1786:
1777:
1768:
36:
386:
Received
Pronunciation has been the subject of many academic studies, and is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. The widely repeated claim that only about two percent of Britons speak RP is no more than a rough estimate and has been questioned by several writers, most
1619:
253:
248:
275:
53:
232:
1748:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
304:
1492:, Volume 76, Number 1. pp. 3-29 (Article). Duke University Press. p. 11: "The vowel /æ/ is generally tensed and raised only before nasals, a raising environment for most speakers of North American English".
214:
860:
in conservative RP. The degree of flapping varies considerably among speakers, and is often reduced in more formal settings. It does occur to an extent in nearly all speakers of
American English, with
223:
204:
1394:
1604:, p. 92: "Regional Accents" – "A distinguishing characteristic of the Upper Midwestern accent is the tendency to turn the 'ing' sound into 'een,' with a cheerful 'Good morneen!
1363:
356:
297:
188:
169:
864:
pronounced with a flap almost ubiquitously regardless of background. Pronouncing the t would be considered overly formal. This does not mean it always completely merges with
767:
690:
1872:
804:
290:
197:
100:
1278:
1258:
659:
638:
72:
1238:(). However, this pronunciation is considered incorrect, but it had already been widespread in American television as early as 1990 and was described in that year's
755:) is realised differently: GA back first element ; RP central first element . However, there is considerable variation in this vowel on both sides of the Atlantic.
79:
663:
is no longer found in RP, it is found in those GA speakers who do not have the cot–caught merger (which otherwise neutralizes this split). This results in
1411:
86:
352:
135:
68:
371:(abbreviated "GA") and, for Britain, a collection of prestigious varieties most common in southeastern England, ranging from upper- to middle-class
1584:, p. 143: "Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in California and throughout the West is 'een' for -
1711:
487:" of many RP speakers (in such sequences as "the idea-r-of it") is absent in GA; this is a consequence of the rhotic/non-rhotic distinction.
1049:
944:
879:
380:
93:
1761:
1853:
1688:
119:
1288:
379:), which together here are abbreviated "RP". However, other regional accents in each country also show differences, for which see
1783:
1774:
1765:
1358:
1354:
343:
325:
17:
1830:
1163:
162:
57:
1154:
For some GA speakers from any U.S. region whose accents are derived from, or similar to, those that originate especially in
810:. For many RP speakers, the vowel does tense word-finally, but this distinction is still retained in inflected forms (e.g.
716:
RP has a marked degree of contrast of length between "short" and "long" vowels (the long vowels being the diphthongs plus
363:
of each country. The standard varieties for each are in fact generalizations: for the U.S., a loosely defined spectrum of
1314:
is more common in
American than in British English, with a short vowel in GA and a long vowel in RP in such words as
1877:
1527:
1419:
1268:
1633:
1368:
1159:
1055:
occur in both GA and RP in unstressed syllables or after a stressed vowel. RP however more often retains the
46:
1373:
1215:
1207:
1171:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1002:
998:
990:
983:
979:
971:
964:
960:
956:
948:
937:
933:
925:
921:
914:
894:
890:
869:
857:
853:
834:
830:
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796:
788:
781:
774:
763:
759:
741:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
706:
702:
676:
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664:
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622:
618:
576:
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553:
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537:
525:
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480:
476:
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424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
372:
339:
335:
321:
1242:
article as a "corruption of the language" so that it has been either unconventional or nonexistent in RP.
649:
415:
before a consonant and at the end of an utterance, RP either has no consonant (if the preceding vowel is
452:
404:
400:
1553:
1267:
Most
General American accents, but not British ones, have undergone vowel mergers before /r/: the
1329:
1211:
1155:
886:
444:
388:
595:. In a small number of words, these phonemes are exactly reversed in the two dialects, such as
411:
is only pronounced in RP when it is immediately followed by a vowel sound. Where GA pronounces
1849:
1826:
1818:
1707:
1684:
1311:
1305:
1219:
1056:
737:
359:. However, there are also differences in some of the basic pronunciation patterns between the
1841:
1412:"Learning: Language & Literature: Sounds Familiar?: Case studies: Received Pronunciation"
1398:: a study focused on l-vocalisation, th-fronting and t-glottaling. 10.13140/RG.2.1.2286.7444.
1749:
842:
368:
360:
148:
1415:
491:
456:
376:
153:
1797:
1866:
1741:
1700:
846:
1230:, whether as a standalone word or a syllable, but shorter than the long vowel of
1301:
merger, a total three-way merger being the most common throughout North
America.
680:
484:
35:
1722:
614:
611:
448:
364:
1757:
1753:
1558:
24. How is 'Pulitzer' pronounced? The correct pronunciation is 'PULL it sir.'
1488:
Boberg, Charles (Spring 2001). "Phonological Status of
Western New England".
1227:
1223:
849:
819:
644:
Nearly half of
American speakers additionally use the same vowel for the RP
27:
Differences in pronunciation between
British and American standard English
1846:
The
Articulate Advocate: New Techniques of Persuasion for Trial Attorneys
838:
826:
792:
331:
1264:
The voiceless stops /t/, /p/, and /k/ have a stronger aspiration in RP.
989:
retain, coalesce in stressed or unstressed syllables, or drop it after
701:
have merged in
American English. Thus "moral" and "oral" rhyme in GA (
671:
in RP, particularly before voiceless fricatives and sometimes before
502:; this RP vowel occurs typically (but not always) when followed by:
1545:
455:, whereas GA maintains these distinctions. Similarly, where GA has
1059:, especially in carefully enunciated forms of words. For example,
440:
1332:
however is somewhat less common in GA than in RP, for example in
1245:
For some RP speakers (upper class), unlike in GA, some or all of
679:
in RP, both older and contemporary). This is reflected in the "
18:
Differences between General American and Received Pronunciation
29:
1210:), akin to how "in" is typically pronounced by speakers from
1123:) across word boundaries in casual or rapid speech, becoming
617:
vowels, where GA has only two or even one. GA speakers use
69:"Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation"
885:
occurs in GA at the onset of stressed syllables after all
1174:) is tensed (i.e., raised) and the G is dropped, so that
541:
355:
is that of specific word pronunciations, as described in
498:
in many words where GA has a front open unrounded vowel
494:
has resulted in RP having the back unrounded open vowel
1087:. In both GA and RP, however, the sounds of word-final
1030:
respectively, but many GA speakers retain it, becoming
375:
accents (often classified along a continuum with local
1364:
American and British English pronunciation differences
357:
American and British English pronunciation differences
736:). In GA this contrast is somewhat less evident and
330:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1395:
Received Pronunciation, Estuary English and Cockney
705:), while in RP they do not rhyme, being pronounced
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1699:
1634:"NOT EVEN NETWORK STARS PRONOUNCE WORDS CORRECTLY"
1528:"A Nation Divided on How to Say the Word "Coupon""
1359:After American-British split to after World War II
1406:
1404:
567:Several foreign names and loanwords spelled with
353:differences between American and British English
344:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
770:in GA, while in RP it is retained. Thus in RP,
1798:"Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?"
1151:. This is also found in other English accents.
1111:) can coalesce with the sound of word-initial
1601:
1452:
872:in the latter can be somewhat longer than in
298:
8:
1823:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
1698:Fowler, H.W. (1996). R.W. Birchfield (ed.).
453:mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents
1800:. In Medina, Carmelo; Soto, Palomo (eds.).
1501:
1476:
1464:
1162:, and even Midwestern areas, including the
1840:Hunter, Marsha; Johnson, Brian K. (2009).
1588:, as in 'I'm think-een of go-een camp-een.
791:in an unstressed syllable at the end of a
305:
291:
131:
1679:Collins, Beverly; Mees, Inger M. (2003).
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1873:American and British English differences
241:Lists of words having different meanings
1581:
1385:
1304:GA accents usually have some degree of
1234:or the traditional RP pronunciation of
530:aunt, branch, chance, pass, laugh, path
443:instead (the resulting sequences being
266:
233:List of garments having different names
203:
196:
175:
168:
161:
134:
1440:
1804:. Universidad de Jaén. pp. 19–28
1721:Windsor Lewis, Jack (14 April 2013).
1662:
1650:
1569:
1513:
1075:may be carefully enunciated in RP as
215:Glossary of American terms not widely
7:
1653:, pp. 238–42, 286, 292–93, 339.
856:to RP speakers. is an allophone of
381:regional accents of English speakers
334:. For the distinction between ,
224:Glossary of British terms not widely
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1287:mergers, and some variation of the
758:The distinction between unstressed
1681:The Phonetics of English and Dutch
1526:Duryee, Tricia (6 November 2011).
1257:are homophones; this reflects the
25:
1620:"Australian English monophthongs"
403:– GA is rhotic while RP is
243:in American and British English:
1802:Il Jornadas de Estudios Ingleses
34:
1842:"Articulators and Articulation"
1683:(5th ed.). Leiden: Brill.
1392:Moreno Falcón, Manuel. (2016).
1355:Phonological history of English
326:International Phonetic Alphabet
235:in American and British English
45:needs additional citations for
1618:Robert Mannell; Felicity Cox.
1534:. Dow Jones & Company Inc.
845:phoneme, it is realized as an
1:
1825:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1702:Fowler's Modern English Usage
1259:merger of the relevant vowels
667:in some words which now have
1178:is enunciated to sound like
917:. In contrast, RP speakers:
740:, so the IPA length symbol (
451:). This leads to several RP
1706:. Oxford University Press.
1218:is closer to cardinal , or
891:/t/,/d/,/θ/,/s/,/z/,/n/,/l/
387:notably by the phonetician
276:Works with different titles
1894:
1010:RP speakers also drop the
217:used in the United Kingdom
1819:"The Far West and beyond"
1602:Hunter & Johnson 2009
1502:Collins & Mees (2003)
1477:Collins & Mees (2003)
1465:Collins & Mees (2003)
1222:-speaking countries like
829:is common: when either a
699:" before intervocalic /r/
475:d"), RP has plain vowels
226:used in the United States
1758:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
1754:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
1369:General American English
970:retain or drop it after
395:Phonological differences
1817:Metcalf, Allan (2000).
1796:Wells, John C. (1997).
1622:. Macquarie University.
1214:, where the target for
803:, not having undergone
556:in GA; in other words,
407:; that is, the phoneme
322:phonetic transcriptions
1723:"A Notorious Estimate"
1374:Received Pronunciation
1166:, the unstressed I in
822:in RP, but not in GA).
683:" spelling "dawg" for
373:Received Pronunciation
319:This article contains
852:. This sounds like a
1848:. Crown King Books.
1467:, pp. 178, 304.
1453:Windsor Lewis (2013)
1083:is always coalesced
1046:is widely incorrect.
675:(where it is always
639:father–bother merger
54:improve this article
1554:Columbia University
1550:The Pulitzer Prizes
1479:, pp. 304–305.
1306:merging weak vowels
1139:respectively, thus
887:alveolar consonants
784:are not homophones.
744:) is often omitted.
189:Word pronunciations
1746:Accents of English
1640:. 7 November 1990.
1516:, p. 206–207.
1330:Trisyllabic laxing
1149:thi(s) shear/sheer
389:Jack Windsor Lewis
351:One aspect of the
1878:English phonology
1713:978-0-19-869126-6
1312:Disyllabic laxing
1220:Romance languages
1147:) can sound like
913:), is pronounced
837:occurs between a
650:cot–caught merger
569:⟨a⟩
367:varieties called
361:standard dialects
315:
314:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1885:
1859:
1836:
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1771:
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1705:
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1642:
1641:
1638:Orlando Sentinel
1630:
1624:
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1505:
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1480:
1474:
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1444:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1418:. Archived from
1408:
1399:
1390:
1240:Orlando Sentinel
1217:
1209:
1173:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1114:
1103:(spelled either
1102:
1098:
1094:
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1086:
1078:
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1029:
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992:
985:
981:
973:
966:
962:
958:
950:
939:
935:
927:
923:
916:
897:(from spellings
896:
893:; i.e. historic
892:
871:
859:
855:
843:unstressed vowel
836:
832:
802:
790:
783:
776:
765:
761:
743:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
708:
704:
678:
674:
670:
666:
647:
632:
624:
621:for both the RP
620:
578:
574:
570:
555:
552:, and sometimes
551:
547:
539:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:
497:
482:
478:
466:
462:
457:r-colored vowels
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
369:General American
341:
337:
307:
300:
293:
278:in the UK and US
184:Standard accents
149:American English
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1839:
1833:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1787:
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1740:
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1720:
1714:
1697:
1691:
1678:
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1617:
1616:
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1605:
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1568:
1564:
1544:
1543:
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1525:
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1512:
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1496:
1490:American Speech
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1422:on 22 July 2019
1416:British Library
1410:
1409:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1351:
841:phoneme and an
797:conservative RP
713:, respectively.
660:lot–cloth split
579:in GA, such as
568:
492:trap–bath split
397:
377:Estuary English
349:
348:
347:
311:
280:
277:
260:
259:
242:
237:
234:
228:
225:
219:
216:
154:British English
140:British English
139:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1889:
1881:
1880:
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1864:
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1860:
1854:
1837:
1831:
1814:
1793:
1742:Wells, John C.
1738:
1718:
1712:
1695:
1689:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:, p. 245.
1655:
1643:
1625:
1610:
1594:
1574:
1562:
1537:
1518:
1506:
1504:, p. 305.
1494:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1400:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1327:
1309:
1302:
1265:
1262:
1243:
1202:is similar to
1160:Western states
1152:
1047:
1014:especially in
1008:
1007:
1006:
987:
968:
941:
920:always retain
877:
823:
785:
756:
745:
714:
688:
655:
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608:
565:
535:
534:
533:
488:
396:
393:
342:⟩, see
318:
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128:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
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1855:9780979689505
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1847:
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1755:
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1690:90-04-10340-6
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1454:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:Fowler (1996)
1437:
1434:
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1413:
1407:
1405:
1401:
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1396:
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1321:
1317:
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1169:
1165:
1164:Upper Midwest
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1142:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1082:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:/ˈpjuːlɪtsər/
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:, or (as GA)
996:
988:
977:
969:
954:
946:
942:
931:
919:
918:
912:
908:
904:
900:
888:
884:
882:
878:
875:
867:
863:
851:
848:
847:alveolar-flap
844:
840:
828:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
807:
798:
794:
787:Where GA has
786:
780:
773:
769:
757:
754:
750:
746:
739:
715:
700:
698:
695:" and "short
694:
689:
686:
682:
662:
661:
656:
651:
643:
642:
640:
636:
628:
616:
613:
610:RP has three
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
566:
563:
559:
543:
536:
531:
504:
503:
493:
489:
486:
474:
470:
467:, as in "cupb
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43:This article
41:
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1822:
1806:. Retrieved
1801:
1784:0-52128541-0
1775:0-52128540-2
1766:0-52129719-2
1745:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1701:
1680:
1673:Bibliography
1663:Wells (1982)
1658:
1651:Wells (1982)
1646:
1637:
1628:
1613:
1597:
1585:
1582:Metcalf 2000
1577:
1570:Wells (1997)
1565:
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1540:
1532:All Things D
1531:
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1514:Wells (1982)
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1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
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1108:
1104:
1085:/ˈneɪtʃə(r)/
1080:
1077:/ˈɡradjʊeɪt/
1072:
1060:
1053:-coalescence
1050:
1043:
1039:
1019:
1015:
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994:
975:
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929:
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889:, including
880:
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752:
748:
738:non-phonemic
696:
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385:
350:
338:and ⟨
320:
183:
138:American and
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1727:JWL's Blogs
1426:25 December
1247:tyre (tire)
1145:/ˈðɪʃɪə(r)/
1067:or (as GA)
1038:, although
982:or (as GA)
681:eye dialect
540:is usually
485:intrusive R
449:triphthongs
439:) or has a
1867:Categories
1832:0618043624
1808:28 January
1732:17 January
1380:References
1198:; ), thus
1156:California
1032:/ˈkjuːpɒn/
1028:/ˈpʊlɪtsə/
943:retain or
820:homophones
747:The "long
703:/ˈ(m)ɔrəl/
657:While the
575:in RP but
445:diphthongs
405:non-rhotic
205:Vocabulary
80:newspapers
1342:spherical
1212:Australia
1208:/ˈkoʊdin/
1141:this year
1115:(spelled
1042:with the
1024:/ˈkuːpɒn/
999:/əˈsjuːm/
980:/əˈljuːd/
947:it after
883:-dropping
850:allophone
782:/əˈdɪʃən/
775:/ɪˈdɪʃən/
751:" (as in
401:Rhoticity
163:Keyboards
1744:(1982).
1349:See also
1158:, other
1073:graduate
1065:/ˈɪsjuː/
1040:Pulitzer
1020:Pulitzer
945:coalesce
839:sonorant
827:flapping
808:-tensing
793:morpheme
779:addition
711:/ˈɔːrəl/
707:/ˈmɒrəl/
605:Pakistan
560:is but
471:d" or "b
427:, as in
365:unmarked
336:/ /
332:Help:IPA
198:Spelling
1338:vitamin
1334:privacy
1204:codeine
1194:(as in
1182:(as in
1003:/əˈsum/
993:: e.g.
991:/s/,/z/
984:/əˈlud/
974:: e.g.
972:/θ/,/l/
951:: e.g.
949:/t/,/d/
928:: e.g.
825:In GA,
812:candied
772:edition
637:): the
544:before
483:. The "
324:in the
170:Grammar
94:scholar
1852:
1829:
1788:
1782:,
1779:
1773:,
1770:
1764:
1756:,
1710:
1687:
1320:patent
1274:mirror
1270:nearer
1253:, and
1224:France
1200:coding
1135:, and
1099:, and
1081:nature
1079:, but
1069:/ˈɪʃu/
1063:is RP
1016:coupon
997:is RP
995:assume
978:is RP
976:allude
961:/dʒuː/
957:/djuː/
955:is RP
934:/njuː/
932:is RP
924:after
874:better
866:bedder
862:better
816:candid
732:, and
691:"Long
629:) and
603:, and
597:banana
591:, and
542:tensed
528:(e.g.
340:
176:Speech
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1546:"FAQ"
1324:lever
1298:merry
1294:marry
1284:furry
1280:hurry
1251:tower
1228:Spain
1196:scene
1190:, or
1061:issue
963:, GA
936:, GA
895:/juː/
868:, as
833:or a
806:happy
648:(the
601:khaki
589:macho
585:pasta
581:kebab
524:, or
510:/ntʃ/
441:schwa
328:(IPA)
267:Works
101:JSTOR
87:books
1850:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1810:2015
1762:ISBN
1734:2017
1708:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1428:2011
1340:and
1322:and
1290:Mary
1277:and
1236:been
1232:bean
1226:and
1184:mean
1176:-ing
1172:/ɪŋ/
1168:-ing
1133:/tʃ/
1125:/dʒ/
1034:and
1026:and
1018:and
965:/du/
938:/nu/
818:are
814:and
799:has
777:and
768:lost
762:and
753:boat
734:/ɑː/
730:/ɔː/
726:/ɜː/
722:/uː/
718:/iː/
709:and
646:/ɔː/
631:/ɑː/
627:spot
615:back
612:open
593:taco
577:/ɑː/
571:use
564:is .
514:/ns/
506:/nt/
496:/ɑː/
490:The
481:/ɜː/
465:/ɜr/
461:/ər/
435:and
433:burr
429:bore
425:/ɑː/
421:/ɜ:/
417:/ɔː/
73:news
1750:doi
1586:ing
1316:era
1255:tar
1216:/ɪ/
1192:ene
1188:een
1186:),
1180:ean
1137:/ʒ/
1129:/ʃ/
1119:or
1113:/j/
1107:or
1101:/z/
1097:/t/
1093:/s/
1089:/d/
1057:yod
1051:Yod
1044:yod
1022:as
1012:yod
959:or
953:due
930:new
926:/n/
922:/j/
915:/u/
881:Yod
870:/ɛ/
858:/r/
854:/d/
835:/d/
831:/t/
801:/ɪ/
789:/i/
766:is
764:/ə/
760:/ɪ/
685:dog
677:/ɒ/
673:/ɡ/
669:/ɒ/
665:/ɔ/
635:spa
623:/ɒ/
619:/ɑ/
573:/æ/
562:ram
558:rap
554:/ŋ/
550:/n/
546:/m/
538:/æ/
526:/θ/
522:/f/
518:/s/
500:/æ/
479:or
477:/ə/
469:oar
463:or
447:or
437:bar
423:or
413:/r/
409:/r/
254:M–Z
249:A–L
56:by
1869::
1844:.
1821:.
1760:.
1725:.
1636:.
1556:.
1552:.
1548:.
1530:.
1414:.
1403:^
1357::
1336:,
1318:,
1249:,
1131:,
1127:,
1095:,
1091:,
1071:,
911:ew
909:,
907:eu
905:,
903:ue
901:,
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728:,
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720:,
652:).
641:.
599:,
587:,
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