1024:
354:
103:
Any osmotically active agent that is filtered by the glomerulus but not reabsorbed causes water to be retained in these segments and promotes a water diuresis. Such agents can be used to reduce intracranial pressure and to promote prompt removal of renal toxins. The prototypical osmotic diuretic is
95:
Osmotic diuretics have their major effect in the proximal convoluted tubule and the descending limb of the Loop of Henle. These sites are freely permeable to water. Through osmotic effects, they also oppose the action of ADH in the collecting tubule. The presence of a nonreabsorbable solute such as
99:
The increase in urine flow rate decreases the contact time between fluid and the tubular epithelium, thus reducing sodium as well as water reabsorption. The resulting natriuresis is of lesser magnitude than the water diuresis, leading eventually to excessive water loss and hypernatremia.
115:, and cerebral blood volume is decreased. The second effect occurs through creation of an osmotic gradient across the blood-brain barrier, leading to the movement of water from the parenchyma to the intravascular space. Brain tissue volume is decreased and, therefore, ICP is lowered.
205:
Sakowitz OW, Stover JF, Sarrafzadeh AS, Unterberg AW, Kiening KL (February 2007). "Effects of mannitol bolus administration on intracranial pressure, cerebral extracellular metabolites, and tissue oxygenation in severely head-injured patients".
87:. Osmotic diuretics increase plasma volume, but because they do not cross the blood-brain barrier, this does not affect the nervous system. In effect, this is the cause of their action reducing locally the plasma volume in the nervous system.
142:
256:
Messeter, Kenneth; Nordström, Carl-Henrik; Sundbärg, Göran; Algotsson, Lars; Ryding, Erik (February 1986). "Cerebral hemodynamics in patients with acute severe head trauma".
1069:
1093:
1062:
980:
454:
111:, reduces blood viscosity, and promotes plasma expansion and cerebral oxygen delivery. In response, cerebral vasoconstriction occurs due to
147:
386:
96:
mannitol prevents the normal absorption of water by interposing a countervailing osmotic force. As a result, urine volume increases.
1055:
706:
189:
804:
966:
883:
852:
833:
423:
358:
997:
1088:
692:
76:
from concentrating urine, which usually uses the high osmotic and solute gradient to transport solutes and water.
64:
Osmotic diuretics work by expanding extracellular fluid and plasma volume, therefore increasing blood flow to the
527:
69:
299:
James, H. E. (September 1980). "Methodology for the control of intracranial pressure with hypertonic mannitol".
838:
619:
531:
985:
379:
696:
615:
408:
1035:
734:
450:
108:
40:
764:
160:
1031:
580:
550:
39:(Na). They are pharmacologically inert substances that are given intravenously. They increase the
926:
605:
585:
372:
332:
1023:
920:
894:
324:
316:
281:
273:
223:
185:
79:
These agents can also act at other parts of the body. For example, they can be used to reduce
1039:
595:
565:
308:
265:
215:
842:
800:
427:
107:
Mannitol lowers the intra cranial pressure through two effects in the brain. The first,
991:
889:
749:
560:
478:
413:
112:
80:
219:
184:. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division. p. 46.
1082:
931:
628:
570:
508:
446:
436:
73:
336:
774:
743:
673:
600:
399:
17:
61:, osmotic diuretics act at the portions of the nephron that are water-permeable.
950:
945:
939:
916:
724:
643:
633:
488:
269:
868:
863:
858:
780:
759:
668:
653:
648:
590:
513:
503:
493:
473:
463:
51:
320:
277:
873:
754:
714:
663:
658:
638:
575:
498:
468:
227:
353:
328:
285:
935:
818:
813:
719:
678:
555:
545:
536:
523:
483:
395:
84:
47:
32:
912:
312:
124:
58:
245:(12th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. Chapter 25.
65:
36:
364:
43:
of blood and renal filtrate. This fluid eventually becomes urine.
243:
823:
368:
1043:
959:
905:
832:
795:
733:
705:
691:
614:
522:
445:
422:
407:
180:Trevor, Anthony J.; Katzung, Bertram G. (2003).
1063:
380:
8:
1070:
1056:
702:
419:
387:
373:
365:
35:that inhibits reabsorption of water and
135:
7:
1020:
1018:
1042:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
25:
220:10.1097/01.ta.0000203560.03937.2d
1094:Cardiovascular system drug stubs
1022:
352:
967:Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene
834:Vasopressin receptor inhibitors
72:in the kidney. This stops the
1:
148:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
70:cortical medullary gradient
1110:
1017:
270:10.3171/jns.1986.64.2.0231
241:Brunton, Laurence (2011).
975:
1034:article relating to the
735:Aldosterone antagonists
258:Journal of Neurosurgery
68:. This washes out the
1036:cardiovascular system
85:intra-ocular pressure
960:Combination products
765:Potassium canrenoate
361:at Wikimedia Commons
301:Acta Neurochirurgica
927:mercurial diuretics
581:Hydrochlorothiazide
551:Bendroflumethiazide
91:Mechanism of action
1002:Never to phase III
606:Trichlormethiazide
586:Hydroflumethiazide
313:10.1007/bf01406742
143:"osmotic diuretic"
109:rheological effect
18:Diuretics, osmotic
1089:Osmotic diuretics
1051:
1050:
1012:
1011:
895:Lithium carbonate
797:Osmotic diuretics
791:
790:
693:Potassium-sparing
687:
686:
359:Osmotic diuretics
357:Media related to
46:Two examples are
16:(Redirected from
1101:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1026:
1019:
703:
596:Methyclothiazide
566:Cyclopenthiazide
420:
389:
382:
375:
366:
356:
341:
340:
307:(3–4): 161–172.
296:
290:
289:
253:
247:
246:
238:
232:
231:
202:
196:
195:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
157:
151:
140:
29:osmotic diuretic
21:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1007:
992:Clinical trials
971:
955:
901:
836:
828:
787:
729:
683:
610:
537:Calcium-sparing
535:
518:
441:
411:
403:
393:
349:
344:
298:
297:
293:
255:
254:
250:
240:
239:
235:
204:
203:
199:
192:
179:
178:
174:
165:
163:
159:
158:
154:
141:
137:
133:
121:
93:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1027:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
989:
983:
977:
976:
973:
972:
970:
969:
963:
961:
957:
956:
954:
953:
948:
943:
923:
909:
907:
903:
902:
900:
899:
898:
897:
892:
890:Demeclocycline
879:
878:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
848:
846:
830:
829:
827:
826:
821:
816:
810:
808:
793:
792:
789:
788:
786:
785:
784:
783:
770:
769:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
750:Spironolactone
739:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
722:
717:
711:
709:
700:
689:
688:
685:
684:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
625:
623:
616:Thiazide-likes
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
561:Chlorothiazide
558:
553:
548:
542:
540:
520:
519:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
479:Etacrynic acid
476:
471:
466:
460:
458:
443:
442:
440:
439:
433:
431:
417:
414:etacrynic acid
405:
404:
394:
392:
391:
384:
377:
369:
363:
362:
348:
347:External links
345:
343:
342:
291:
264:(2): 231–237.
248:
233:
197:
190:
172:
152:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
120:
117:
113:autoregulation
92:
89:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1106:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
990:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
974:
968:
965:
964:
962:
958:
952:
949:
947:
944:
941:
937:
933:
932:Chlormerodrin
929:
928:
924:
922:
918:
914:
911:
910:
908:
904:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
885:
881:
880:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
854:
850:
849:
847:
844:
840:
835:
831:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:
772:
771:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
744:Spirolactones
741:
740:
738:
736:
732:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
710:
708:
704:
701:
698:
694:
690:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Chlortalidone
627:
626:
624:
621:
617:
613:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:Cyclothiazide
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
541:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
515:
512:
510:
509:Tienilic acid
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
438:
437:Acetazolamide
435:
434:
432:
429:
425:
424:CA inhibitors
421:
418:
415:
410:
406:
401:
397:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
370:
367:
360:
355:
351:
350:
346:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
295:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
252:
249:
244:
237:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
198:
193:
191:0-07-139930-5
187:
183:
176:
173:
162:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
136:
130:
126:
123:
122:
118:
116:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
90:
88:
86:
82:
77:
75:
74:loop of Henle
71:
67:
62:
60:
55:
53:
49:
44:
42:
38:
34:
31:is a type of
30:
19:
1044:expanding it
1029:
1014:
925:
882:
851:
796:
775:Nonsteroidal
773:
742:
707:ESC blockers
674:Quinethazone
601:Polythiazide
409:Sulfonamides
304:
300:
294:
261:
257:
251:
242:
236:
214:(2): 292–8.
211:
207:
200:
182:Pharmacology
181:
175:
164:. Retrieved
155:
146:
138:
106:
102:
98:
94:
81:intracranial
78:
63:
56:
45:
28:
26:
988:from market
951:Cicletanine
946:Theobromine
940:Meralluride
917:Isopropanol
725:Triamterene
644:Clorexolone
634:Clofenamide
618:(primarily
489:Indacrinone
1083:Categories
869:Satavaptan
864:Mozavaptan
859:Conivaptan
781:Finerenone
760:Eplerenone
669:Metolazone
654:Indapamide
649:Fenquizone
591:Mebutizide
514:Torasemide
504:Piretanide
494:Muzolimine
474:Bumetanide
464:Furosemide
166:2008-12-20
161:"Mannitol"
131:References
104:mannitol.
52:isosorbide
41:osmolarity
998:Phase III
986:Withdrawn
874:Tolvaptan
755:Canrenone
715:Amiloride
664:Meticrane
659:Mefruside
639:Clopamide
576:Epitizide
524:Thiazides
499:Ozolinone
469:Azosemide
396:Diuretics
321:0001-6268
278:0022-3085
936:Mersalyl
819:Glycerol
814:Mannitol
720:Benzamil
679:Xipamide
556:Butizide
546:Altizide
484:Etozolin
337:40808775
228:17297315
208:J Trauma
119:See also
48:mannitol
33:diuretic
913:Ethanol
853:Vaptans
451:Na-K-Cl
329:6768226
286:3080555
125:Osmosis
59:nephron
57:In the
981:WHO-EM
884:Others
335:
327:
319:
284:
276:
226:
188:
66:kidney
37:sodium
1038:is a
1030:This
906:Other
528:Na-Cl
412:(and
333:S2CID
1040:stub
1032:drug
921:2M2B
841:and
824:Urea
695:(at
447:Loop
426:(at
325:PMID
317:ISSN
282:PMID
274:ISSN
224:PMID
186:ISBN
83:and
50:and
839:DCT
620:DCT
532:DCT
530:at
453:at
400:C03
309:doi
266:doi
216:doi
145:at
27:An
1085::
994::
938:,
934:,
919:,
915:,
843:CD
805:DL
803:,
801:PT
697:CD
455:AL
428:PT
331:.
323:.
315:.
305:51
303:.
280:.
272:.
262:64
260:.
222:.
212:62
210:.
54:.
1071:e
1064:t
1057:v
1046:.
942:)
930:(
845:)
837:(
807:)
799:(
699:)
622:)
539:)
534:,
526:(
457:)
449:(
430:)
416:)
402:)
398:(
388:e
381:t
374:v
339:.
311::
288:.
268::
230:.
218::
194:.
169:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.