1016/j.jbi.2015.06.003
2191:10.1007/s10916-017-0861-x
2173:Chang V (November 2017).
1101:World Health Organization
889:
800:Misinterpretation of data
744:World Health Organization
716:World Health Organization
592:human factors engineering
570:Computational simulations
4108:Online patient education
4012:Electronic health record
3272:Wosny M (15 July 2024).
3112:JMIR mHealth and uHealth
2975:10.1177/2053951718819032
2956:Sharon T (1 July 2018).
2822:Solove DJ (April 2013).
2731:Mariano B (April 2020).
2597:10.1177/2055207618759168
2489:Health Education England
1880:(inactive 21 June 2024).
1660:IEEE Pervasive Computing
1566:10.1177/2055207617740018
1403:10.1177/2055207614561571
1061:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv770
782:Ownership of health data
616:electronic health record
550:Da Vinci Surgical System
198:healthcare professionals
2968:(2): 2053951718819032.
2022:Health Sociology Review
1654:Amft O (January 2018).
1170:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1140:10.1145/2378016.2378021
757:Artificial Intelligence
710:International Standards
566:rehabilitation robotics
4233:Patient opinion leader
4085:Shared decision-making
4022:Personal health record
3698:Sharon T (July 2020).
2962:Big Data & Society
1482:10.3390/ijerph19031855
1048:European Heart Journal
992:JAMA Internal Medicine
848:Bio-surveillance risks
734:, a subsidiary of the
562:Assistive technologies
336:
4065:Knowledge translation
4032:Patient participation
3685:10.5750/ijpcm.v1i2.84
3597:28.4 (2021): 143-166.
3329:The Milbank Quarterly
3249:10.4324/9780203886533
2749:10.2471/blt.20.253955
2401:10.1503/cmaj.109-4957
2357:Canada Health Infoway
1862:"What Is Telehealth?"
912:Walker, Mark (2023).
623:Canada Health Infoway
454:Wearable technologies
334:
225:Primary Care Services
173:and data management.
4238:Research participant
3544:www.newstatesman.com
3125:10.2196/mhealth.3328
2834:(4): 22–8, quiz 29.
2591:: 2055207618759168.
2353:"Progress in Canada"
2330:10.1093/jamia/ocu038
1731:10.1093/ptj/82.9.898
1627:10.2147/SHTT.S116009
1560:: 2055207617740018.
1397:: 2055207614561571.
809:Institutional ageism
736:ITU-T Study Group 16
722:for health, and the
663:software engineering
368:improve this article
219:patient-centred care
61:improve this article
3959:Background concepts
3831:Physicians Practice
3216:heraldopenaccess.us
1878:10.1056/cat.18.0268
1107:on 29 December 2016
527:In digital health,
504:Wearable technology
499:Wearable technology
258:Acute Care Services
154:healthcare delivery
4264:Health informatics
4212:Telerehabilitation
3966:Health informatics
3913:– Overview by the
3857:JMIR Human Factors
3710:(Suppl 1): 45–57.
3421:10.3233/SHTI190123
3085:10.1111/soc4.12226
2511:"The Topol Review"
2491:. 21 February 2018
2135:10.5694/mja2.51793
1866:Catalyst Carryover
1535:10.1111/soc4.12226
1444:. 4 September 2018
704:digital psychiatry
600:speech recognition
337:
159:social prescribing
18:Digital healthcare
4251:
4250:
4187:Teleophthalmology
4177:Telemental health
4162:Tele-epidemiology
4007:De-identification
3979:Telecommunication
3652:978-981-18-3493-6
3622:978-92-9262-791-1
3386:10.1136/bmj.c3111
3258:978-0-203-88653-3
3175:10.1136/bmj.i4514
3079:(12): 1344–1359.
3073:Sociology Compass
2873:on 29 April 2020.
2452:10.2196/jmir.2130
1914:BMC Public Health
1529:(12): 1344–1359.
1523:Sociology Compass
1312:10.2196/jmir.1772
604:cochlear implants
529:augmented reality
444:
443:
436:
418:
252:preventive health
215:ageing population
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4276:
4060:Health education
3945:
3938:
3931:
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3555:
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3479:
3474:. 21 August 2012
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2905:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2828:Journal of AHIMA
2824:"HIPAA turns 10"
2819:
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2301:
2276:(3): 1243–1267.
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2157:
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2146:
2114:
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2089:
2080:(6): 1419–1431.
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1718:Physical Therapy
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1514:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1383:"Welcome to the
1378:
1372:
1371:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1221:"Digital health"
1217:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1103:. Archived from
1093:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1015:
983:
977:
976:
966:
934:
928:
927:
909:
841:digital literacy
688:wireless devices
656:Innovation cycle
574:machine learning
572:, modeling, and
439:
432:
428:
425:
419:
417:
383:"Digital health"
376:
352:
344:
273:interoperability
190:wearable devices
171:health economics
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
76:"Digital health"
69:
45:
37:
21:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4243:Virtual patient
4216:
4172:Teledermatology
4122:
4089:
4026:
3983:
3954:
3949:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3765:
3764:
3741:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3642:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3575:. 27 March 2020
3567:
3566:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3546:. 25 March 2020
3538:
3537:
3530:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3443:"Press Release"
3441:
3440:
3436:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3070:
3069:
3058:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2910:JAMA Psychiatry
2907:
2906:
2897:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2743:(4): 231–231A.
2730:
2729:
2725:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1882:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1775:
1774:
1747:
1711:
1710:
1695:
1653:
1652:
1635:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1054:(18): 1428–38.
1041:
1040:
1029:
985:
984:
980:
936:
935:
931:
924:
911:
910:
906:
901:
892:
879:
863:
850:
837:
828:
811:
802:
784:
773:
712:
679:
667:design thinking
658:
612:
558:
545:
537:virtual reality
525:
501:
486:
477:
462:virtual reality
440:
429:
423:
420:
377:
375:
365:
353:
342:
313:bodily purposes
308:
289:personal health
285:Medical Devices
260:
227:
210:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4282:
4280:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4202:Telepsychiatry
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:Tele-audiology
4154:
4149:
4147:Remote therapy
4144:
4142:Remote surgery
4139:
4133:
4131:
4129:subspecialties
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4118:PubMed Central
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Admission note
3993:
3991:
3989:Medical record
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3901:
3900:External links
3898:
3895:
3894:
3843:
3817:
3739:
3690:
3679:(2): 405–409.
3659:
3651:
3628:
3621:
3599:
3586:
3557:
3528:
3485:
3459:
3434:
3399:
3364:
3335:(4): 729–788.
3315:
3264:
3257:
3228:
3196:
3149:
3098:
3056:
3027:(3): 675–682.
3007:
2943:
2916:(5): 437–438.
2895:
2876:
2853:
2807:
2780:
2723:
2672:
2646:
2620:
2585:Digital Health
2568:
2553:
2527:
2502:
2485:"Topol review"
2476:
2425:
2394:(1): E17–E18.
2374:
2344:
2303:
2253:
2212:
2158:
2109:
2055:
2002:
1951:
1897:
1853:
1841:SimplePractice
1823:
1745:
1724:(9): 898–915.
1693:
1633:
1589:
1554:Digital Health
1540:
1506:
1455:
1426:
1391:Digital Health
1385:Digital Health
1373:
1336:
1285:
1234:
1205:
1153:
1118:
1085:
1027:
998:(6): 838–840.
978:
949:(3): e024722.
929:
923:978-1446755969
922:
903:
902:
900:
897:
891:
888:
878:
875:
862:
859:
849:
846:
836:
835:Digital divide
833:
827:
824:
819:digital divide
810:
807:
801:
798:
783:
780:
772:
769:
711:
708:
678:
675:
657:
654:
611:
610:Implementation
608:
557:
554:
544:
541:
524:
521:
500:
497:
485:
482:
476:
473:
442:
441:
356:
354:
347:
341:
338:
307:
304:
259:
256:
243:mobile devices
226:
223:
209:
206:
142:Digital health
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4281:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:Roles to play
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Teleradiology
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Telepathology
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Teledentistry
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4127:Telemedicine
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Decision aids
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:10.2196/50357
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3641:
3640:
3636:Gillispie C.
3632:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:10.2196/56095
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
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3008:
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2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2542:. 1 June 2020
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2323:(2): 479–88.
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:10.2196/18621
1974:
1971:(9): e18621.
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
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1752:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1706:
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1700:
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1694:
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1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
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1661:
1657:
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1648:
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1642:
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1638:
1634:
1628:
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1600:
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1532:
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1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
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1443:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
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1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:NIHR Evidence
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1261:10.2196/23180
1257:
1254:(2): e23180.
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:(4): 469–80.
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
979:
974:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
925:
919:
915:
908:
905:
898:
896:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
860:
858:
854:
847:
845:
842:
834:
832:
825:
823:
820:
815:
808:
806:
799:
797:
794:
790:
781:
779:
777:
770:
768:
766:
761:
758:
752:
750:
745:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
707:
705:
701:
700:cybersecurity
697:
693:
689:
684:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
655:
653:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
627:immunizations
624:
619:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
553:
551:
542:
540:
538:
533:
530:
522:
520:
516:
514:
510:
505:
498:
496:
492:
490:
483:
481:
474:
472:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
438:
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