1074:
1019:-, Y- or X-pattern depending on the extent of convergence or divergence when the gaze moves upward or downward. These letters of the alphabet denote ocular motility pattern that have a similarity to the respective letter: in the A-pattern there is (relatively speaking) more convergence when the gaze is directed upwards and more divergence when it is directed downwards, in the V-pattern it is the contrary, in the λ-, Y- and X-patterns there is little or no strabismus in the middle position but relatively more divergence in one or both of the upward and downward positions, depending on the "shape" of the letter.
382:
399:
415:
968:(if latent) to describe various types of strabismus. For example, a constant left hypertropia exists when a person's left eye is always aimed higher than the right. A person with an intermittent right esotropia has a right eye that occasionally drifts toward the person's nose, but at other times is able to align with the gaze of the left eye. A person with a mild exophoria can maintain fusion during normal circumstances, but when the system is disrupted, the relaxed posture of the eyes is slightly divergent.
879:
898:, leading to horizontal, vertical or torsional misalignment or to a combination thereof, with the eye with poorer vision drifting slightly over time. Most often, the outcome is horizontal misalignment. Its direction depends on the person's age at which the damage occurs: people whose vision is lost or impaired at birth are more likely to develop esotropia, whereas people with acquired vision loss or impairment mostly develop exotropia. In the extreme, complete
600:, an outward turn, may be more likely to develop a mental health disorder than normal-sighted children. Researchers have theorized that esotropia (an inward turn) was not found to be linked to a higher propensity for mental illness due to the age range of the participants, as well as the shorter follow-up time period; esotropic children were monitored to a mean age of 15.8 years, compared with 20.3 years for the exotropic group.
512:
1175:
repeated three to four months later once the paralysis wears off. Common side effects are double vision, droopy eyelid, overcorrection, and no effect. The side effects typically resolve also within three to four months. Botulinum toxin therapy has been reported to be similarly successful as strabismus surgery for people with binocular vision and less successful than surgery for those who have no binocular vision.
502:
713:
492:
522:
532:
1209:
542:
60:
475:
1112:, the eyes turn inward due to the effort of focusing far-sighted eyes, and the treatment of this type of strabismus necessarily involves refractive correction, which is usually done via corrective glasses or contact lenses, and in these cases surgical alignment is considered only if such correction does not resolve the eye turn.
1073:
1037:
When the misalignment of the eyes is large and obvious, the strabismus is called large-angle, referring to the angle of deviation between the lines of sight of the eyes. Less severe eye turns are called small-angle strabismus. The degree of strabismus can vary based on whether the person is viewing a
850:
or a combination of these), is only present after binocular vision has been interrupted, typically by covering one eye. This type of person can typically maintain fusion despite the misalignment that occurs when the positioning system is relaxed. Intermittent strabismus is a combination of both of
564:
One study has shown that strabismic children commonly exhibit behaviors marked by higher degrees of inhibition, anxiety, and emotional distress, often leading to outright emotional disorders. These disorders are often related to a negative perception of the child by peers. This is due not only to an
326:
or hypotropia where they are vertically misaligned. They can also be classified by whether the problem is present in all directions a person looks (comitant) or varies by direction (incomitant). Diagnosis may be made by observing the light reflecting from the person's eyes and finding that it is not
1130:
Early treatment of strabismus when the person is a baby may reduce the chance of developing amblyopia and depth perception problems. However, a review of randomized controlled trials concluded that the use of corrective glasses to prevent strabismus is not supported by existing research. Amblyopia
623:
Adult and child observers perceived a right heterotropia as more disturbing than a left heterotropia, and child observers perceived an esotropia as "worse" than an exotropia. Successful surgical correction of strabismus, for adult as well as children, has been shown to have a significantly positive
922:
Strabismus may be classified as unilateral if the one eye consistently deviates, or alternating if either of the eyes can be seen to deviate. Alternation of the strabismus may occur spontaneously, with or without subjective awareness of the alternation. Alternation may also be triggered by various
785:
of young children for eye misalignment. A Cochrane review to examine different types of diagnosis test found only one study. This study used a photoscreener which was found to have high specificity (accurate in identifying those without the condition) but low sensitivity (inaccurate in identifying
631:
strategies employed by adult strabismics. One study categorized coping methods into three subcategories: avoidance (refraining from participation in an activity), distraction (deflecting attention from the condition), and adjustment (approaching an activity differently). The authors of the study
556:
People of all ages who have noticeable strabismus may experience psychosocial difficulties. Attention has also been drawn to potential socioeconomic impact resulting from cases of detectable strabismus. A socioeconomic consideration exists as well in the context of decisions regarding strabismus
1174:
for strabismus in people over 12 years old. Most commonly used in adults, the technique is also used for treating children, in particular children affected by infantile esotropia. The toxin is injected in the stronger muscle, causing temporary and partial paralysis. The treatment may need to be
1005:
Nonparetic strabismus is generally concomitant. Most types of infant and childhood strabismus are comitant. Paretic strabismus can be either comitant or noncomitant. Incomitant strabismus is almost always caused by a limitation of ocular rotations that is due to a restriction of extraocular eye
698:
Amblyopia may also cause strabismus. If a great difference in clarity occurs between the images from the right and left eyes, input may be insufficient to correctly reposition the eyes. Other causes of a visual difference between right and left eyes, such as asymmetrical cataracts, refractive
431:
When observing a person with strabismus, the misalignment of the eyes may be quite apparent. A person with a constant eye turn of significant magnitude is very easy to notice. However, a small magnitude or intermittent strabismus can easily be missed upon casual observation. In any case, an
1819:
Estes, K. J., Parrish, R. K., Sinacore, J., Mumby, P. B., & McDonnell, J. F. (2020). Effects of corrective strabismus surgery on social anxiety and self-consciousness in adults. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the
American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and
913:
Results of a U.S. cohort study indicate that the incidence of adult-onset strabismus increases with age, especially after the sixth decade of life, and peaks in the eighth decade of life, and that the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with adult-onset strabismus is approximately 4%.
1148:
Strabismus surgery attempts to align the eyes by shortening, lengthening, or changing the position of one or more of the extraocular eye muscles. The procedure can typically be performed in about an hour, and requires about six to eight weeks for recovery. Adjustable
1153:
may be used to permit refinement of the eye alignment in the early postoperative period. It is unclear if there are differences between adjustable versus non-adjustable sutures as it has not been sufficiently studied. An alternative to the classical procedure is
451:. In this case, often no noticeable symptoms are seen other than a minor loss of depth perception. This deficit may not be noticeable in someone who has had strabismus since birth or early childhood, as they have likely learned to judge depth and distances using
459:
in children. Small-angle and intermittent strabismus are more likely to cause disruptive visual symptoms. In addition to headaches and eye strain, symptoms may include an inability to read comfortably, fatigue when reading, and unstable or "jittery" vision.
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282:
in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The eye that is pointed at an object can alternate. The condition may be present occasionally or constantly. If present during a large part of childhood, it may result in
1014:
glasses, because the eyes would require different degrees of prismatic correction dependent on the direction of the gaze. Incomitant strabismus of the eso- or exo-type are classified as "alphabet patterns": they are denoted as A- or V- or more rarely
3633:
3614:
871:, is mostly in early childhood. Acquired non-accommodative strabismus and secondary strabismus are developed after normal binocular vision has developed. In adults with previously normal alignment, the onset of strabismus usually results in
3240:
863:, acquired, or secondary to another pathological process. Many infants are born with their eyes slightly misaligned, and this is typically outgrown by six to 12 months of age. Acquired and secondary strabismus develop later. The onset of
905:
Although many possible causes of strabismus are known, among them severe and/or traumatic injuries to the affected eye, in many cases no specific cause can be identified. This last is typically the case when strabismus is present since
1195:
problem. One study reported 85% of adults with strabismus "reported that they had problems with work, school, and sports because of their strabismus." The same study also reported 70% said strabismus "had a negative effect on their
3386:
Gursoy H, Basmak H, Sahin A, Yildirim N, Aydin Y, Colak E (June 2012). "Long-term follow-up of bilateral botulinum toxin injections versus bilateral recessions of the medial rectus muscles for treatment of infantile esotropia".
1123:) which is otherwise caused by spectacles in which the refractive power is very different for the two eyes. In a few cases of strabismic children with anisometropic amblyopia, a balancing of the refractive error eyes via
1100:, depending on the underlying reason for the misalignment. As with other binocular vision disorders, the primary goal is comfortable, single, clear, normal binocular vision at all distances and directions of gaze.
825:
or a combination of these), is present while the person views a target binocularly, with no occlusion of either eye. The person is unable to align the gaze of each eye to achieve fusion. A latent deviation, or
603:
Investigations have highlighted the impact that strabismus may typically have on quality of life. Studies in which subjects were shown images of strabismic and non-strabismic persons showed a strong negative
3223:
1145:
does not remove the need for a child to wear glasses. Currently it is unknown whether there are any differences for completing strabismus surgery before or after amblyopia therapy in children.
648:
control the position of the eyes. Thus, a problem with the muscles or the nerves controlling them can cause paralytic strabismus. The extraocular muscles are controlled by cranial nerves
890:
Any disease that causes vision loss may also cause strabismus, but it can also result from any severe and/or traumatic injury to the affected eye. Sensory strabismus is strabismus due to
1134:
Glasses affect the position by changing the person's reaction to focusing. Prisms change the way light, and therefore images, strike the eye, simulating a change in the eye position.
1398:
Merino Sanz P, Del Cerro Pérez I, Alan
Peinado G, Gómez de Liaño Sánchez P (March 2019). "Causes and surgical treatment of diplopia and strabismus secondary to myasthenia gravis".
3236:
1056:
is the false appearance of strabismus. It generally occurs in infants and toddlers whose bridge of the nose is wide and flat, causing the appearance of esotropia due to less
2347:
1226:
and related breeds are prone to having crossed eyes. Research suggests this is a behavioral compensation for developmental abnormalities in the routing of nerves in the
4735:
3312:[Botulinum injection in infantile strabismus. Results and incidence on secondary surgery in a long-term survey of 74 cases treated before 36 months of age].
3310:"[Botulinum injection in infantile strabismus. Results and incidence on secondary surgery in a long-term survey of 74 cases treated before 36 months of age]"
3351:
de Alba
Campomanes AG, Binenbaum G, Campomanes Eguiarte G (April 2010). "Comparison of botulinum toxin with surgery as primary treatment for infantile esotropia".
4132:
2202:
1031:
2974:
Astle WF, Rahmat J, Ingram AD, Huang PT (December 2007). "Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy for anisometropic amblyopia in children: outcomes at 1 year".
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356:
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and the vitally important role they play in an individual's life as social components. For some, these issues improved dramatically following
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2701:
2559:
2282:
1546:
1530:
1171:
1155:
957:
refers to torsional strabismus, which occurs when the eyes rotate around the anterior–posterior axis to become misaligned and is quite rare.
1642:
Olitsky SE, Sudesh S, Graziano A, Hamblen J, Brooks SE, Shaha SH (August 1999). "The negative psychosocial impact of strabismus in adults".
4612:
636:
training. No studies have evaluated whether psychosocial interventions have had any benefits on individuals undergoing strabismus surgery.
2063:
Graefe's
Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie
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2565:
2498:
4725:
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2523:
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Strabismus may also occur in dogs, most often due to imbalanced muscle tone of the muscles surrounding the eye. Some breeds such as the
1298:
4720:
4607:
4174:
1806:
4335:
2882:
2390:
Tychsen L (August 2012). "The cause of infantile strabismus lies upstairs in the cerebral cortex, not downstairs in the brainstem".
752:
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923:
tests during an eye exam. Unilateral strabismus has been observed to result from a severe or traumatic injury to the affected eye.
1131:
has long been considered to remain permanent if not treated within a critical period, namely before the age of about seven years;
4440:
2140:
1495:
3337:
5015:
4533:
4445:
3265:
Kowal L, Wong E, Yahalom C (December 2007). "Botulinum toxin in the treatment of strabismus. A review of its use and effects".
1119:, contact lenses may be preferable to spectacles because they avoid the problem of visual disparities due to size differences (
851:
these types, where the person can achieve fusion, but occasionally or frequently falters to the point of a manifest deviation.
589:, and feelings of awkwardness, thereby affecting social communication in a fundamental way, with a possible negative effect on
2013:
Ophthalmologica. Journal
International d'Ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift für Augenheilkunde
4435:
4164:
778:
734:
2670:
1833:
Tonge BJ, Lipton GL, Crawford G (March 1984). "Psychological and educational correlates of strabismus in school children".
4528:
4419:
4285:
669:
941:
describes outward or divergent misalignment. Vertical deviations are also classified into two varieties, using prefixes:
4926:
4617:
4602:
3231:
1167:
2190:
3814:
3772:
3737:
1490:
730:
4742:
4538:
4512:
4470:
4465:
4330:
4203:
4191:
4147:
1007:
4809:
4208:
2300:"Depiction of the cranial nerves within the brain stem with use of PROPELLER multishot diffusion-weighted imaging"
1237:
are genetically predisposed to the condition. Treatment may involve surgery or therapy to strengthen the muscles.
723:
4921:
4715:
4562:
4407:
4154:
248:
4460:
4431:
4055:
4020:
3659:
2851:
1087:
676:
causes the associated eye to deviate inward and has many causes due to the relatively long path of the nerve.
3469:
2692:
Taking Care of Your Eyes: A Collection of the
Patient Education Handouts Used by America's Leading Eye Doctors
1258:"Strabismus noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"
2622:
Havertape SA, Cruz OA (January 2001). "Sensory
Strabismus: When Does it Happen and Which Way Do They Turn?".
4931:
4685:
4485:
4005:
3998:
1109:
864:
350:. Some types benefit from early surgery. Strabismus occurs in about 2% of children. The term comes from the
162:
3552:
Donahue SP, Buckley EG, Christiansen SP, Cruz OA, Dagi LR (August 2014). "Difficult problems: strabismus".
2218:"Psychosocial interventions for improving quality of life outcomes in adults undergoing strabismus surgery"
1257:
5200:
5170:
5105:
5100:
4827:
4105:
3970:
3730:
3422:
Rowe FJ, Noonan CP (February 15, 2012). Rowe FJ (ed.). "Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus".
661:
239:
2791:
5143:
4819:
1027:
1001:) strabismus has a magnitude that varies as the person shifts his or her gaze up, down, or to the sides.
677:
478:
433:
336:
244:
398:
2685:
414:
4916:
4502:
4497:
4455:
4270:
4186:
3584:
3526:
2104:
Burke JP, Leach CM, Davis H (May 1997). "Psychosocial implications of strabismus surgery in adults".
782:
633:
452:
31:
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causes the associated eye to deviate down and out and may or may not affect the size of the pupil.
5221:
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4895:
4778:
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4558:
4522:
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4362:
4142:
3922:
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2055:
981:
907:
868:
645:
628:
558:
2425:
Hull S, Tailor V, Balduzzi S, Rahi J, Schmucker C, Virgili G, Dahlmann-Noor A (November 6, 2017).
1604:
Satterfield D, Keltner JL, Morrison TL (August 1993). "Psychosocial aspects of strabismus study".
1554:
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can conduct various tests, such as cover testing, to determine the full extent of the strabismus.
381:
342:
Treatment depends on the type of strabismus and the underlying cause. This may include the use of
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4582:
4490:
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4179:
4115:
4100:
3960:
3909:
3290:
2999:
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2217:
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2086:
2036:
1858:
1435:"Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis-A Single-Center Experience"
1142:
1124:
1097:
665:
574:
545:
347:
149:
368:), meaning 'a squinting'. Other terms for the condition include "squint" and "cast of the eye".
608:
towards those visibly displaying the condition, clearly demonstrating the potential for future
5175:
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4837:
4697:
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4137:
4043:
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3500:
3443:
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3404:
3368:
3329:
3282:
3205:
3156:
3105:
3056:
3038:
3019:"Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children"
2991:
2956:
2921:
2819:
2813:
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2697:
2604:
2555:
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2515:
2486:
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2407:
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2250:
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2121:
2078:
2028:
1989:
1948:
1907:
1850:
1780:
1753:
1703:
1659:
1621:
1526:
1466:
1415:
1380:
895:
673:
495:
448:
299:
226:
133:
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4953:
4799:
4774:
4707:
4673:
4592:
4223:
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4110:
3965:
3852:
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3561:
3492:
3427:
3396:
3360:
3321:
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3195:
3187:
3146:
3136:
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3087:
3046:
3030:
2983:
2948:
2913:
2738:
2730:
2631:
2596:
2454:
2438:
2399:
2372:
2319:
2311:
2240:
2232:
2155:
2113:
2070:
2020:
1979:
1938:
1897:
1889:
1842:
1743:
1735:
1693:
1651:
1613:
1456:
1446:
1407:
1372:
1290:
1053:
681:
649:
525:
288:
84:
1187:, in which the brain ignores input from the deviated eye. Even with therapy for amblyopia,
5030:
4994:
4958:
4577:
4402:
4389:
4323:
4280:
4198:
4010:
3942:
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1798:
1188:
1150:
1061:
774:
766:
653:
332:
307:
279:
214:
2874:
1617:
902:
in one eye generally leads to the blind eye reverting to an anatomical position of rest.
632:
suggested that individuals with strabismus may benefit from psychosocial support such as
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1434:
5260:
5112:
5057:
4900:
4668:
4597:
4379:
4349:
4295:
4249:
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3018:
2743:
2718:
2459:
2426:
2324:
2299:
2245:
1943:
1926:
1902:
1877:
1771:
Bernfeld A (1982). "" [Psychological repercussions of strabismus in children].
1748:
1723:
1067:
1023:
1011:
657:
549:
455:. However, a constant unilateral strabismus causing constant suppression is a risk for
311:
303:
218:
201:
3325:
2939:
Eskridge JB (October 1993). "Persistent diplopia associated with strabismus surgery".
2009:"Opinion of headhunters about the ability of strabismic subjects to obtain employment"
1655:
1485:
5279:
5180:
5035:
4975:
4692:
4640:
4587:
4517:
4426:
4313:
4290:
4218:
4127:
3932:
3837:
3496:
3309:
2952:
2690:
2686:"Crossed Eyes (Strabismus): Did you really understand what your eye doctor told you?"
2403:
2175:
1984:
1967:
1698:
1681:
1519:
1116:
692:
613:
609:
582:
565:
altered aesthetic appearance but also because of the inherent symbolic nature of the
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treatment, including efforts to re-establish binocular vision and the possibility of
535:
505:
351:
138:
3642:
3294:
3174:
Hassan S, Haridas A, Sundaram V (March 2018). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.).
3076:"Strabismus surgery before versus after completion of amblyopia therapy in children"
2643:
2090:
2040:
1862:
1041:
Strabismus that sets in after eye alignment had been surgically corrected is called
5045:
4873:
4254:
4169:
4077:
3955:
3950:
3895:
3890:
3431:
3191:
3091:
3034:
3003:
2442:
2236:
1227:
1213:
994:) strabismus is a deviation that is the same magnitude regardless of gaze position.
827:
2600:
2587:
Havertape SA, Cruz OA, Chu FC (November 2001). "Sensory strabismus--eso or exo?".
2117:
531:
501:
3664:
3565:
3400:
3364:
2734:
2658:
2376:
1739:
777:
is used in the diagnosis and measurement of strabismus and its impact on vision.
691:
Evidence indicates a cause for strabismus may lie with the input provided to the
17:
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5195:
5138:
5133:
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5068:
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4890:
4868:
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4318:
4159:
3980:
3857:
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3756:
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1411:
1223:
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being visible nasally. With age, the bridge of the child's nose narrows and the
952:
947:
is the term for an eye whose gaze is directed higher than the fellow eye, while
942:
891:
712:
590:
578:
511:
491:
323:
209:
189:
3675:
2987:
2917:
2427:"Tests for detecting strabismus in children aged 1 to 6 years in the community"
2366:
1821:
521:
5165:
5128:
5052:
5040:
4984:
4945:
4656:
4015:
3880:
3705:
3278:
2074:
1876:
Mohney BG, McKenzie JA, Capo JA, Nusz KJ, Mrazek D, Diehl NN (November 2008).
1846:
1433:
Maeda M, Shimomura H, Tokunaga S, Taniguchi N, Lee T, Takeshima Y (May 2024).
1376:
1208:
1197:
1093:
860:
770:
685:
515:
469:
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Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction
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3439:
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3042:
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1451:
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5064:
5010:
4998:
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4859:
4397:
4095:
4072:
3885:
3832:
3827:
3804:
3722:
3627:
3623:
2159:
1217:
1184:
1166:
Medication is used for strabismus in certain circumstances. In 1989, the US
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899:
883:
597:
541:
456:
421:
405:
319:
315:
284:
185:
181:
167:
142:
68:
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3408:
3372:
3333:
3286:
3209:
3160:
3109:
3060:
2995:
2925:
2768:
The
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary illustrated manual of ophthalmology
2752:
2608:
2468:
2411:
2333:
2254:
2167:
2082:
2032:
1993:
1952:
1911:
1893:
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1707:
1680:
Uretmen O, Egrilmez S, Kose S, Pamukçu K, Akkin C, Palamar M (April 2003).
1663:
1470:
1419:
1384:
59:
3554:
Journal of
American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
3512:
3074:
Korah S, Philip S, Jasper S, Antonio-Santos A, Braganza A (October 2014).
2960:
2125:
1854:
1784:
1625:
1576:
5255:
5020:
4554:
4357:
3988:
3483:
Blake R, Crawford M (1974). "Development of strabismus in
Siamese cats".
1234:
931:
Horizontal deviations are classified into two varieties, using prefixes:
872:
440:
389:
292:
171:
2635:
2216:
MacKenzie K, Hancox J, McBain H, Ezra DG, Adams G, Newman S (May 2016).
1363:
Gunton KB, Wasserman BN, DeBenedictis C (September 2015). "Strabismus".
5082:
5025:
4567:
4374:
4305:
4275:
4265:
3872:
2315:
737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
343:
258:
3710:
3606:
2024:
878:
5185:
4087:
4064:
3784:
3618:
3125:"Loop suture technique for optional adjustment in strabismus surgery"
1192:
1057:
1016:
987:
Nonparetic strabismus is not due to paralysis of extraocular muscles.
937:
describes inward or convergent deviations towards the midline, while
672:, causes the associated eye to drift up and perhaps slightly inward.
362:
306:, problems in the brain, trauma, or infections. Risk factors include
2904:
Engle EC (February 2007). "Genetic basis of congenital strabismus".
1724:"Binocularity following surgical correction of strabismus in adults"
1200:." A second operation is sometimes required to straighten the eyes.
474:
2850:. American Association of Ophthalmology. April 2013. Archived from
2717:
Martinez-Thompson JM, Diehl NN, Holmes JM, Mohney BG (April 2014).
1183:
When strabismus is congenital or develops in infancy, it can cause
951:
refers to an eye whose gaze is directed lower. Finally, the prefix
5157:
2551:
Clinical Strabismus Management: Principles and Surgical Techniques
2522:. US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
1521:
The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles
1207:
1072:
699:
error, or other eye disease, can also cause or worsen strabismus.
586:
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
473:
328:
232:
1925:
Beauchamp GR, Felius J, Stager DR, Beauchamp CL (December 2005).
859:
Strabismus may also be classified based on time of onset, either
4237:
3799:
3653:
2008:
605:
570:
155:
5242:
4638:
4041:
3770:
3726:
2719:"Incidence, types, and lifetime risk of adult-onset strabismus"
2487:"Strabismus: What to Tell Parents and When to Consider Surgery"
1878:"Mental illness in young adults who had strabismus as children"
291:. If onset is during adulthood, it is more likely to result in
3017:
Jones-Jordan L, Wang X, Scherer RW, Mutti DO (April 2, 2020).
2348:"Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities - Neurologic Disorders"
706:
566:
1127:
has been performed before strabismus surgery was undertaken.
789:
Several classifications are made when diagnosing strabismus.
322:, where the eyes diverge ("lazy eyed" or "wall eyed"); and
114:
96:
2832:
from the original on May 7, 2016 – via Google Books.
1070:
may also result in abnormal light reflection from the eye.
3176:"Adjustable versus non-adjustable sutures for strabismus"
1599:
1597:
980:
Paretic strabismus is due to paralysis of one or several
335:. Another condition that produces similar symptoms is a
105:
2807:
2805:
2141:"The psychosocial effects of adult strabismus: a review"
805:). A manifest deviation, or heterotropia (which may be
3308:
Thouvenin D, Lesage-Beaudon C, Arné JL (January 2008).
1968:"Strabismus and employment: the opinion of headhunters"
1682:"Negative social bias against children with strabismus"
314:, and a family history of the condition. Types include
2818:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 155.
1191:
may occur. The appearance of strabismus may also be a
867:, an overconvergence of the eyes due to the effort of
298:
Strabismus can occur due to muscle dysfunction (e.g.,
3468:. Wayne State University. Spring 2001. Archived from
3237:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
2056:"The perception of strabismus by children and adults"
1931:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
1728:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
1675:
1673:
1637:
1635:
1010:. Incomitant strabismus cannot be fully corrected by
470:
Prevalence and impact of reduced stereopsis in humans
117:
108:
87:
3596:
1835:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1092:
Strabismus is usually treated with a combination of
102:
93:
90:
5209:
5156:
5121:
5081:
4993:
4944:
4909:
4850:
4818:
4786:
4765:
4706:
4651:
4547:
4388:
4348:
4304:
4245:
4236:
4086:
4063:
4054:
3979:
3941:
3908:
3871:
3792:
3783:
3685:
3600:
2543:
2541:
265:
254:
238:
225:
208:
196:
177:
161:
148:
132:
111:
99:
75:
49:
44:
2689:
1518:
960:These five directional prefixes are combined with
596:Children with strabismus, particularly those with
4731:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
2657:Albert DM, Perkins ES, Gamm DM (March 24, 2017).
2589:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
2106:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
976:Strabismus can be further classified as follows:
447:. To avoid double vision, the brain may adapt by
3462:"Treatment for "lazy eye" is more than cosmetic"
1400:Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia
1297:. National Institutes of Health. June 16, 2010.
2191:"Living and coping with strabismus as an adult"
1553:. Oxford University Press. 2016. Archived from
1158:(MISS) that uses smaller incisions than usual.
2510:
2508:
2365:Traurig HH (February 6, 2008). Conn PM (ed.).
2298:Adachi M, Kabasawa H, Kawaguchi E (May 2008).
2139:Durnian JM, Noonan CP, Marsh IB (April 2011).
1032:congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles
680:can compress the nerve as it runs between the
620:related to an individual's overall happiness.
3738:
2273:Cunningham ET, Riordan-Eva P (May 17, 2011).
577:. Notably, strabismus interferes with normal
318:, where the eyes are crossed ("cross eyed");
8:
4805:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
3129:Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology
2275:Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology
2054:Mojon-Azzi SM, Kunz A, Mojon DS (May 2011).
1822:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2020.05.017
1285:
1283:
4133:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
3424:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3180:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3080:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3023:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2873:Plotnik JL, Bartiss MJ (October 13, 2015).
2225:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
204:, problems in the brain, trauma, infections
27:Eyes not aligning when looking at something
5239:
5003:
4792:
4783:
4661:
4648:
4635:
4242:
4060:
4051:
4038:
3789:
3780:
3767:
3745:
3731:
3723:
3597:
3527:"Diseases of the orbit of the eye in dogs"
2976:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
2268:
2266:
2264:
1525:. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. Strabismus.
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
58:
41:
4787:
3199:
3150:
3140:
3099:
3050:
2766:Friedman NJ, Kaiser PK, Pineda R (2009).
2742:
2458:
2323:
2244:
1983:
1966:Mojon-Azzi SM, Mojon DS (November 2009).
1942:
1901:
1747:
1697:
1460:
1450:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
753:Learn how and when to remove this message
617:
2480:
2478:
2007:Mojon-Azzi SM, Mojon DS (October 2007).
1809:from the original on September 16, 2014.
1252:
1250:
1022:Types of incomitant strabismus include:
1006:movement (ocular restriction) or due to
877:
540:
3246:from the original on September 24, 2015
2431:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1722:Mets MB, Beauchamp C, Haldi BA (2003).
1246:
3340:from the original on November 5, 2017.
2885:from the original on September 8, 2014
2815:Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
2812:Wright KW, Spiegel PH (January 2003).
2277:(18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
2195:European Medical Journal Ophthalmology
1498:from the original on December 12, 2016
627:Very little research exists regarding
4851:
1927:"The utility of strabismus in adults"
1156:minimally invasive strabismus surgery
7:
4613:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
2673:from the original on March 16, 2017.
2501:from the original on April 14, 2009.
2189:Jackson S, Gleeson K (August 2013).
2148:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
1618:10.1001/archopht.1993.01090080096024
1301:from the original on October 5, 2016
735:adding citations to reliable sources
624:effect on psychological well-being.
4736:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
4573:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
3123:Parikh RK, Leffler CT (July 2013).
2875:"A-Pattern Esotropia and Exotropia"
2770:(3rd ed.). Saunders/Elsevier.
2526:from the original on March 27, 2013
2485:Nield LS, Mangano LM (April 2009).
2205:from the original on June 21, 2017.
1551:English: Oxford Living Dictionaries
1268:from the original on August 1, 2017
231:Observing light reflected from the
4608:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
2554:. David Hunter. pp. 193–194.
2548:Rosenbaum AL, Santiago AP (1999).
2371:. Humana Press. pp. 247–269.
2352:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1820:Strabismus, 24(5), 280.e1–280.e4.
1262:www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
53:Heterotropia, crossed eyes, squint
25:
4336:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
2844:"Adult Strabismus Surgery – 2013"
1686:Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica
4441:Central retinal artery occlusion
3580:AAO Complex strabismus simulator
3314:Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie
3224:"Re: Docket No. FDA-2008-P-0061"
2953:10.1097/00006324-199310000-00013
2568:from the original on May 6, 2016
2404:10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1481
1985:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01352.x
1773:Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie
1699:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2003.00024.x
711:
413:
397:
380:
83:
30:For the protein Strabismus, see
4446:Branch retinal artery occlusion
4175:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1291:"Visual Processing: Strabismus"
1062:folds in the corner of the eyes
722:needs additional citations for
662:impairment of cranial nerve III
439:Symptoms of strabismus include
4476:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
4436:Central retinal vein occlusion
4165:Pellucid marginal degeneration
3432:10.1002/14651858.CD006499.pub3
3192:10.1002/14651858.CD004240.pub4
3092:10.1002/14651858.CD009272.pub2
3035:10.1002/14651858.CD007738.pub3
2684:Rubin ML, Winograd LA (2003).
2443:10.1002/14651858.cd011221.pub2
2237:10.1002/14651858.CD010092.pub4
1734:(5): 201–5, discussion 205–7.
779:Retinal birefringence scanning
666:Impairment of cranial nerve IV
1:
4529:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
4420:Posterior vitreous detachment
4286:Persistent pupillary membrane
3585:UC Davis strabismus simulator
3326:10.1016/S0181-5512(08)70329-2
3267:Disability and Rehabilitation
2601:10.3928/0191-3913-20011101-05
2118:10.3928/0191-3913-19970501-06
1656:10.1016/S1091-8531(99)70004-2
1077:Strabismus correction surgery
482:
5016:Leber's congenital amaurosis
4927:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
4618:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
4603:Persistent fetal vasculature
4534:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3566:10.1016/j.jaapos.2014.07.132
3497:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90637-4
3401:10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.01.010
3365:10.1016/j.jaapos.2009.12.162
3232:Food and Drug Administration
2941:Optometry and Vision Science
2735:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.10.030
2377:10.1007/978-1-60327-455-5_15
1937:: 164–71, discussion 171–2.
1740:10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.07.003
797:Strabismus can be manifest (
612:implications with regard to
287:, or lazy eyes, and loss of
192:(eyes vertically misaligned)
3815:Meibomian gland dysfunction
3529:. PetMD. September 23, 2008
1491:Online Etymology Dictionary
1412:10.1016/j.oftal.2018.11.007
882:A child with accommodative
786:those with the condition).
5302:
4539:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
4513:Central serous retinopathy
4331:Focal choroidal excavation
4204:Corneal neovascularization
4021:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
3590:February 24, 2021, at the
2988:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.07.024
2918:10.1001/archopht.125.2.189
2624:American Orthoptic Journal
2379:– via Springer Link.
1577:"the definition of squint"
1085:
1008:extraocular muscle paresis
678:Increased cranial pressure
467:
355:
29:
5251:
5238:
5006:
4922:Convergence insufficiency
4795:
4664:
4647:
4634:
4563:Primary juvenile glaucoma
4408:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
4050:
4037:
3823:
3779:
3766:
3757:Diseases of the human eye
3279:10.1080/09638280701568189
2906:Archives of Ophthalmology
2595:(6): 327–30, quiz 354–5.
2576:– via Google Books.
2392:Archives of Ophthalmology
2075:10.1007/s00417-010-1555-y
1847:10.3109/00048678409161038
1606:Archives of Ophthalmology
1377:10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.006
249:convergence insufficiency
71:, an outward deviated eye
66:
57:
4432:Ocular ischemic syndrome
3142:10.4103/0974-9233.114797
2696:. Triad Communications.
2520:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2368:Neuroscience in Medicine
1720:See peer discussion in:
1452:10.3390/children11050572
1088:Management of strabismus
1038:distant or near target.
4932:One and a half syndrome
4686:Foster Kennedy syndrome
2792:"concomitant strabimus"
2663:Encyclopædia Britannica
2160:10.1136/bjo.2010.188425
1172:botulinum toxin therapy
1110:accommodative esotropia
1064:become less prominent.
886:affecting the right eye
865:accommodative esotropia
331:. This is known as the
5171:Argyll Robertson pupil
3971:Periorbital cellulitis
1894:10.1542/peds.2007-3484
1805:. Access Media Group.
1295:National Eye Institute
1220:
1096:, vision therapy, and
1078:
1049:Differential diagnosis
1043:consecutive strabismus
887:
553:
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
240:Differential diagnosis
5144:Scintillating scotoma
4810:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
4753:Toxic and nutritional
4726:posterior (PION)
4209:Kayser–Fleischer ring
2304:AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
1211:
1076:
1028:horizontal gaze palsy
927:Direction and latency
881:
544:
534:
524:
514:
504:
494:
477:
434:eye care professional
337:cranial nerve disease
245:Cranial nerve disease
4917:Conjugate gaze palsy
4788:Paralytic strabismus
4721:anterior (AION)
4503:Retinitis pigmentosa
4498:Macular degeneration
4271:Intermediate uveitis
4187:Keratoconjunctivitis
2854:on September 7, 2014
1972:Acta Ophthalmologica
972:Other considerations
731:improve this article
634:interpersonal skills
618:psychosocial effects
479:Fayum mummy portrait
464:Psychosocial effects
200:Muscle dysfunction,
32:Strabismus (protein)
5222:Childhood blindness
5201:Parinaud's syndrome
4771:Extraocular muscles
4559:Ocular hypertension
4523:Epiretinal membrane
4508:Retinal haemorrhage
4363:Congenital cataract
2667:Strabismus (squint)
2636:10.3368/aoj.51.1.36
982:extraocular muscles
646:extraocular muscles
616:, as well as other
559:stereopsis recovery
4748:Leber's hereditary
4415:Retinal detachment
4368:Childhood cataract
4180:Post-LASIK ectasia
3961:Orbital cellulitis
3910:Lacrimal apparatus
3686:External resources
3239:. April 30, 2009.
2316:10.3174/ajnr.A0957
1221:
1143:Strabismus surgery
1125:refractive surgery
1115:In case of strong
1079:
888:
575:strabismus surgery
554:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
372:Signs and symptoms
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5176:Marcus Gunn pupil
5152:
5151:
5073:Visual impairment
4940:
4939:
4846:
4845:
4833:Fourth-nerve (IV)
4761:
4760:
4698:Optic disc drusen
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4344:
4343:
4232:
4231:
4138:Corneal dystrophy
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
3904:
3903:
3720:
3719:
3472:on June 26, 2015.
3466:Scribe/Alum Notes
2825:978-0-387-95478-3
2796:TheFreeDictionary
2777:978-1-4377-0908-7
2703:978-0-937404-61-4
2561:978-0-7216-7673-9
2284:978-0-07-163420-5
2025:10.1159/000107506
1557:on April 21, 2016
1532:978-0-19-861271-1
1486:"strabismus (n.)"
964:(if manifest) or
769:, a test such as
763:
762:
755:
674:Sixth nerve palsy
496:Tommaso Inghirami
486: 150–200 AD
333:Hirschberg reflex
300:myasthenia gravis
273:
272:
227:Diagnostic method
39:Medical condition
18:Divergence excess
16:(Redirected from
5293:
5240:
5004:
4995:Vision disorders
4954:Refractive error
4896:Brown's syndrome
4852:Other strabismus
4838:Sixth-nerve (VI)
4828:Oculomotor (III)
4800:Ophthalmoparesis
4793:
4784:
4775:Binocular vision
4708:Optic neuropathy
4674:optic papillitis
4662:
4649:
4636:
4525:(Macular pucker)
4243:
4224:Band keratopathy
4061:
4052:
4039:
3966:Orbital lymphoma
3853:Blepharophimosis
3843:Blepharochalasis
3790:
3781:
3768:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3598:
3569:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3389:Journal of AAPOS
3383:
3377:
3376:
3353:Journal of AAPOS
3348:
3342:
3341:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3086:(10): CD009272.
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2437:(11): CD011221.
2422:
2416:
2415:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2145:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1803:All About Vision
1795:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1644:Journal of AAPOS
1639:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1517:Brown L (1993).
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1254:
1204:In other animals
1054:Pseudostrabismus
997:Noncomitant (or
781:can be used for
758:
751:
747:
744:
738:
715:
707:
581:, often causing
526:Jean-Paul Sartre
487:
484:
449:ignoring one eye
417:
401:
384:
366:
359:
327:centered on the
289:depth perception
221:, family history
188:(eyes diverge);
184:(eyes crossed);
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
62:
42:
21:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5265:
5247:
5226:
5205:
5148:
5117:
5077:
5031:Color blindness
4997:
4989:
4936:
4910:Other binocular
4905:
4842:
4814:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4757:
4702:
4655:
4643:
4622:
4578:Ocular hypotony
4543:
4403:Chorioretinitis
4384:
4340:
4324:Chorioretinitis
4300:
4281:Rubeosis iridis
4259:
4228:
4199:Corneal opacity
4155:Corneal ectasia
4082:
4046:
4025:
4011:Pseudopterygium
3975:
3937:
3900:
3867:
3863:Ankyloblepharon
3819:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3681:
3680:
3609:
3592:Wayback Machine
3576:
3551:
3548:
3546:Further reading
3543:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3426:(2): CD006499.
3421:
3420:
3416:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3273:(23): 1823–31.
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3186:(3): CD004240.
3173:
3172:
3168:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3029:(4): CD007738.
3016:
3015:
3011:
2982:(12): 2028–34.
2973:
2972:
2968:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2826:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2231:(5): CD010092.
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1779:(8–9): 523–30.
1770:
1769:
1765:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1362:
1361:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1206:
1189:stereoblindness
1181:
1164:
1140:
1106:
1090:
1084:
1051:
974:
929:
920:
908:early childhood
857:
795:
775:Hirschberg test
767:eye examination
759:
748:
742:
739:
728:
716:
705:
668:, which can be
642:
640:Pathophysiology
552:has strabismus.
485:
472:
466:
429:
428:
427:
426:
425:
424:
418:
410:
409:
408:
402:
394:
393:
392:
385:
374:
308:premature birth
280:vision disorder
215:Premature birth
128:
86:
82:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5299:
5297:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5261:Onchocerciasis
5258:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5113:Quadrantanopia
5110:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5058:Oguchi disease
5050:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4901:Duane syndrome
4898:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4781:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4669:Optic neuritis
4665:
4659:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Phthisis bulbi
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4481:Coats' disease
4478:
4473:
4471:of prematurity
4468:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4380:Ectopia lentis
4377:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4238:Vascular tunic
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4121:Photokeratitis
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3994:Conjunctivitis
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3928:Dacryocystitis
3925:
3920:
3918:Dacryoadenitis
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3702:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3656:
3645:
3630:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:Classification
3595:
3594:
3582:
3575:
3574:External links
3572:
3571:
3570:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3518:
3491:(3): 492–496.
3485:Brain Research
3475:
3453:
3414:
3378:
3343:
3300:
3257:
3215:
3166:
3115:
3066:
3009:
2966:
2947:(10): 849–53.
2931:
2896:
2865:
2835:
2824:
2801:
2783:
2776:
2758:
2709:
2702:
2676:
2649:
2614:
2579:
2560:
2537:
2504:
2474:
2417:
2382:
2357:
2339:
2290:
2283:
2260:
2208:
2181:
2131:
2096:
2046:
1999:
1958:
1917:
1868:
1825:
1812:
1790:
1763:
1713:
1669:
1631:
1593:
1581:Dictionary.com
1568:
1538:
1531:
1509:
1476:
1425:
1406:(3): 107–113.
1390:
1371:(3): 393–407.
1312:
1279:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1205:
1202:
1180:
1177:
1163:
1160:
1139:
1136:
1105:
1102:
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1068:Retinoblastoma
1050:
1047:
1024:Duane syndrome
1003:
1002:
995:
988:
985:
973:
970:
928:
925:
919:
916:
856:
853:
794:
791:
761:
760:
719:
717:
710:
704:
701:
641:
638:
550:Hannah Hampton
465:
462:
453:monocular cues
420:
419:
412:
411:
404:
403:
396:
395:
387:
386:
379:
378:
377:
376:
375:
373:
370:
312:cerebral palsy
304:farsightedness
271:
270:
269:~2% (children)
267:
263:
262:
256:
252:
251:
242:
236:
235:
229:
223:
222:
219:cerebral palsy
212:
206:
205:
202:farsightedness
198:
194:
193:
179:
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
152:
146:
145:
136:
130:
129:
127:
126:
79:
77:
73:
72:
67:A person with
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5298:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:Adie syndrome
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Achromatopsia
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:Anisometropia
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Accommodation
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Optic atrophy
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Keratomycosis
4591:
4589:
4588:Globe rupture
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Macular edema
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:Retinoschisis
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Choroideremia
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Iridodialysis
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:Arcus senilis
4217:
4215:
4214:Haab's striae
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Corneal ulcer
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:acanthamoebic
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:Fibrous tunic
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3933:Xerophthalmia
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Lagophthalmos
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:(3): 269–73.
3394:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:(in French).
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:(2): 189–95.
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:(4): 877–82.
2728:
2724:
2723:Ophthalmology
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:"Eye disease"
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:(8): 1060–1.
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:(3): 159–64.
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:(5): 1033–8.
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:(in French).
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1692:(2): 138–42.
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:(4): 209–11.
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:(8): 1100–5.
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:anisometropia
1113:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
993:
990:Comitant (or
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
977:
971:
969:
967:
963:
958:
956:
955:
950:
946:
945:
940:
936:
935:
926:
924:
917:
915:
911:
909:
903:
901:
897:
893:
885:
880:
876:
874:
873:double vision
870:
869:accommodation
866:
862:
854:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:) or latent (
800:
792:
790:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:cover testing
768:
757:
754:
746:
743:November 2020
736:
732:
726:
725:
720:This section
718:
714:
709:
708:
702:
700:
696:
694:
693:visual cortex
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
630:
625:
621:
619:
615:
614:employability
611:
610:socioeconomic
607:
601:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:embarrassment
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
560:
551:
547:
543:
537:
536:Marty Feldman
533:
527:
523:
517:
513:
507:
506:Norma Shearer
503:
497:
493:
480:
476:
471:
463:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:double vision
437:
435:
423:
416:
407:
400:
391:
388:Aligned
383:
371:
369:
367:
365:
358:
353:
352:Ancient Greek
349:
346:and possibly
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
293:double vision
290:
286:
281:
277:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
172:double vision
169:
166:
164:
163:Complications
160:
157:
153:
151:
147:
144:
140:
139:Ophthalmology
137:
135:
131:
122:
81:
80:
78:
76:Pronunciation
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
5071: /
5067: /
5046:Monochromacy
4978: /
4874:Heterophoria
4862: /
4766:
4561: /
4557: /
4461:hypertensive
4434: /
4255:Ciliary body
4170:Keratoglobus
4078:Episcleritis
3956:Enophthalmos
3951:Exophthalmos
3896:Trichomegaly
3891:Distichiasis
3793:Inflammation
3704:
3693:
3669:
3658:
3647:
3632:
3613:
3557:
3553:
3531:. Retrieved
3521:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3470:the original
3465:
3456:
3423:
3417:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3359:(2): 111–6.
3356:
3352:
3346:
3320:(1): 42–50.
3317:
3313:
3303:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3230:
3218:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3135:(3): 225–8.
3132:
3128:
3118:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3026:
3022:
3012:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2889:September 8,
2887:. Retrieved
2878:
2868:
2858:September 6,
2856:. Retrieved
2852:the original
2847:
2838:
2814:
2795:
2786:
2767:
2761:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2691:
2679:
2662:
2652:
2630:(1): 36–38.
2627:
2623:
2617:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2550:
2528:. Retrieved
2519:
2516:"Strabismus"
2494:
2490:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2310:(5): 911–2.
2307:
2303:
2293:
2274:
2228:
2224:
2211:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2154:(4): 450–3.
2151:
2147:
2134:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2069:(5): 753–7.
2066:
2062:
2049:
2019:(6): 430–3.
2016:
2012:
2002:
1978:(7): 784–8.
1975:
1971:
1961:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1799:"Strabismus"
1793:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1689:
1685:
1647:
1643:
1609:
1605:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:the original
1550:
1547:"strabismus"
1541:
1520:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1489:
1479:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1368:
1365:Primary Care
1364:
1303:. Retrieved
1294:
1270:. Retrieved
1261:
1232:
1228:optic chiasm
1224:Siamese cats
1222:
1214:Balinese cat
1182:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1114:
1108:In cases of
1107:
1091:
1066:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1021:
1004:
998:
991:
975:
965:
961:
959:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
930:
921:
912:
904:
889:
858:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:heterophoria
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
796:
788:
764:
749:
740:
729:Please help
724:verification
721:
697:
690:
643:
626:
622:
602:
595:
563:
555:
438:
430:
363:
361:
341:
297:
275:
274:
210:Risk factors
36:
5196:Cycloplegia
5139:Photophobia
5134:Hemeralopia
5091:Hemianopsia
5069:Vision loss
4980:Aniseikonia
4971:Astigmatism
4891:Cyclotropia
4869:Hypertropia
4681:Papilledema
4653:Optic nerve
4486:Sickle cell
4466:Purtscher's
4451:Retinopathy
4319:Choroiditis
4160:Keratoconus
3981:Conjunctiva
3858:Xanthelasma
3810:Blepharitis
3695:MedlinePlus
2848:ONE Network
1841:(1): 71–7.
1484:Harper DR.
1216:exhibiting
1121:aniseikonia
992:concomitant
892:vision loss
848:cyclophoria
823:cyclotropia
591:self esteem
579:eye contact
548:goalkeeper
324:hypertropia
190:hypertropia
154:Nonaligned
50:Other names
5245:Infections
5166:Anisocoria
5129:Asthenopia
5122:subjective
5106:homonymous
5101:bitemporal
5053:Nyctalopia
5041:Dichromacy
4985:Presbyopia
4946:Refraction
4767:Strabismus
4657:Optic disc
4016:Pinguecula
3881:Trichiasis
3711:Strabismus
3706:Patient UK
3671:DiseasesDB
3560:(4): e41.
3533:January 3,
2491:Consultant
1882:Pediatrics
1502:October 2,
1445:(5): 572.
1305:October 2,
1241:References
1198:self-image
1162:Medication
1094:eyeglasses
1082:Management
999:incomitant
918:Laterality
896:impairment
861:congenital
765:During an
686:brain stem
670:congenital
516:Alger Hiss
468:See also:
445:eye strain
364:strabismós
357:στραβισμός
276:Strabismus
45:Strabismus
5217:Nystagmus
5191:Mydriasis
5065:Blindness
5011:Amblyopia
4999:Blindness
4959:Hyperopia
4884:Exophoria
4879:Esophoria
4864:Exotropia
4860:Esotropia
4398:Retinitis
4096:Keratitis
4073:Scleritis
4006:Pterygium
3886:Madarosis
3833:Ectropion
3828:Entropion
3805:Chalazion
3505:0006-8993
3440:1469-493X
3043:1469-493X
2798:. Farlex.
2451:1465-1858
2201:: 15–22.
2176:206870079
1272:August 1,
1218:esotropia
1185:amblyopia
1179:Prognosis
1170:approved
900:blindness
884:esotropia
783:screening
703:Diagnosis
598:exotropia
457:amblyopia
422:Exotropia
406:Esotropia
320:exotropia
316:esotropia
285:amblyopia
266:Frequency
261:, surgery
255:Treatment
186:exotropia
182:Esotropia
168:Amblyopia
143:optometry
134:Specialty
69:exotropia
5280:Category
5256:Trachoma
5021:Diplopia
4716:Ischemic
4641:Pathways
4555:Glaucoma
4456:diabetic
4358:Cataract
4296:Synechia
4148:Meesmann
4116:Exposure
4101:herpetic
3999:allergic
3989:Chemosis
3923:Epiphora
3588:Archived
3448:22336817
3409:22681945
3373:20451851
3338:Archived
3334:18401298
3295:19053824
3287:18033607
3250:April 6,
3241:Archived
3210:29527670
3161:24014986
3110:25315969
3061:32240551
2996:18053899
2926:17296894
2883:Archived
2879:Medscape
2830:Archived
2753:24321142
2671:Archived
2644:71251248
2609:11759769
2572:June 21,
2566:Archived
2530:April 5,
2524:Archived
2499:Archived
2469:29105728
2412:22893080
2334:18258705
2255:27171652
2203:Archived
2168:20852320
2091:10989351
2083:21063886
2041:29398388
2033:17947833
1994:18976309
1953:17057800
1912:18977984
1863:42734067
1807:Archived
1758:14971578
1708:12752051
1664:10477222
1586:July 20,
1561:April 6,
1496:Archived
1471:38790567
1462:11120409
1439:Children
1420:30580990
1385:26319345
1299:Archived
1266:Archived
1235:Shar Pei
1193:cosmetic
390:vergence
150:Symptoms
5096:binasal
5083:Anopsia
5026:Scotoma
4820:palsies
4583:Red eye
4568:Floater
4375:Aphakia
4306:Choroid
4276:Hyphema
4266:Uveitis
3873:Eyelash
3665:D013285
3513:4851345
3201:6494216
3152:3757632
3101:4438561
3052:7117860
3004:1886316
2961:8247489
2744:4321874
2460:6486041
2325:8128587
2246:9250695
2126:9168420
1944:1447571
1903:2762944
1855:6590030
1785:7142664
1749:1358989
1626:8166786
1151:sutures
1138:Surgery
1104:Glasses
1098:surgery
966:-phoria
962:-tropia
803:-phoria
799:-tropia
793:Latency
773:or the
546:Chelsea
348:surgery
344:glasses
259:Glasses
5186:Miosis
4964:Myopia
4743:Kjer's
4491:photic
4390:Retina
4143:Fuchs'
4111:fungal
4088:Cornea
4065:Sclera
3848:Ptosis
3785:Eyelid
3773:Adnexa
3700:001004
3654:185100
3511:
3503:
3446:
3438:
3407:
3371:
3332:
3293:
3285:
3208:
3198:
3159:
3149:
3108:
3098:
3059:
3049:
3041:
3002:
2994:
2959:
2924:
2822:
2774:
2751:
2741:
2700:
2642:
2607:
2558:
2467:
2457:
2449:
2410:
2332:
2322:
2281:
2253:
2243:
2174:
2166:
2124:
2089:
2081:
2039:
2031:
1992:
1951:
1941:
1910:
1900:
1861:
1853:
1783:
1756:
1746:
1706:
1662:
1624:
1529:
1469:
1459:
1418:
1383:
1058:sclera
1030:, and
954:cyclo-
944:hyper-
840:hyper-
815:hyper-
682:clivus
656:, and
629:coping
197:Causes
125:
5210:Other
5158:Pupil
4548:Other
4192:sicca
4044:Globe
3943:Orbit
3676:29577
3291:S2CID
3244:(PDF)
3227:(PDF)
3000:S2CID
2640:S2CID
2497:(4).
2221:(PDF)
2172:S2CID
2144:(PDF)
2087:S2CID
2059:(PDF)
2037:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1012:prism
949:hypo-
855:Onset
844:hypo-
819:hypo-
660:. An
587:anger
354:word
329:pupil
278:is a
233:pupil
178:Types
4350:Lens
4250:Iris
3800:Stye
3660:MeSH
3649:OMIM
3638:9-CM
3535:2021
3509:PMID
3501:ISSN
3444:PMID
3436:ISSN
3405:PMID
3369:PMID
3330:PMID
3283:PMID
3252:2014
3206:PMID
3184:2018
3157:PMID
3106:PMID
3084:2014
3057:PMID
3039:ISSN
3027:2020
2992:PMID
2957:PMID
2922:PMID
2891:2014
2860:2014
2820:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2749:PMID
2698:ISBN
2605:PMID
2574:2016
2556:ISBN
2532:2013
2465:PMID
2447:ISSN
2435:2017
2408:PMID
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