328:, or "video shift register based systems" (there is no generally agreed upon name for these type of devices), are the most simple type of video controllers. They are directly or indirectly responsible for the video timing signals, but they normally do not access the video RAM directly. They get the video data from the main CPU, a byte at a time, and convert it to a serial bitstream, hence the technical name "video shifter". This serial data stream is then used together with the synchronization signals to output a video signal. The main CPU needs to do the bulk of the work. Normally these chips only support a very low resolution
882:
133:
347:) or directly to the video output shift register (for high resolution graphics modes). Because the actual capabilities of the video generator depend to a large degree on the external logic, video generator based on a CRTC chip can have a wide range of capabilities, from simple text-mode only systems to high-resolution systems supporting a wide range of colours. Sprites, however, are normally not supported by these systems.
842:. On the lower end, as in the ZX81, the hardware would only perform electrical functions and the timing and level of the video stream was provided by the microprocessor. As the video data rate was high relative to the processor speed, the computer could only perform actual non-display computations during the retrace period between display frames. This limited performance to at most 25% of overall available CPU cycles.
36:
1088:
cards consisted solely of a display controller, as this was the only functionality required to connect a computer to a display. Later cards included ICs to perform calculations related to 2D rendering in parallel with the CPU; these cards were referred to as graphics accelerator cards. Similarly, ICs
305:
That said, it is not completely clear when a "video chip" is a "video display controller" and when it is a "video display processor". For example, the TMS9918 is sometimes called a "video display controller" and sometimes a "video display processor". In general however a "video display processor" has
845:
These systems could thus build a very capable system with relatively few components, but the low transistor count of early programmable logic meant that the capabilities of early PLA-based systems were often less impressive than those using the video interface controllers or video coprocessors that
488:
adapters. The MDA and CGA use an actual
Motorola chip, while the EGA has a custom IBM chipset of five LSI chips; one of those chips includes IBM's reimplementation of the CRTC, which operates like an MC6845 but differs in a few register addresses and functions so it is not 100% compatible. In all
375:
have their own internal CPU dedicated to reading (and writing) their own video RAM (which may be shared with the CPU), and converting the contents of this video RAM to a video signal. The main CPU can give commands to the coprocessor, for example to change the video modes or to manipulate the video
753:
of dedicated video RAM, and had a dedicated address bus that allowed additional RAM or ROM to be accessed from the game cartridge. A scrollable playfield of 256×240 pixels was supported, along with a display list of 64 OBJs (sprites), of which 8 could be displayed per
1029:: they offer SIP core for 3D rendering acceleration and for display controller independently. The former has marketing names such as Mali-200 or Mali-T880 while the latter is available as Mali-DP500, Mali-DP550 and Mali-DP650.
306:
some power to "process" the contents of the video RAM (filling an area of RAM for example), while a "video display controller" only controls the timing of the video synchronization signals and the access to the video RAM.
287:
1022:(resize and rotate) is a method to configure screen resolution and refresh rate on each individual outputs separately and at the same time configure the settings of the windowing system accordingly.
376:
RAM contents. The video coprocessor also controls the (most often RAM-based) character generator, the colour attribute RAM, palette registers, and the sprite logic (as long as these exist of course).
819:). Because these methods are very flexible, video display generators could be very capable (or extremely primitive, depending on the quality of the design), but also needed a lot of components.
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are much more complex than CRT controllers, and the external circuitry that is needed with a CRTC is embedded in the video controller chip. Sprites are often supported, as are (RAM based)
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The difference between a display controller, a graphics accelerator, and a video compression/decompression IC is huge, but, since all of this logic is usually found on the chip of a
1983:
838:, but there were many others. Early implementations were often very primitive, but later implementations sometimes resulted in fairly advanced video systems, like the one in the
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583:(8563) and Commodore 128D (8568) to create an 80 column text display, as well as several high resolution graphics modes. The Commodore 128 models included a
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The VDC is the main component of the video signal generator logic, responsible for generating the timing of video signals such as the horizontal and vertical
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313:(GPU) goes one step further than the VDP and normally also supports 3D functionality. This is the kind of chip that is used in modern personal computers.
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The VLSI VS21S010D-L is a 128kB SPI/parallel SRAM with an integrated video display controller with variable-bit-depth pixels and a block-move blitter.
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controller, generates the video timings and reads video data from RAM attached to the CRTC to output it via an external character generator ROM (for
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For example, a VGA-signal, which is created by GPU is being transported over a VGA-cable to the display controller. Both ends of the cable end in a
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1155:"Cathode Ray Tube Controller (CRTC) is responsible for generating the video signal and is programmable. CRTC-Registers bit meaning tables for
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and is usually not available separately to the end-customer, there is often much confusion about these very different functional blocks.
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games console, a primitive chip that relied on the 6502 microprocessor to do most of the work, also was used to generate the audio.
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and some arcade machines is a further advancement of the Master System VDP with the original (inferior) TMS9918 modes removed.
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use different interfaces between the display controller and the display. A display controller usually supports multiple
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Note that many early home computers did not use a VDP chip, but built the whole video display controller from a lot of
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card, that used a 6845 in combination with an ASIC. That is why all current VGA based video systems still use the
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compatible adapters the function of the 6845 is still reproduced inside the video chip, so in a sense all current
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Video display controllers can be divided in several different types, listed here from simplest to most complex;
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uses an enhanced VDP based on the TMS9918, and the Sega 315-5313 (Yamaha YM7101) VDP used in the
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722:. Used in some high-end graphics boards for the IBM PC in the mid 80s, notably in products from
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Most often the VDC chip is completely integrated in the logic of the main computer system, (its
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signal. Sometimes other supporting chips were necessary to build a complete system, such as
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Previously, graphic cards were also called graphic adapters, and the chips used on these
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had already existed for some time. VDCs often had special hardware for the creation of "
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series of
Graphic Display Processor (GDP), which offers a draw rate of 1 million
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476:. It was also used for almost all the early video adapters for the PC, such as the
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SCC66470 was a VSC (Video- and
Systems Controller) used in conjunction with their
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An often-used hybrid solution was to use a video interface controller (often the
670:" with its own built in CPU and use this data to generate a complex video signal.
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is a video display generator (VDG) first introduced by
Motorola and used in the
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GPUs with hardware acceleration became popular during the 1990s, including the
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A graphics system design based on the INTEL 82720 graphics display controller
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is known as the Video
Display Processor (VDP) and was first designed for the
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298:(AGA) chip that was used for the improved graphics of the later generation
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bus, as they require much greater bandwidth then the ISA bus can deliver.
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were available at the same time. Later PLA solutions, such as those using
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licensed the design and called it the 82720 graphics display controller.
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block diagram. The display controller is labelled "display interface".
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MOS Technology 6567/8562/8564 (NTSC versions) and 6569/8565/8566 (PAL)
420:. It could only support a very low resolution monochrome graphic mode.
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for 3D rendering eventually followed. Such cards were available with
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technology (which was unusual for the mid-1970s) to complement the
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Embedded Linux
Conference 2013 – Anatomy of an Embedded KMS driver
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is an improved version of the TMS9918, and was mainly used in the
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are known as the video interface controller (VIC) and used in the
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VDP2 32-bit background and scroll plane video display processor
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275:", a function that in more modern VDP chips is done with the "
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1237:"Graphics with the NEC 7220: Direct access with Turbo Pascal"
179:, but that is not their main function. VDCs were used in the
464:(MC6845) is a video address generator first introduced by
240:
that can manipulate the video RAM contents independently.
175:
in a computing or game system. Some VDCs also generate an
286:
One example of a typical video display processor is the "
772:
is the Video
Display Processor (VDP) mainly used in the
427:(TIA) is the custom video chip that is the heart of the
1139:
M. Rasch, B. Bertelsons (1995). Scott
Slaughter (ed.).
865:. An example of such a hybrid solution is the original
515:
are video controllers best known for their use in the
1311:
KMS driver is a device driver for display controllers
244:
Video display controller vs. graphics processing unit
1932:
1874:
1826:
1706:
1645:
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1352:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
236:of the main CPU), but sometimes it functions as a
1268:. University of Texas at El Paso. pp. 1–152.
1218:"Initial support for ARM Mali Display Controller"
1141:PC Underground: Unconventional Programming Topics
610:computers and had an integrated audio capability.
497:PCs still incorporate the logic of the 6845 CRTC.
896:, more and more functionality is implemented as
794: per second and resolutions up to 1024×512.
1248:(Translation of "Grafik mit dem 7220 von NEC",
826:to create a video system; examples include the
168:, a device responsible for the production of a
1012:is a special brand of display controller with
822:Many early systems used some form of an early
684:, but was later also used in systems like the
564:were known as the VIC-II and were used in the
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8:
1025:An example for this dichotomy is offered by
1101:interfaces; modern cards typically use the
395:Examples of video display controllers are:
1356:
1337:
1323:
1315:
1143:. US: Abacus Software Inc. p. 58-68.
598:text editing device (TED) was used in the
416:microprocessor, it was mainly used in the
662:) was an early video system chip used in
551:MOS Technology 6560 (NTSC) and 6561 (PAL)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1115:List of home computers by video hardware
902:semiconductor intellectual property core
387:List of home computers by video hardware
369:) for the high-resolution or text modes.
1131:
1281:
1271:
737:) was a video coprocessor designed by
267:; though earlier examples such as the
7:
183:of the 1980s and also in some early
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1663:Input–output memory management unit
25:
908:(SiP) blocks can be found on the
408:was a very simple chip, built in
164:which is the main component in a
1262:Changon Tsay (January 1, 1986).
894:semiconductor device fabrication
873:that were provided by the 6845.
34:
904:(SIP core). Display controller
445:CRT controller was used in the
45:needs additional citations for
892:With the advancements made in
1:
747:Nintendo Entertainment System
724:Number Nine Visual Technology
1008:for display controllers and
425:Television Interface Adaptor
749:. It was connected to 2048
502:Video interface controllers
357:and video RAM dedicated to
351:Video interface controllers
140:graphics display controller
2075:
996:computer display standards
927:They support a variety of
799:Alternatives to a VDC chip
745:'s use in the Famicom and
391:Sprite (computer graphics)
384:
69:"Video display controller"
27:Type of integrated circuit
1222:Linux kernel mailing list
1206:. NESdev.org. 2024-06-24.
1192:. NESdev.org. 2024-06-04.
807:chips, (examples are the
621:-Microcontroller e.g. in
294:. Another example is the
1693:Video display controller
1346:Graphics processing unit
834:systems and Elektronika
824:programmable logic array
311:graphics processing unit
250:graphics processing unit
146:video display controller
1252:, 1986, H11, pp. 54-65)
969:Flat Panel Display Link
591:compatible video modes.
447:Convergent Technologies
192:synchronization signals
1808:Shared graphics memory
1120:List of color palettes
900:, often licensable as
889:
615:Philips semiconductors
166:video-signal generator
141:
2059:Television technology
1994:Hardware acceleration
1698:Video processing unit
1235:Dampf, Guido (1986).
1049:. It was used in the
884:
664:Atari 8-bit computers
532:TRS-80 Color Computer
135:
1919:Performance per watt
1688:Texture mapping unit
1637:Unified shader model
521:Emerson Arcadia 2001
381:List of example VDCs
367:colour lookup tables
355:character generators
54:improve this article
1861:Integrated graphics
1004:is an example of a
898:integrated circuits
694:Memotech MTX series
666:. It could read a "
596:MOS Technology 7360
573:MOS Technology 8563
136:Block diagram of a
2011:Parallel computing
1887:Display resolution
1668:Render output unit
1658:Geometry processor
1059:IBM PC compatibles
1047:personal computers
890:
871:hardware registers
630:Video coprocessors
453:, along with some
373:Video coprocessors
363:pallette registers
162:integrated circuit
142:
18:Display controller
2041:
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1856:External graphics
1839:Discrete graphics
1803:Memory controller
1566:Graphics pipeline
1527:
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906:System In Package
679:Texas Instruments
495:IBM PC compatible
468:and used for the
359:colour attributes
196:blanking interval
158:display interface
152:), also called a
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16:(Redirected from
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2016:Vector processor
1999:Image processing
1989:Graphics library
1924:Transistor count
1866:System on a chip
1798:Memory bandwidth
1678:Stream processor
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1224:. 2016-04-01.
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1011:
1010:AMD Eyefinity
1007:
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733:) or RP2C07 (
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110:December 2015
102:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2021:Video coding
1692:
1622:Tessellation
1532:Architecture
1264:
1257:
1249:
1240:. Retrieved
1230:
1212:
1198:
1184:
1140:
1134:
1079:
1036:
1027:ARM Holdings
1024:
1018:
1000:
981:
926:
891:
856:
844:
821:
802:
770:Yamaha V9958
759:Yamaha V9938
729:The RP2C02 (
713:Sega Genesis
690:ColecoVision
668:Display list
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
629:
628:
604:Commodore 16
589:Commodore 64
566:Commodore 64
536:Dragon 32/64
501:
500:
435:
434:
398:
397:
394:
372:
350:
336:
325:
320:
308:
304:
285:
283:" function.
254:
247:
227:
189:
177:audio signal
173:video signal
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2004:Compression
1875:Performance
1827:Form factor
1719:Framebuffer
1683:Tensor unit
1673:Shader unit
1605:Ray-tracing
1544:Fabrication
1519:Intel 2700G
1453:3dfx Voodoo
1448:NEC µPD7220
1282:|work=
1103:PCI Express
1071:Epson QX-10
1063:DEC Rainbow
1051:NEC PC-9801
1043:NEC μPD7220
945:DisplayPort
828:ZX Spectrum
720:NEC μPD7220
587:to support
470:Amstrad CPC
406:RCA CDP1861
302:computers.
292:Sega Saturn
277:Bit Blitter
269:NEC μPD7220
238:coprocessor
138:NEC μPD7220
2048:Categories
1914:Frame rate
1882:Clock rate
1844:Clustering
1646:Components
1426:Radeon Pro
1126:References
1002:KMS driver
990:and other
929:interfaces
780:computers.
778:MSX turboR
652:elevision
544:Acorn Atom
472:, and the
443:Intel 8275
429:Atari 2600
418:COSMAC VIP
385:See also:
345:text modes
263:, and the
234:memory map
217:, or some
80:newspapers
1945:Scrolling
1849:Switching
1504:VideoCore
1284:ignored (
1274:cite book
1037:In 1982,
1016:support.
959:includes
840:SAM Coupé
754:scanline.
688:(MSX-1),
656:nterface
540:Laser 200
474:BBC Micro
455:S-100 bus
290:" of the
230:video RAM
187:systems.
1892:Fillrate
1571:Geometry
1431:Instinct
1169:Hercules
1109:See also
809:Apple II
743:Nintendo
625:systems.
466:Motorola
457:systems.
414:RCA 1802
281:Bit blit
257:S3 ViRGE
221:such as
213:to hold
202:to hold
194:and the
160:, is an
1972:Texture
1902:Texel/s
1897:Pixel/s
1834:IP core
1786:HBM-PIM
1653:Blitter
1627:T&L
1598:Shading
1514:Imageon
1509:Vivante
1499:PowerVR
1463:Glaze3D
1394:GeForce
1360:Desktop
1309:YouTube
1242:27 July
1055:APC III
1033:History
988:Laptops
973:OpenLDI
836:BK-0010
707:. The
705:SC-3000
701:SG-1000
682:TI-99/4
675:TMS9918
648:umeric
273:sprites
94:scholar
1950:Sprite
1909:FLOP/s
1707:Memory
1576:Vertex
1559:MOSFET
1554:FinFET
1484:Adreno
1477:Mobile
1438:Matrox
1421:Radeon
1399:Quadro
1389:Nvidia
1177:Mode X
1147:
1097:, and
1069:, and
953:DMS-59
817:TRS-80
815:, and
792:pixels
660:ircuit
585:VIC-II
555:VIC-20
528:MC6847
489:later
449:AWS /
259:, the
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2026:Codec
1984:GPGPU
1791:HBM3E
1776:HBM2E
1759:GDDR7
1754:GDDR6
1749:GDDR5
1744:GDDR4
1739:GDDR3
1734:GDDR2
1724:SGRAM
1409:Tegra
1404:Tesla
1367:Intel
1075:Intel
1020:RandR
949:VHDCI
852:FPGAs
848:CPLDs
774:MSX2+
751:bytes
739:Ricoh
644:lpha-
637:ANTIC
619:68070
339:, or
332:mode.
317:Types
300:Amiga
204:pixel
101:JSTOR
87:books
2033:VLIW
1979:ASIC
1955:Tile
1933:Misc
1818:VRAM
1781:HBM3
1771:HBM2
1729:GDDR
1615:SIMT
1610:SIMD
1549:CMOS
1494:Mali
1286:help
1244:2013
1173:SVGA
1145:ISBN
1086:EISA
975:and
967:and
965:TMDS
961:LVDS
941:HDMI
922:SoCs
920:and
918:APUs
914:GPUs
863:ASIC
832:ZX81
830:and
786:The
776:and
768:The
763:MSX2
757:The
741:for
731:NTSC
718:The
703:and
698:Sega
673:The
635:The
623:CD-i
613:The
606:and
594:The
577:8568
571:The
560:The
549:The
542:and
526:The
519:and
513:2637
511:and
507:The
484:and
460:The
441:The
423:The
410:CMOS
404:The
389:and
361:and
337:CRTC
309:The
296:Lisa
207:data
73:news
1766:HBM
1714:DMA
1588:MAC
1416:AMD
1382:Arc
1353:GPU
1307:on
1165:CGA
1161:EGA
1157:VGA
1099:AGP
1095:PCI
1091:VLB
1082:ISA
1039:NEC
977:CML
957:PHY
937:DVI
933:VGA
912:of
910:die
867:VGA
850:or
813:PET
735:PAL
686:MSX
491:VGA
486:EGA
482:CGA
478:MDA
211:ROM
200:RAM
156:or
150:VDC
56:by
2050::
1967:GI
1962:3D
1940:2D
1458:S3
1377:Xe
1372:GT
1278::
1276:}}
1272:{{
1250:mc
1220:.
1179:."
1175:,
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1167:,
1163:,
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931::
924:.
916:,
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335:A
225:.
209:,
170:TV
144:A
1338:e
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1246:.
1153:.
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765:.
726:.
658:C
654:I
650:T
646:N
642:A
639:(
575:/
568:.
557:.
365:(
148:(
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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