5641:
5646:
927:
799:(fit together), the pseudotalonid acts as a receptacle for cusp Y of the upper molar. Cusp Y is often termed the "pseudoprotocone" in this relationship. At the same time, cusp b of the lower molar shears into an area labial to cusp Y. Occlusion is completed when the rest of the upper molar slides between adjacent lower molar teeth, letting the rear edge of the preceding lower molar scrape against cusp X. This shearing-and-grinding process is more specialized than in any other early mammaliaform.
906:
148:
7251:
670:
659:
983:, and recurved molar cusps, which suggests a possible diet of fish or aquatic invertebrates. It was thought possible that docodonts had tendencies towards semi-aquatic habits, given their presence in wetland environments, although this could also be explained by the ease with which these environments preserve fossils compared with more terrestrial ones. Recent discoveries of other complete docodontans such as the specialised digging species
879:
774:
wear facet is found on the labial edge of cusp X, extending along the crest leading to cusp A. Cusp Y, a unique feature of docodonts, is positioned directly behind cusp X. Many docodonts have one or two additional cusps (cusps B and E) in front of cusp A. Cusp B is almost always present and is usually shifted slightly labial relative to cusp A. Cusp E, which may be absent in later docodonts, is positioned lingual to cusp B.
7456:
6357:
6351:
727:
6345:
7246:
120:
837:, an unusual collection of Jurassic mammals with tall pointed cusps. Relative to docodonts, shuotheriids have pseudotalonids which are positioned further forwards in their lower molars. This is potentially another case of convergent evolution, as shuotheriid are often considered true mammals related to modern
1523:" mammaliaforms, which had fairly simple lower molars with a straight row of large cusps. However, re-evaluations of mammaliaform tooth homology in the late 1990s established that docodonts were not closely related to either morganucodonts or therians. Instead, they were found to be similar to certain early "
773:
Cusps A and C lie in a row along the labial edge of the tooth (i.e., on the outer side, facing the cheek). Cusp A is located in front of cusp C and is typically the largest cusp in the upper molars. Cusp X lies lingual to cusp A (i.e., positioned inwards, towards the midline of the skull). A distinct
1032:
was much smaller than either, at fewer than 156 g in adult body mass. The authors propose that the standard condition in modern small mammals (very high metabolism, rapid growth, and short lifespan) would not be adopted until true mammals in the
Jurassic mammals. In addition, docodonts contradict
782:
The lower molars are longer than wide. On average, they have seven cusps arranged in two rows. The labial/outer row has the largest cusp, cusp a, which lies between two more cusps. The other major labial cusps are cusp b (a slightly smaller cusp in front of cusp a) and cusp d (a much smaller cusp
786:
Two additional lingual cusps may be present: cusp e and cusp df. Cusp e lies in front of cusp g and is roughly lingual to cusp b. Cusp df (“docodont cuspule f”) lies behind cusp c and is lingual to cusp d. There is some variation in the relative sizes, position, or even presence of some of these
749:
When seen from below, the upper molars have an overall subtriangular or figure-eight shape, wider (from side to side) than they are long (from front to back). The bulk of the tooth makes up four major cusps: cusps A, C, X, and Y. This overall structure is similar to the
1551:). These "symmetrodonts" have three major cusps (c, a, and b) set in a triangular arrangement on their lower molars. These cusps would be homologous to cusps c, a, and g in docodonts, which have a similar size and position. The lingual cusp (cusp X) is prominent in
714:. Most mammaliaforms have fairly simple molars primarily suited for shearing and slicing food. Docodonts, on the other hand, have developed specialized molars with crushing surfaces. The shape of each molar is defined by a characteristic pattern of conical
625:, plate-like ossified cartilage caps which terminate bone growth in adulthood. This suggests that docodont bones continued growing throughout their lifetime, like some other mammaliaforms and early mammals. The ankle is distinctive, with a downturned
344:, another group of Jurassic mammaliaforms, also shared some dental characteristics with docodonts. One study has suggested that shuotheriids are closely related to docodonts, though others consider shuotheriids to be true mammals, perhaps related to
5059:
Averianov, A. O.; Martin, T.; Lopatin, A. V.; Skutschas, P. P.; Vitenko, D. D.; Schellhorn, R.; Kolosov, P. N. (2024). "Docodontans from the Lower
Cretaceous of Yakutia, Russia: new insights into diversity, morphology, and phylogeny of Docodonta".
1015:
specimens found that docodonts had a slower metabolism and lower growth rates relative to modern mammals of the same size. The juvenile, which was 7 to 24 months old at the time of its death, was only 49% through the process of replacing its
388:-like species, hinting at impressive ecological diversity within the group. Many docodonts have muscular limbs and broad tail vertebrae, adaptations for burrowing or swimming. Like true mammals, docodonts have hair, a saddle-shaped
4730:
Alexander
Averianov; Thomas Martin; Alexey Lopatin; Pavel Skutschas; Rico Schellhorn; Petr Kolosov; Dmitry Vitenko (2018). "A high-latitude fauna of mid-Mesozoic mammals from Yakutia, Russia". PLoS ONE. 13 (7): e0199983.
465:) is still relatively large and rests against the petrosal bone of the braincase, a remnant of a pre-mammalian style jaw joint. In true mammals, the postdentary elements detach fully and shrink further, becoming the
1527:", a broad and polyphyletic grouping of mammaliaforms with triangular upper molars. In particular, the closest relatives of Docodonta have been identified as certain Late Triassic "symmetrodonts", such as
441:) in the rear part of the dentary's inner edge. Nevertheless, they are very slender, hosting hooked prongs which start to converge towards an oval-shaped area immediately behind the dentary. The
437:, a connection which is strengthened relative to earlier mammaliaforms. The other bones in the jaw, known as postdentary elements, are still connected to the dentary and lie within a groove (the
4306:
Krusat, G. 1991 Functional morphology of
Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Fifth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota.
3790:
Zhou, Chang-Fu; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan; Neander, April; Martin, Thomas; Luo, Zhe-Xi (19 Jul 2019). "New
Jurassic mammaliaform sheds light on early evolution of mammal-like hyoid bones".
859:, even proposed that shuotheriids and docodonts were most closely related to each other among mammaliaforms. The study named a new clade, Docodontiformes, to encompass the two groups.
795:
A distinct concavity or basin is apparent in the front half of each lower molar, between cusps a, g, and b. This basin has been named the pseudotalonid. When the upper and lower teeth
4218:
312:
teeth. Docodont teeth have been described as "pseudotribosphenic": a cusp on the inner half of the upper molar grinds into a basin on the front half of the lower molar, like a
3846:"Cranio-mandibular anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Docodonta; Mammalia) from the late Jurassic of Portugal and its implications to the evolution of mammalian characters"
830:, as therian talonids lie at the back of the lower molar rather than the front. The opposite is true for docodont teeth, which have been described as "pseudotribosphenic".
324:
teeth of therian mammals. There is much uncertainty for how docodont teeth developed from their simpler ancestors. Their closest relatives may have been certain
Triassic "
7536:
783:
behind cusp a). The lingual/inner row is shifted backwards (relative to the labial row) and has two large cusps: cusp g (at the front) and cusp c (at the back).
926:
1073:
like the docodonts. Nevertheless, docodonts are still closely related to crown-Mammalia, to a greater extent than many other early mammaliaform groups such as
4841:"Reigitherium (Meridiolestida, Mesungulatoidea) an Enigmatic Late Cretaceous Mammal from Patagonia, Argentina: Morphology, Affinities, and Dental Evolution"
396:. On the other hand, the postdentary bones are still attached to the jaw and skull, the nares (bony nostril rims) have yet to fuse, and in most species the
3989:
Panciroli, Elsa; Benson, Roger B. J.; Fernandez, Vincent; Humpage, Matthew; Martín-Serra, Alberto; Walsh, Stig; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Fraser, Nicholas C. (2021).
538:
which connects to two pairs of bony structures: the anterior hyoid cornu (a jointed series of rods which snake up to the braincase), and the posterior
7597:
3845:
1066:
1024:. Based on jaw length, the juvenile was 51-59% the weight of the 7-year-old adult. The closest comparisons among modern mammals were monotremes and
351:
For much of their history of study, docodont fossils were represented by isolated teeth and jaws. The first docodont known from decent remains was
4297:
Kühne W. G. and Krusat, G. 1972. Legalisierung des Taxon
Haldanodon (Mammalia, Docodonta). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie Monatshefte 1972:300-302
5640:
5028:
Martin, T.; Averianov, A. O.; Lang, A. J.; Schultz, J. A.; Wings, O. (2024). "Docodontans (Mammaliaformes) from the Late
Jurassic of Germany".
4895:
L. P. Tatarinov (1994). "On an unusual mammalian tooth from the
Mongolian Jurassic". Journal of the Geological Society of London. 128: 119–125.
592:(rib pedestals), supporting powerful tail musculature. Most docodonts have gradually shrinking ribs, forming a subdued transition between the
4668:
4325:
Panciroli, Elsa; Benson, Roger B. J.; Fernandez, Vincent; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Humpage, Matt; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Newham, Elis; Walsh, Stig (2024).
7602:
7587:
5146:
4806:
Prasad GVR, and Manhas BK. 2007. A new docodont mammal from the
Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Palaeontologia electronica, 10.2: 1-11.
1033:
earlier assumptions that high metabolism evolved in sync with ecological diversity, since their diversity far outpaces their metabolism.
493:(bony nostril holes) are small and paired, rather than fused into a single opening, and the rear edge of each naris is formed by a large
5645:
878:
1655:
of these groups (in their widest form) are not found in any other analyses, and therefore not accepted by all mammal palaeontologists.
1497:
Docodont fossils have been recognized since the 1880s, but their relationships and diversity have only recently been well-established.
3882:
Panciroli, Elsa; Benson, Roger B J; Fernandez, Vincent; Butler, Richard J; Fraser, Nicholas C; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Walsh, Stig (2021-07-30).
1087:, though most others consider haramiyidans to be closer to mammals than docodonts are. Docodonts may lie crownward of haramiyidans in
905:
4366:"Mandibular and dental characteristics of Late Triassic mammaliaform Haramiyavia and their ramifications for basal mammal evolution"
1092:
5018:
Waldman, M and Savage, R.J.G 1972 The first Jurassic mammal from Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London 128:119-125
743:* Left side: right maxilla molar and left dentary molar in occlusal view (looking onto the teeth). Cusp nomenclature is labelled.
3529:
Martin, Thomas; Jäger, Kai R. K.; Plogschties, Thorsten; Schwermann, Achim H.; Brinkkötter, Janka J.; Schultz, Julia A. (2020).
308:(modern-day North America, Europe, and Asia). They are distinguished from other early mammaliaforms by their relatively complex
7582:
1096:
550:. It allows for a narrower and more muscular throat and tongue, which are correlated with uniquely mammalian behaviors such as
5103:
4749:
Lopatin, A. V.; Averianov, A. O.; Kuzmin, I. T.; Boitsova, E. A.; Saburov, P. G.; Ivantsov, S. V.; Skutschas, P. P. (2020).
4128:(Tegotheriidae, Mammalia), a docodont from the Middle Jurassic of Western Siberia and phylogenetic analysis of Docodonta".
1513:
instead argued that docodont teeth were impossible to homologize with modern mammals. He drew comparisons to the teeth of
7250:
1651:
mammal. Some authors have suggested splitting Docodonta into two families (Simpsonodontidae and Tegotheriidae), but the
7592:
4431:
Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Qing-Jin; Grossnickle, David M.; Liu, Di; Neander, April I.; Zhang, Yu-Guang; Ji, Qiang (2017).
147:
606:
lacks lumbar ribs, so it has an abrupt transition from the thoracic to lumbar vertebrae like many modern mammals.
3491:
Mao, Fangyuan; Li, Zhiyu; Wang, Zhili; Zhang, Chi; Rich, Thomas; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Meng, Jin (2024-04-03).
3171:
3043:
4818:"A highly derived docodont from the Patagonian Late Cretaceous: evolutionary implications for Gondwanan mammals"
4049:(Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and its bearing for mammalian evolution"
5139:
3030:
3019:
457:) sends down a particularly well-developed prong known as the manubrium, which is sensitive to vibrations. The
129:
3530:
1509:", part of a broad group ancestral to true therian mammals according to their complex molars. A 1956 paper by
481:
Docodont skulls are generally fairly low, and in general form are similar to other early mammaliforms such as
4988:
3458:
6356:
4092:
2997:
745:* Right side: left maxilla and dentary molars in lingual view (from the perspective of the tongue, right).
7322:
4909:
7476:
6344:
4186:"Reconsideration of the systematic position of the Middle Jurassic mammaliaforms Itatodon and Paritatodon"
1502:
732:
546:). This hyoid system affords greater strength and flexibility than the simple, U-shaped hyoids of earlier
6350:
5106:. In Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 109:329-356). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
7549:
4212:
3572:"A Swimming Mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and Ecomorphological Diversification of Early Mammals"
1088:
796:
449:, fits into a deep slot on the dentary which opens backwards, a characteristic unique to docodonts. The
7245:
4364:
Luo, Zhe-Xi; Gatesy, Stephen M.; Jenkins, Farish A.; Amaral, William W.; Shubin, Neil H. (2015-12-22).
5952:
4751:"A New Finding of a Docodontan (Mammaliaformes, Docodonta) in the Lower Cretaceous of Western Siberia"
3716:
Meng, Qing-Jin; Ji, Qiang; Zhang, Yu-Guang; Liu, Di; Grossnickle, David M.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2015-02-13).
7523:
6980:
6414:
5592:
5069:
4967:
4951:
4910:"New docodontians from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia and reanalysis of docodonta interrelationships"
4762:
4605:
4444:
4377:
4245:
4137:
3938:
3799:
3729:
3657:
3583:
3400:
3281:
3070:
1058:
827:
589:
369:
317:
7382:
6604:
7010:
6564:
5470:
5132:
5119:
4816:
Pascual, Rosendo; Goin, Francisco J.; Gonzalez, Pablo; Ardolino, Alberto; Puerta, Pablo F. (2000).
3237:
1622:
1584:
1105:
based on a phylogenetic analysis of Zhou et al. (2019) focusing on a wide range of mammaliamorphs:
514:
393:
7292:
7079:
6464:
5932:
5912:
5350:
4537:
4514:
4495:
3644:
Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Qing-Jin; Ji, Qiang; Liu, Di; Zhang, Yu-Guang; Neander, April I. (2015-02-13).
1069:. However, modern authors usually limit the term "Mammalia" to the crown group, excluding earlier
494:
7577:
7459:
7392:
7144:
7116:
7049:
6844:
6742:
6705:
6544:
6514:
5480:
5330:
5237:
5085:
5041:
5001:
4932:
4878:
4786:
4629:
4593:
4476:
4277:
4161:
4022:
3962:
3883:
3823:
3753:
3681:
3607:
3470:
3182:
2709:
1815:
855:
811:
767:
751:
593:
585:
438:
400:
321:
142:
7352:
7072:
7064:
6045:
5792:
741:
Upper (maxilla) molars are pink and lower (dentary) molars are blue. Anterior is to the right.
7554:
7187:
4560:
539:
7302:
7225:
7025:
6851:
6712:
6006:
5806:
5364:
4993:
4870:
4778:
4710:
4664:
4621:
4468:
4460:
4413:
4395:
4346:
4269:
4261:
4153:
4096:
4070:
4014:
3954:
3907:
3857:
3815:
3745:
3673:
3599:
3508:
3462:
3193:
1592:
610:
543:
535:
313:
249:
3990:
853:, have been considered members of either group. A 2024 study, describing the new shuotheriid
7541:
7312:
7109:
6689:
6125:
6036:
5972:
5761:
5077:
5033:
4983:
4975:
4924:
4860:
4852:
4770:
4732:
4702:
4656:
4613:
4452:
4433:"New evidence for mammaliaform ear evolution and feeding adaptation in a Jurassic ecosystem"
4403:
4385:
4338:
4253:
4200:
4145:
4060:
4006:
3995:(Mammaliformes, Docodonta) and the emergence of ecomorphological diversity in early mammals"
3946:
3899:
3807:
3737:
3665:
3591:
3500:
3454:
1608:
597:
577:
404:
397:
301:
43:
669:
658:
633:
which connects to the tibia via a trochlea (pulley-like joint). The only known specimen of
7372:
6283:
6169:
6052:
5875:
5822:
5676:
5663:
5604:
5490:
5401:
5380:
3645:
3571:
1640:
1588:
1565:, was originally considered to have been a very early mammaliaform which lived during the
1510:
1021:
1017:
630:
581:
518:
389:
297:
275:
39:
7514:
4496:"A Catalogue of the Mesozoic Mammalia in the Geological Department of the British Museum"
5073:
4971:
4766:
4609:
4448:
4381:
4249:
4141:
3942:
3803:
3733:
3661:
3587:
7423:
7418:
7279:
7158:
7057:
6995:
6719:
6504:
6387:
6374:
6308:
6220:
6185:
6099:
5982:
5859:
5206:
4928:
4408:
4365:
2371:
1686:
1672:
1648:
1130:
1113:
1074:
1070:
715:
638:
600:
regions of the spine. However, this developmental trait is not universal. For example,
580:
is variable between docodonts, as with many other mammaliaforms. The components of the
482:
454:
434:
282:
231:
4750:
524:
Docodonts also see the first occurrence of a mammalian-style saddle-shaped complex of
7571:
7428:
7170:
7130:
6938:
6924:
6917:
6873:
6816:
6733:
6574:
6534:
6444:
6269:
6115:
6022:
5892:
5707:
5540:
5433:
5410:
5089:
5045:
5005:
4817:
4790:
4649:"The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage"
4326:
4165:
4088:
4065:
4044:
4026:
3966:
3926:
3827:
3757:
3717:
3685:
3492:
3442:
3373:
3327:
3314:
3303:
3292:
3226:
3054:
2668:
2534:
2503:
2347:
2102:
2078:
1791:
1597:
1524:
834:
711:
510:
502:
486:
462:
381:
358:
341:
325:
309:
77:
4936:
4882:
3718:"An arboreal docodont from the Jurassic and mammaliaform ecological diversification"
3611:
3474:
975:
from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, were specialised for a semi-aquatic lifestyle.
296:). They were among the most common mammaliaforms of their time, persisting from the
7433:
7409:
7404:
7094:
7036:
6902:
6888:
6809:
6795:
6765:
6584:
6474:
6424:
6290:
6206:
6178:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6015:
5836:
5737:
5697:
5567:
5551:
5524:
4655:, Topics in Geobiology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 407–445,
4617:
4480:
4281:
3270:
3248:
3062:
2692:
2591:
2323:
2299:
2126:
2028:
1760:
1635:
1603:
1515:
1420:
1404:
1257:
1240:
1216:
991:
965:
933:
885:
718:, with sharp, concave crests connecting the center of each cusp to adjacent cusps.
703:
680:
602:
568:
530:
506:
446:
442:
368:. Recently, exceptionally preserved skeletons have been discovered in the Jurassic
5081:
5037:
4979:
1095:, but shift stemward relative to haramiyidans when the same data is put through a
4736:
4660:
4185:
3903:
1665:
Topology of Zhou et al. (2019), based on tooth, cranial, and postcranial traits:
1633:
falls outside the docodont family tree, albeit as a close relative to the group.
1061:
of living mammals. Previously, docodonts were sometimes regarded as belonging to
7508:
7180:
7137:
7086:
7018:
6988:
6945:
6931:
6909:
6858:
6802:
6772:
6757:
6665:
6634:
6614:
6554:
6524:
6494:
6484:
6404:
6262:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6213:
6199:
6192:
6145:
6088:
5962:
5922:
5815:
5777:
5747:
5581:
5500:
4908:
Averianov, A. A.; Lopatin, A. V.; Krasnolutskii, S. A.; Ivantsov, S. V. (2010).
3384:
3360:
3349:
3338:
3204:
3008:
2766:
2634:
2551:
2476:
2452:
2275:
2143:
1997:
1839:
1733:
1709:
1617:
1557:
1520:
1506:
1377:
1320:
1079:
1054:
1000:
960:
945:
917:
894:
849:
823:
763:
726:
290:
52:
4706:
4648:
4342:
3504:
963:, but recent more complete fossils from China have shown this is not the case.
7002:
6972:
6959:
6895:
6866:
6837:
6823:
6698:
6645:
6624:
6434:
6297:
6276:
6255:
6135:
6080:
5902:
5852:
5845:
5784:
5717:
5533:
5460:
5450:
5387:
5340:
5299:
5286:
5249:
5197:
5155:
4856:
4774:
4432:
4315:
Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: Bulletin 36
4233:
4149:
3259:
3215:
2831:
2790:
2742:
2608:
2045:
1904:
1863:
1658:
Cladograms based on phylogenetic analyses focusing on docodont relationships:
1424:
1373:
1346:
1192:
1168:
1084:
985:
971:
959:
mammals were traditionally thought to have been primarily ground dwelling and
938:
912:
609:
The forelimbs and hindlimbs generally have strong muscle attachments, and the
525:
498:
353:
218:
205:
97:
62:
7499:
4997:
4874:
4782:
4714:
4690:
4625:
4464:
4399:
4350:
4265:
4157:
4074:
4018:
3911:
3861:
3646:"Evolutionary development in basal mammaliaforms as revealed by a docodontan"
3512:
3493:"Jurassic shuotheriids show earliest dental diversification of mammaliaforms"
3466:
1647:, has previously been described as a docodont, though it is now considered a
7101:
6675:
6655:
6594:
5992:
5942:
5510:
5373:
5222:
5188:
4840:
4390:
3950:
3811:
3741:
3669:
3595:
2419:
1652:
1644:
1535:
1498:
1102:
1050:
1046:
1042:
995:
suggest Docodonta were more ecologically diverse than previously suspected.
897:
838:
819:
807:
759:
642:
626:
622:
361:
345:
330:
192:
159:
102:
4472:
4417:
4273:
4204:
3958:
3819:
3749:
3677:
3603:
1065:, owing to the complexity of their molars and the fact that they possess a
4327:"Jurassic fossil juvenile reveals prolonged life history in early mammals"
787:
cusps, though docodonts in general have a fairly consistent cusp pattern.
7493:
7362:
7332:
7194:
7151:
7123:
6880:
6749:
6454:
6227:
6155:
5179:
4647:
Abdala, Fernando; Gaetano, Leandro C. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H. (ed.),
3888:(Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles"
2651:
2402:
1973:
1626:
1580:
teeth, completely unrelated to docodonts or any Mesozoic mammaliaforms.
1544:
1529:
1428:
1359:
1062:
956:
942:
843:
841:. Docodont and shuotheriid teeth are so similar that some genera, namely
707:
573:
551:
547:
466:
426:
385:
365:
336:
305:
286:
279:
179:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
4456:
4257:
2258:
Topology of Panciroli et al. (2021), based on dentary and tooth traits:
1041:
The lineage of Docodonta evolved prior to the origin of living mammals:
588:
of the braincase. Vertebrae at the base of the tail often have expanded
392:, and reduced postdentary jaw bones which are beginning to develop into
119:
17:
7342:
6830:
5770:
5727:
5417:
4865:
4633:
4010:
3158:
3147:
3136:
3125:
3114:
3103:
3092:
3081:
2814:
1887:
1629:. However, this identification is not certain, and in recent analyses,
1612:
1574:
1566:
803:
699:
689:
685:
470:
450:
430:
107:
82:
3570:
Ji, Qiang; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Yuan, Chong-Xi; Tabrum, Alan R. (2006-02-24).
7214:
5320:
5173:
4538:"Early Cretaceous mammals and the evolution of mammalian molar teeth"
1548:
1540:
1083:. Some authors also consider docodonts to lie crownward of the order
980:
815:
755:
293:
169:
7470:
4691:"Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew"
802:"Pseudotalonid" and "pseudoprotocone" are names which reference the
1621:, has been described from India, which was previously part of the
1577:
1562:
1025:
890:
618:
490:
458:
377:
373:
4594:"An alternative hypothesis on the origin of docodont molar teeth"
3540:. München, Germany: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 187–214.
7528:
4950:
Panciroli, Elsa; Benson, Roger B. J.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2019-05-04).
3531:"Molar diversity and functional adaptations in Mesozoic mammals"
614:
563:
7474:
7266:
6372:
5661:
5284:
5166:
5128:
4839:
Harper, Tony; Parras, Ana; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2019-12-01).
641:
on its ankle, similar to defensive structures observed in male
433:
bone. The dentary connects to the cranium via a joint with the
4234:"Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution"
3443:"Analysis of Molar Structure and Phylogeny of Docodont Genera"
5124:
1661:
513:
bones of the skull roof are flat and broad, and there is no
1003:, such as wide, shortened digits in the hands for digging.
698:
Like other mammaliaforms, docodont teeth include peg-like
1053:. In other words, docodonts are outside of the mammalian
999:
shows many of the same physical traits as the modern day
4689:
Averianov, Alexander O.; Voyta, Leonid L. (2024-02-28).
3459:
10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[27:AOMSAP]2.0.CO;2
4956:(Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, Scotland"
4561:"Reassessment of the late Triassic symmetrodont mammal
4653:
The Late Triassic World: Earth in a Time of Transition
3536:. In Martin, Thomas; von Koenigswald, Wighart (eds.).
1569:
stage of the Triassic. Later investigation found that
814:. Tribosphenic teeth show up in the oldest fossils of
566:
is found in a well-preserved specimen of the docodont
7388:
7378:
7368:
7358:
7348:
7338:
7328:
7318:
7308:
7298:
7288:
6956:
6783:
6730:
6686:
6671:
6661:
6651:
6641:
6630:
6620:
6610:
6600:
6590:
6580:
6570:
6560:
6550:
6540:
6530:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6490:
6480:
6470:
6460:
6450:
6440:
6430:
6420:
6410:
6400:
6166:
6151:
6141:
6131:
6121:
6111:
6033:
6003:
5988:
5978:
5968:
5958:
5948:
5938:
5928:
5918:
5908:
5898:
5888:
5833:
5803:
5758:
5743:
5733:
5723:
5713:
5703:
5693:
5578:
5563:
5521:
5506:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5446:
5398:
5361:
5346:
5336:
5326:
5316:
1400:
1343:
1316:
1150:
1127:
497:, a bone which is no longer present in mammals. The
7483:
7403:
7277:
7212:
7169:
7035:
6955:
6782:
6729:
6685:
6385:
6307:
6165:
6098:
6032:
6002:
5873:
5832:
5802:
5757:
5674:
5603:
5577:
5550:
5520:
5431:
5397:
5360:
5297:
5248:
5221:
4802:
4800:
4124:
Averianov, A. O.; Lopatin, A. V. (December 2006). "
3844:Lillegraven, Jason A.; Krusat, Georg (1991-10-01).
3220:
Kühne & Krusat 1972 sensu Sigoneau-Russell 2003
429:(lower jaw), formed primarily by the tooth-bearing
4293:
4291:
3075:Sigogneau-Russell 2003 sensu Panciroli et al. 2021
4989:20.500.11820/75714386-2baa-4512-b4c8-add5719f129b
4217:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3925:Hoffmann, Simone; Krause, David W. (2019-07-19).
1587:, abruptly appearing in the fossil record in the
1057:, which only includes animals descended from the
4903:
4901:
4519:Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale University
3884:"New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of
1505:in the 1920s argued that they were specialized "
969:from the Middle Jurassic of China, and possibly
4559:Sigogneu-Russell, Denise; Hahn, Renate (1995).
4370:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
584:are unfused, attaching to the large and porous
3447:Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History
1595:; the youngest known members of the group are
5140:
770:docodont cusps with those of modern mammals.
684:, from the Early Cretaceous of Russia. Right
617:is flexed inwards. All limb bones except the
572:, though hair likely evolved much earlier in
8:
1583:Unambiguous docodonts are restricted to the
4917:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS
979:had a flattened tail, similar to that of a
833:Pseudotribosphenic teeth are also found in
645:and several other early-branching mammals.
7471:
7274:
7263:
7041:
6964:
6393:
6382:
6369:
6104:
5881:
5686:
5682:
5671:
5658:
5556:
5439:
5309:
5305:
5294:
5281:
5227:
5218:
5163:
5147:
5133:
5125:
562:The oldest unambiguous fossil evidence of
118:
31:
4987:
4864:
4407:
4389:
4064:
4053:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3892:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3332:Maschenko, Lopatin & Voronkevich 2002
3059:Freeman 1979 sensu Sigogneau-Russell 2001
766:. However, there is little consensus for
678:Toothed jaw fragments and molar teeth of
725:
4184:Wang, Yuan-Qing; Li, Chuan-Kui (2016).
3412:
1591:. Very few docodonts survived into the
874:
4500:Trustees of the British Museum, London
4210:
4038:
4036:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
1555:. Another proposed docodont relative,
501:expand at the back and overlook thick
4726:
4724:
4587:
4585:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4119:
4117:
3839:
3837:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3524:
3522:
3486:
3484:
3436:
7:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3441:Luo, Zhe-Xi; Martin, Thomas (2007).
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
818:, the mammalian subgroup containing
810:crushing complex which characterize
485:. The snout is long and has several
4097:"Were mammals originally venomous?"
3538:Mammalian Teeth - Form and Function
2806:
2782:
2758:
2734:
2684:
2583:
2576:
2526:
2519:
2495:
2468:
2444:
2394:
2387:
2363:
2339:
2315:
2291:
2267:
2260:
2118:
2094:
2070:
2020:
2013:
1989:
1965:
1879:
1855:
1831:
1807:
1783:
1776:
1752:
1725:
1701:
1679:
1667:
1393:
1366:
1336:
1309:
1232:
1208:
1184:
1160:
1145:
1120:
1108:
1011:A 2024 study on adult and juvenile
4960:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4598:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1573:was likely a misidentification of
737:from the Late Jurassic of Portugal
534:has a straight, sideways-oriented
25:
5104:The teeth of the Jurassic mammals
7455:
7454:
7249:
7244:
6355:
6349:
6343:
5644:
5639:
4929:10.31610/trudyzin/2010.314.2.121
4513:Simpson, George Gaylord (1929).
4494:Simpson, George Gaylord (1928).
4066:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00187.x
925:
904:
877:
668:
657:
146:
4952:"The mandible and dentition of
989:, and specialised tree-dweller
4845:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
4695:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
4618:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010988
425:Docodonts have a long and low
407:transition is rather subdued.
27:Extinct order of mammaliaforms
1:
5082:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105836
5038:10.1080/08912963.2023.2300635
4980:10.1080/02724634.2019.1621884
4572:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
4104:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
4043:Martin, Thomas (2005-10-01).
869:Docodont ecological variation
863:Paleoecology and paleobiology
7598:Taxa named by Miklós Kretzoi
4737:10.1371/journal.pone.0199983
4661:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11
4592:Butler, P. M. (1997-06-19).
4515:"American Mesozoic Mammalia"
3242:Lopatin & Averianov 2005
706:, and numerous interlocking
517:forming the rear rim of the
376:. Chinese docodonts include
7603:Prehistoric tetrapod orders
7588:Bathonian first appearances
3378:Martin & Averianov 2004
3260:Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis
1067:dentary-squamosal jaw joint
7619:
4707:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w
4343:10.1038/s41586-024-07733-1
3904:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa144
3505:10.1038/s41586-024-07258-7
688:(upper two rows) and left
467:ossicles of the middle ear
137:(blue) Scale bars = 10 mm
7450:
7273:
7262:
7242:
7044:
6967:
6396:
6381:
6368:
6341:
6107:
5884:
5689:
5685:
5670:
5657:
5637:
5559:
5442:
5312:
5308:
5293:
5280:
5230:
5217:
5162:
4857:10.1007/s10914-018-9437-x
4775:10.1134/S1028334X20090123
4536:Patterson, Bryan (1956).
4150:10.1134/s0031030106060098
3374:Tashkumyrodon desideratus
3286:(Sigogneau-Russell, 1998)
3172:Docofossor brachydactylus
3044:Castorocauda lutrasimilis
3035:Waldman & Savage 1972
3013:Waldman & Savage 1972
2828:
2811:
2804:
2787:
2780:
2763:
2756:
2739:
2732:
2706:
2689:
2682:
2665:
2648:
2631:
2605:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2548:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2500:
2493:
2473:
2466:
2449:
2442:
2416:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2368:
2361:
2344:
2337:
2320:
2313:
2296:
2289:
2272:
2265:
2140:
2123:
2116:
2099:
2092:
2075:
2068:
2042:
2025:
2018:
2011:
1994:
1987:
1970:
1963:
1901:
1884:
1877:
1860:
1853:
1836:
1829:
1812:
1805:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1757:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1706:
1699:
1684:
1677:
1615:. One disputed docodont,
1418:
1398:
1391:
1371:
1364:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1307:
1254:
1237:
1230:
1213:
1206:
1189:
1182:
1165:
1158:
1143:
1125:
1118:
469:and embracing a circular
262:
257:
143:Scientific classification
141:
126:
117:
34:
4954:Borealestes serendipitus
4045:"Postcranial anatomy of
3209:Prasad & Manhas 2007
3187:Pfretzschner et al. 2005
445:bone, also known as the
304:across the continent of
289:closely related to true
130:Borealestes serendipitus
4391:10.1073/pnas.1519387112
4193:Palaeontologia Polonica
4130:Paleontological Journal
3951:10.1126/science.aay2061
3812:10.1126/science.aau9345
3742:10.1126/science.1260879
3670:10.1126/science.1260880
3596:10.1126/science.1123026
3249:Khorotherium yakutensis
2998:Agilodocodon scansorius
1022:permanent (adult) teeth
1007:Metabolism and lifespan
681:Khorotherium yakutensis
576:. The structure of the
7583:Taxa described in 1946
5120:Docodonta from Palaeos
4755:Doklady Earth Sciences
4207:(inactive 2024-09-12).
4205:10.4202/pp.2016.67_249
4047:Haldanodon exspectatus
3850:Rocky Mountain Geology
3328:Sibirotherium rossicus
3319:Sigogneau-Russell 2003
3264:Sigogneau-Russell 2003
3227:Hutegotherium yaomingi
3216:Haldanodon exspectatus
1503:George Gaylord Simpson
746:
7550:Paleobiology Database
4093:Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.
3365:Averianov et al. 2010
3271:Microdocodon gracilis
3253:Averianov et al. 2018
3231:Averianov et al. 2010
3198:Averianov et al. 2024
3024:Panciroli et al. 2021
1089:phylogenetic analyses
758:mammals, like modern
733:Haldanodon expectatus
729:
127:Skeletal diagrams of
4232:Luo, Zhe-Xi (2007).
3401:Evolution of mammals
3282:Paritatodon kermacki
3071:Dobunnodon mussettae
1059:last common ancestor
955:Docodonts and other
828:convergent evolution
826:. This is a case of
754:teeth found in true
590:transverse processes
558:Postcranial skeleton
370:Tiaojishan Formation
318:convergent evolution
316:. This is a case of
5074:2024CrRes.15805836A
5062:Cretaceous Research
4972:2019JVPal..39E1884P
4767:2020DokES.494..667L
4610:1997JVPal..17..435B
4457:10.1038/nature23483
4449:2017Natur.548..326L
4382:2015PNAS..112E7101L
4376:(51): E7101–E7109.
4258:10.1038/nature06277
4250:2007Natur.450.1011L
4244:(7172): 1011–1019.
4142:2006PalJ...40..668A
4126:Itatodon tatarinovi
3943:2019Sci...365..222H
3804:2019Sci...365..276Z
3734:2015Sci...347..764M
3662:2015Sci...347..760L
3588:2006Sci...311.1123J
3582:(5764): 1123–1127.
3343:Kermack et al. 1987
3238:Itatodon tatarinovi
3097:Rougier et al. 2014
3055:Cyrtlatherium canei
1623:Southern Hemisphere
1585:Northern Hemisphere
542:(which link to the
515:postorbital process
461:(also known as the
453:(also known as the
394:middle ear ossicles
7593:Aptian extinctions
5030:Historical Biology
4011:10.1111/pala.12577
3385:Tegotherium gubini
3205:Gondtherium dattai
3108:Martin et al. 2024
812:tribosphenic teeth
747:
586:occipital condyles
477:Cranium and throat
439:postdentary trough
7565:
7564:
7477:Taxon identifiers
7468:
7467:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7258:
7257:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7203:
6364:
6363:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6007:Prozostrodontidae
5869:
5868:
5807:Probainognathidae
5653:
5652:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5427:
5426:
5365:Charassognathidae
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5102:Butler PM. 1939.
4670:978-3-319-68009-5
4443:(7667): 326–329.
4337:(8026): 815–822.
3937:(6450): 222–223.
3798:(6450): 276–279.
3728:(6223): 764–768.
3656:(6223): 760–764.
3390:
3379:
3366:
3355:
3344:
3333:
3320:
3309:
3298:
3287:
3276:
3265:
3254:
3243:
3232:
3221:
3210:
3199:
3188:
3177:
3164:
3153:
3142:
3131:
3120:
3109:
3098:
3087:
3076:
3060:
3049:
3036:
3025:
3014:
3003:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2721:
2720:
2620:
2619:
2563:
2562:
2431:
2430:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2057:
2056:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1593:Cretaceous Period
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1097:Bayesian analysis
1093:maximum parsimony
692:(lower four rows)
611:olecranon process
544:thyroid cartilage
314:mortar-and-pestle
269:
268:
253:
16:(Redirected from
7610:
7558:
7557:
7545:
7544:
7532:
7531:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7472:
7458:
7457:
7390:
7380:
7370:
7360:
7350:
7340:
7330:
7320:
7310:
7300:
7290:
7275:
7264:
7253:
7248:
7042:
6965:
6958:
6785:
6732:
6690:Kuehneotheriidae
6688:
6673:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6632:
6622:
6612:
6602:
6592:
6582:
6572:
6562:
6552:
6542:
6532:
6522:
6512:
6502:
6492:
6482:
6472:
6462:
6452:
6442:
6432:
6422:
6412:
6402:
6394:
6383:
6370:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6168:
6153:
6143:
6133:
6126:Botucaraitherium
6123:
6113:
6105:
6037:Tritheledontidae
6035:
6005:
5990:
5980:
5973:Santacruzgnathus
5970:
5960:
5953:Pseudotriconodon
5950:
5940:
5930:
5920:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5882:
5835:
5805:
5762:Chiniquodontidae
5760:
5745:
5735:
5725:
5715:
5705:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5672:
5659:
5648:
5643:
5580:
5565:
5557:
5523:
5508:
5498:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5458:
5448:
5440:
5400:
5363:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5295:
5282:
5228:
5219:
5212:
5211:
5164:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5126:
5107:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4991:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4868:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4746:
4740:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4393:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4208:
4190:
4181:
4170:
4169:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4040:
4031:
4030:
3986:
3971:
3970:
3927:"Tongues untied"
3922:
3916:
3915:
3898:(4): 1323–1362.
3879:
3866:
3865:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3787:
3762:
3761:
3713:
3690:
3689:
3641:
3616:
3615:
3567:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3438:
3388:
3377:
3364:
3353:
3342:
3331:
3318:
3307:
3296:
3285:
3275:Zhou et al. 2019
3274:
3263:
3252:
3241:
3230:
3219:
3208:
3197:
3186:
3183:Dsungarodon zuoi
3175:
3162:
3151:
3140:
3129:
3118:
3107:
3096:
3085:
3074:
3058:
3047:
3034:
3023:
3012:
3002:Meng et al. 2015
3001:
2807:
2783:
2759:
2735:
2685:
2584:
2577:
2527:
2520:
2496:
2469:
2445:
2395:
2388:
2364:
2340:
2316:
2292:
2268:
2261:
2119:
2095:
2071:
2021:
2014:
1990:
1966:
1880:
1856:
1832:
1808:
1784:
1777:
1753:
1726:
1702:
1680:
1668:
1662:
1609:Early Cretaceous
1402:
1394:
1367:
1345:
1337:
1318:
1310:
1233:
1209:
1185:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1129:
1121:
1109:
929:
908:
881:
672:
661:
578:vertebral column
528:(throat bones).
302:Early Cretaceous
248:
243:
151:
150:
122:
112:
49:
48:Bathonian–Aptian
44:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7553:
7548:
7540:
7535:
7527:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7479:
7469:
7464:
7438:
7408:
7399:
7373:Panchetocynodon
7269:
7254:
7232:
7200:
7165:
7031:
6981:Hypsiprymnopsis
6951:
6778:
6725:
6681:
6415:Brachyzostrodon
6390:
6377:
6360:
6323:
6303:
6284:Xenocretosuchus
6170:Tritylodontidae
6161:
6094:
6053:Diarthrognathus
6028:
5998:
5878:
5876:Prozostrodontia
5865:
5828:
5823:Probainognathus
5798:
5753:
5679:
5677:Probainognathia
5666:
5664:Probainognathia
5649:
5619:
5605:Probainognathia
5599:
5573:
5546:
5516:
5491:Platycraniellus
5436:
5423:
5402:Procynosuchidae
5393:
5381:Charassognathus
5356:
5302:
5289:
5264:
5244:
5213:
5169:
5168:
5158:
5153:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5013:
4966:(3): e1621884.
4949:
4948:
4944:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4798:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4729:
4722:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4209:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4173:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4099:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4042:
4041:
4034:
3991:"Postcrania of
3988:
3987:
3974:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3881:
3880:
3869:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3789:
3788:
3765:
3715:
3714:
3693:
3643:
3642:
3619:
3569:
3568:
3545:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3440:
3439:
3414:
3409:
3397:
3304:P. inexpectatus
3194:Ergetiis ichchi
3176:Luo et al. 2015
3031:B. serendipitus
3020:B. cuillinensis
2992:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2722:
2621:
2564:
2432:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2058:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1649:meridiolestidan
1641:Late Cretaceous
1589:Middle Jurassic
1511:Bryan Patterson
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1156:
1039:
1018:deciduous teeth
1009:
953:
952:
951:
948:
930:
921:
909:
900:
882:
871:
870:
865:
793:
791:Tooth occlusion
780:
744:
742:
730:Molar teeth of
724:
696:
695:
694:
693:
675:
674:
673:
664:
663:
662:
651:
560:
479:
423:
418:
416:Skeletal traits
413:
390:hyoid apparatus
298:Middle Jurassic
247:
241:
145:
135:B. cuillinensis
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
40:Middle Jurassic
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7616:
7614:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7570:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7546:
7533:
7520:
7505:
7489:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7424:Morganucodonta
7421:
7419:Dromatheriidae
7415:
7413:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7386:
7383:Redondagnathus
7376:
7366:
7356:
7346:
7336:
7326:
7316:
7306:
7296:
7285:
7283:
7280:Incertae sedis
7271:
7270:
7267:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7219:
7217:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7176:
7174:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7159:Gondwanatheria
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7098:
7091:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7058:Arboroharamiya
7054:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7007:
6999:
6996:Kalaallitkigun
6992:
6985:
6977:
6968:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6791:
6789:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6754:
6746:
6738:
6736:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6720:Kuehneotherium
6716:
6709:
6702:
6694:
6692:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6669:
6659:
6649:
6639:
6628:
6618:
6608:
6605:Paikasigudodon
6598:
6588:
6578:
6568:
6558:
6548:
6538:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6505:Erythrotherium
6498:
6488:
6478:
6468:
6458:
6448:
6438:
6428:
6418:
6408:
6397:
6391:
6388:Mammaliaformes
6386:
6379:
6378:
6375:Mammaliaformes
6373:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6309:Mammaliaformes
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6221:Kayentatherium
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6186:Bienotheroides
6182:
6174:
6172:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6149:
6139:
6129:
6119:
6108:
6102:
6100:Mammaliamorpha
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6085:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6041:
6039:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6019:
6011:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5986:
5983:Therioherpeton
5976:
5966:
5956:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5916:
5906:
5896:
5885:
5879:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5860:Trucidocynodon
5856:
5849:
5841:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5819:
5811:
5809:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5781:
5774:
5766:
5764:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5731:
5721:
5711:
5701:
5690:
5680:
5675:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5586:
5584:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5527:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5504:
5494:
5484:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5443:
5437:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5404:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5231:
5225:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5207:Eutheriodontia
5200:
5191:
5182:
5176:
5167:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5115:
5114:External links
5112:
5109:
5108:
5095:
5051:
5020:
5011:
4942:
4923:(2): 121–148.
4897:
4888:
4851:(4): 447–478.
4831:
4808:
4796:
4761:(1): 667–669.
4741:
4720:
4681:
4669:
4639:
4604:(2): 435–439.
4581:
4551:
4528:
4505:
4486:
4423:
4356:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4287:
4224:
4171:
4136:(6): 668–677.
4113:
4080:
4059:(2): 219–248.
4032:
3972:
3917:
3867:
3833:
3763:
3691:
3617:
3543:
3518:
3480:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3389:Tatarinov 1994
3380:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3334:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3288:
3277:
3266:
3255:
3244:
3233:
3222:
3211:
3200:
3189:
3178:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3143:
3132:
3121:
3110:
3099:
3077:
3066:
3050:
3048:Ji et al. 2006
3039:
3038:
3037:
3026:
3004:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:Kuehneotherium
2367:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:Morganucodonta
1683:
1678:
1676:
1673:Mammaliaformes
1666:
1660:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:Morganucodonta
1124:
1119:
1117:
1114:Mammaliaformes
1107:
1075:Morganucodonta
1038:
1037:Classification
1035:
1008:
1005:
950:
949:
931:
924:
922:
920:-like burrower
910:
903:
901:
883:
876:
873:
872:
868:
867:
866:
864:
861:
792:
789:
779:
776:
723:
720:
677:
676:
667:
666:
665:
656:
655:
654:
653:
652:
650:
647:
637:has a pointed
559:
556:
521:(eye socket).
483:morganucodonts
478:
475:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
267:
266:
260:
259:
255:
254:
239:
235:
234:
232:Mammaliaformes
229:
222:
221:
216:
209:
208:
203:
196:
195:
190:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7615:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7556:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7495:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7473:
7461:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7429:Symmetrodonta
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7406:
7402:
7395:
7394:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7276:
7272:
7265:
7261:
7252:
7247:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7211:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7171:Hahnodontidae
7168:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7131:Sineleutherus
7128:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6939:Tashkumyrodon
6936:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6925:Sibirotherium
6922:
6920:
6919:
6918:Peraiocynodon
6915:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6874:Hutegotherium
6871:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6817:Cyrtlatherium
6814:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6734:Shuotheriidae
6728:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6575:Megazostrodon
6569:
6567:
6566:
6565:Indozostrodon
6559:
6557:
6556:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6535:Hallautherium
6529:
6527:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6445:Cifellilestes
6439:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6346:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6270:Stereognathus
6267:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6116:Adelobasileus
6110:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6023:Pseudotherium
6020:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5893:Alemoatherium
5887:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5708:Candelariodon
5702:
5700:
5699:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5647:
5642:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5541:Progalesaurus
5538:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5471:Nanictosaurus
5465:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5434:Epicynodontia
5430:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5411:Procynosuchus
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4832:
4828:(3): 395–414.
4827:
4823:
4822:Geodiversitas
4819:
4812:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4682:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4578:(3): 245–260.
4577:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:Palaeontology
3996:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3856:(2): 39–138.
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3453:(39): 27–47.
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3293:Peraiocynodon
3289:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:D. hercynicus
3100:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:Tashkumyrodon
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:Sibirotherium
2529:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:Hutegotherium
2498:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:Megazostrodon
2342:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:Hutegotherium
2097:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:Sibirotherium
2073:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:Tashkumyrodon
1786:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1625:continent of
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:Sibirotherium
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1525:symmetrodonts
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:mammaliaforms
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
973:
968:
967:
962:
961:insectivorous
958:
947:
944:
940:
936:
935:
928:
923:
919:
915:
914:
907:
902:
899:
896:
892:
888:
887:
880:
875:
862:
860:
858:
857:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
790:
788:
784:
777:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
740:
736:
734:
728:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
691:
687:
683:
682:
671:
660:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:plesiomorphic
484:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
415:
410:
408:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
359:Late Jurassic
356:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
326:symmetrodonts
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
284:
283:mammaliaforms
281:
277:
273:
265:
261:
256:
251:
246:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
7484:
7434:Triconodonta
7410:Polyphyletic
7405:Paraphyletic
7391:
7381:
7371:
7361:
7351:
7341:
7331:
7321:
7311:
7301:
7293:Cistecynodon
7291:
7278:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7100:
7095:Maiopatagium
7093:
7085:
7080:Cryoharamiya
7078:
7071:
7063:
7056:
7048:
7037:Euharamiyida
7024:
7017:
7009:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6979:
6971:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6908:
6903:Microdocodon
6901:
6894:
6889:Khorotherium
6887:
6879:
6872:
6865:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6810:Castorocauda
6808:
6801:
6796:Agilodocodon
6794:
6786:
6771:
6766:Pseudotribos
6764:
6756:
6748:
6741:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6674:
6664:
6654:
6644:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6585:Morganucodon
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6533:
6523:
6513:
6503:
6493:
6483:
6475:Dinnetherium
6473:
6465:Dianoconodon
6463:
6453:
6443:
6433:
6425:Bridetherium
6423:
6413:
6403:
6348:
6296:
6291:Yuanotherium
6289:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6207:Dinnebitodon
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6179:Bienotherium
6177:
6154:
6144:
6134:
6124:
6114:
6087:
6079:
6074:Pachygenelus
6072:
6067:Irajatherium
6065:
6060:Elliotherium
6058:
6051:
6044:
6021:
6016:Prozostrodon
6014:
5991:
5981:
5971:
5961:
5951:
5941:
5933:Microconodon
5931:
5921:
5913:Dromatherium
5911:
5901:
5891:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:Ecteniniidae
5821:
5814:
5791:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5746:
5738:Protheriodon
5736:
5726:
5716:
5706:
5698:Agudotherium
5696:
5568:Kataigidodon
5566:
5552:Eucynodontia
5539:
5532:
5525:Galesauridae
5509:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5416:
5409:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5351:Uralocynodon
5349:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5098:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5029:
5023:
5014:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4945:
4920:
4916:
4891:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4674:, retrieved
4652:
4642:
4601:
4597:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4554:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4499:
4489:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4311:
4302:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4213:cite journal
4196:
4192:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4107:
4103:
4091:; Luo, Z-X;
4083:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3853:
3849:
3795:
3791:
3725:
3721:
3653:
3649:
3579:
3575:
3537:
3496:
3450:
3446:
3383:
3372:
3361:S. sibiricus
3359:
3354:(Kühne 1969)
3350:S. splendens
3348:
3337:
3326:
3313:
3308:Simpson 1928
3302:
3297:Simpson 1928
3291:
3280:
3269:
3258:
3247:
3236:
3225:
3214:
3203:
3192:
3181:
3170:
3163:Simpson 1929
3157:
3152:(Marsh 1887)
3146:
3141:(Marsh 1887)
3135:
3124:
3119:(Marsh 1880)
3113:
3102:
3091:
3080:
3069:
3053:
3042:
3029:
3018:
3007:
2996:
2980:
2830:
2829:
2813:
2812:
2789:
2788:
2765:
2764:
2741:
2740:
2708:
2707:
2693:Castorocauda
2691:
2690:
2667:
2666:
2650:
2649:
2633:
2632:
2607:
2606:
2592:Agilodocodon
2590:
2589:
2550:
2549:
2533:
2532:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2475:
2474:
2451:
2450:
2418:
2417:
2401:
2400:
2370:
2369:
2346:
2345:
2324:Dinnetherium
2322:
2321:
2300:Morganucodon
2298:
2297:
2274:
2273:
2142:
2141:
2127:Microdocodon
2125:
2124:
2101:
2100:
2077:
2076:
2044:
2043:
2029:Agilodocodon
2027:
2026:
1996:
1995:
1972:
1971:
1903:
1902:
1886:
1885:
1862:
1861:
1838:
1837:
1814:
1813:
1790:
1789:
1761:Castorocauda
1759:
1758:
1746:
1732:
1731:
1708:
1707:
1685:
1671:
1657:
1636:Reigitherium
1634:
1630:
1616:
1604:Khorotherium
1602:
1596:
1582:
1570:
1556:
1552:
1534:
1528:
1516:Morganucodon
1514:
1496:
1421:Theriimorpha
1419:
1405:Fruitafossor
1403:
1399:
1372:
1358:
1342:
1319:
1315:
1258:Microdocodon
1256:
1255:
1241:Agilodocodon
1239:
1238:
1217:Castorocauda
1215:
1214:
1191:
1190:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1126:
1112:
1101:
1078:
1040:
1029:
1012:
1010:
996:
992:Agilodocodon
990:
984:
977:Castorocauda
976:
970:
966:Castorocauda
964:
954:
934:Agilodocodon
932:
911:
886:Castorocauda
884:
854:
848:
842:
835:shuotheriids
832:
801:
794:
785:
781:
778:Lower molars
772:
768:homologizing
752:tribosphenic
748:
738:
731:
722:Upper molars
702:, fang-like
697:
679:
635:Castorocauda
634:
629:and a stout
608:
603:Agilodocodon
601:
569:Castorocauda
567:
561:
531:Microdocodon
529:
523:
495:septomaxilla
489:traits: the
480:
443:ectotympanic
424:
352:
350:
342:shuotheriids
335:
329:
322:tribosphenic
271:
270:
263:
244:
225:
212:
199:
186:
134:
133:(green) and
128:
29:
7509:Wikispecies
7393:Saurodesmus
7181:Cifelliodon
7145:Woodeatonia
7138:Vilevolodon
7117:Sharypovoia
7087:Kermackodon
7050:Allostaffia
7019:Theroteinus
6989:Haramiyavia
6946:Tegotherium
6932:Simpsonodon
6910:Paritatodon
6859:Gondtherium
6845:Dsungarodon
6803:Borealestes
6773:Shuotherium
6758:Paritatodon
6743:Feredocodon
6706:Kotatherium
6666:Wareolestes
6635:Sinoconodon
6615:Purbeckodon
6555:Indotherium
6545:Helvetiodon
6525:Hadrocodium
6515:Gondwanadon
6495:Eozostrodon
6485:Dyskritodon
6405:Bocaconodon
6263:Shartegodon
6249:Oligokyphus
6242:Nuurtherium
6235:Montirictus
6214:Fossiomanus
6200:Dianzhongia
6193:Bocatherium
6146:Sinoconodon
6089:Tritheledon
5963:Rewaconodon
5923:Inditherium
5816:Bonacynodon
5778:Chiniquodon
5748:Tessellatia
5593:Cynognathia
5582:Cynognathia
5501:Thrinaxodon
5481:Nythosaurus
5331:Nanocynodon
4866:11336/81478
4548:(1): 1–105.
4525:(1): 1–235.
4199:: 249–256.
4089:Hurum, J.H.
3993:Borealestes
3886:Borealestes
3339:Simpsonodon
3126:D. striatus
3009:Borealestes
2767:Borealestes
2710:Dsungarodon
2635:Simpsonodon
2552:Tegotherium
2477:Tikitherium
2453:Gondtherium
2276:Sinoconodon
2144:Tegotherium
1998:Simpsonodon
1840:Borealestes
1816:Dsungarodon
1734:Tikitherium
1710:Gondtherium
1639:, from the
1631:Gondtherium
1618:Gondtherium
1607:, from the
1571:Tikitherium
1558:Tikitherium
1521:triconodont
1519:and other "
1507:pantotheres
1423:(including
1378:Monotremata
1376:(including
1321:Hadrocodium
1080:Sinoconodon
1055:crown group
1001:golden mole
946:insectivore
918:golden mole
895:semiaquatic
856:Feredocodon
850:Paritatodon
499:nasal bones
421:Jaw and ear
411:Description
384:-like, and
357:, from the
291:crown-group
278:of extinct
7572:Categories
7353:Meurthodon
7073:Butlerodon
7065:Baidabatyr
7003:Kollikodon
6973:Avashishta
6960:Haramiyida
6896:Krusatodon
6867:Haldanodon
6838:Docofossor
6824:Dobunnodon
6699:Fluctuodon
6646:Storchodon
6625:Rosierodon
6435:Cherwellia
6318:see below↓
6298:Yunnanodon
6277:Tritylodon
6256:Polistodon
6136:Brasilodon
6081:Riograndia
6046:Chaliminia
5903:Deccanodon
5853:Ecteninion
5846:Diegocanis
5793:Riojanodon
5785:Cromptodon
5718:Charruodon
5614:see below↓
5534:Galesaurus
5461:Cynosaurus
5451:Bolotridon
5388:Nshimbodon
5341:Madysaurus
5300:Cynodontia
5287:Cynodontia
5259:see below↓
5250:Cynodontia
5198:Therapsida
5156:Cynodontia
5068:: 105836.
4676:2022-01-29
4110:(1): 1–11.
3407:References
3159:D. superus
3148:D. crassus
3137:D. affinis
3130:Marsh 1881
3086:Marsh 1881
2832:Haldanodon
2791:Docofossor
2743:Dobunnodon
2609:Krusatodon
2046:Krusatodon
1905:Docofossor
1864:Haldanodon
1539:(from the
1499:Monographs
1425:Metatheria
1374:Yinotheria
1347:Haramiyida
1193:Docofossor
1169:Haldanodon
1085:Haramiyida
1051:placentals
1047:marsupials
1043:monotremes
1030:Krusatodon
1013:Krusatodon
997:Docofossor
986:Docofossor
972:Haldanodon
939:tree shrew
913:Docofossor
839:monotremes
824:placentals
820:marsupials
764:placentals
760:marsupials
643:monotremes
631:astragalus
540:thyrohyals
354:Haldanodon
346:monotremes
328:", namely
285:(advanced
264:See text.
219:Cynodontia
206:Therapsida
7578:Docodonts
7515:Docodonta
7485:Docodonta
7188:Denisodon
7102:Megaconus
6787:Docodonta
6676:Woutersia
6656:Stylidens
6595:Paceyodon
5993:Tricuspes
5943:Polonodon
5511:Vetusodon
5374:Abdalodon
5238:Synapsida
5223:Synapsida
5189:Synapsida
5172:Kingdom:
5090:267164151
5046:267167016
5006:199637122
4998:0272-4634
4875:1573-7055
4791:224811982
4783:1028-334X
4715:1573-7055
4701:(1): 10.
4626:0272-4634
4563:Woutersia
4542:Fieldiana
4465:1476-4687
4400:0027-8424
4351:1476-4687
4266:1476-4687
4166:129438779
4158:0031-0301
4075:0024-4082
4027:244822141
4019:1475-4983
3967:197663377
3912:0024-4082
3862:1555-7332
3828:197663503
3758:206562565
3686:206562572
3513:0028-0836
3467:0145-9058
3115:D. victor
3093:D. apoxys
2490:Docodonta
2420:Woutersia
1747:Docodonta
1653:monophyly
1645:Argentina
1553:Woutersia
1536:Woutersia
1154:Docodonta
1103:Cladogram
1091:based on
1028:, though
898:piscivore
808:protocone
708:premolars
627:calcaneum
623:epiphyses
574:synapsids
548:cynodonts
503:lacrimals
455:articular
435:squamosal
362:Guimarota
331:Woutersia
320:with the
287:cynodonts
272:Docodonta
245:Docodonta
193:Synapsida
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
35:Docodonts
7494:Wikidata
7460:Category
7363:Mitredon
7333:Kunminia
7323:"Hahnia"
7303:Eoraetia
7268:See also
7226:Mammalia
7215:Mammalia
7195:Hahnodon
7152:Xianshou
7124:Shenshou
7026:Thomasia
6881:Itatodon
6852:Ergetiis
6750:Itatodon
6713:Kuehneon
6455:Delsatia
6228:Lufengia
6156:Tikiodon
5180:Chordata
5178:Phylum:
5174:Animalia
4937:35820076
4883:21654055
4502:: 1–215.
4473:28792934
4418:26630008
4274:18075580
4095:(2006).
3959:31320523
3820:31320539
3750:25678661
3678:25678660
3612:46067702
3604:16497926
3475:29846648
3395:See also
3315:P. major
2652:Itatodon
2403:Delsatia
1974:Itatodon
1627:Gondwana
1545:Rhaetian
1530:Delsatia
1429:Eutheria
1360:Mammalia
1063:Mammalia
957:Mesozoic
943:arboreal
844:Itatodon
816:therians
700:incisors
594:thoracic
552:suckling
536:basihyal
511:parietal
463:quadrate
427:mandible
401:thoracic
386:squirrel
366:Portugal
364:site of
337:Delsatia
306:Laurasia
280:Mesozoic
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
18:Docodont
7529:4530175
7500:Q133270
7343:Lepagia
6831:Docodon
5771:Aleodon
5728:Lumkuia
5418:Sludica
5070:Bibcode
5032:: 1–9.
4968:Bibcode
4763:Bibcode
4634:4523820
4606:Bibcode
4481:4463476
4445:Bibcode
4409:4697399
4378:Bibcode
4282:4317817
4246:Bibcode
4138:Bibcode
3939:Bibcode
3931:Science
3800:Bibcode
3792:Science
3730:Bibcode
3722:Science
3658:Bibcode
3650:Science
3584:Bibcode
3576:Science
3082:Docodon
3063:dubious
2990:Species
2815:Docodon
1888:Docodon
1613:Siberia
1575:Neogene
1567:Carnian
1026:hyraxes
804:talonid
797:occlude
756:therian
704:canines
690:dentary
686:maxilla
613:of the
507:frontal
471:eardrum
451:malleus
447:angular
431:dentary
398:spine's
380:-like,
300:to the
294:mammals
258:Genera
250:Kretzoi
238:Order:
7412:groups
7313:Gaumia
7213:Crown-
7110:Qishou
5321:Dvinia
5088:
5044:
5004:
4996:
4935:
4881:
4873:
4789:
4781:
4713:
4667:
4632:
4624:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4437:Nature
4416:
4406:
4398:
4349:
4331:Nature
4280:
4272:
4264:
4238:Nature
4164:
4156:
4073:
4025:
4017:
3965:
3957:
3910:
3860:
3826:
3818:
3756:
3748:
3684:
3676:
3610:
3602:
3511:
3497:Nature
3473:
3465:
2981:
1549:France
1541:Norian
1049:, and
981:beaver
941:-like
893:-like
712:molars
598:lumbar
526:hyoids
505:. The
405:lumbar
340:. The
334:, and
274:is an
252:, 1946
7555:39772
7542:10722
7537:IRMNG
5203:Clade
5194:Clade
5185:Clade
5086:S2CID
5042:S2CID
5002:S2CID
4933:S2CID
4913:(PDF)
4879:S2CID
4787:S2CID
4630:JSTOR
4568:(PDF)
4477:S2CID
4278:S2CID
4189:(PDF)
4162:S2CID
4100:(PDF)
4023:S2CID
3963:S2CID
3824:S2CID
3754:S2CID
3682:S2CID
3608:S2CID
3534:(PDF)
3471:S2CID
1578:shrew
1563:India
1561:from
1020:with
891:otter
889:, an
806:-and-
716:cusps
649:Teeth
621:lack
619:tibia
582:atlas
519:orbit
491:nares
459:incus
378:otter
374:China
310:molar
276:order
226:Clade
213:Clade
200:Clade
187:Clade
7224:see
7011:Mojo
5591:see
5236:see
4994:ISSN
4871:ISSN
4779:ISSN
4711:ISSN
4665:ISBN
4622:ISSN
4469:PMID
4461:ISSN
4414:PMID
4396:ISSN
4347:ISSN
4270:PMID
4262:ISSN
4219:link
4154:ISSN
4071:ISSN
4015:ISSN
3955:PMID
3908:ISSN
3858:ISSN
3816:PMID
3746:PMID
3674:PMID
3600:PMID
3509:ISSN
3463:ISSN
3451:2007
1601:and
1533:and
1427:and
1077:and
937:, a
916:, a
847:and
822:and
762:and
710:and
639:spur
615:ulna
596:and
564:hair
509:and
382:mole
53:PreꞒ
7524:EoL
5078:doi
5066:158
5034:doi
4984:hdl
4976:doi
4925:doi
4921:314
4861:hdl
4853:doi
4771:doi
4759:494
4733:doi
4703:doi
4657:doi
4614:doi
4453:doi
4441:548
4404:PMC
4386:doi
4374:112
4339:doi
4335:632
4254:doi
4242:450
4201:doi
4146:doi
4061:doi
4057:145
4007:doi
3947:doi
3935:365
3900:doi
3896:192
3808:doi
3796:365
3738:doi
3726:347
3666:doi
3654:347
3592:doi
3580:311
3501:doi
3455:doi
1643:of
1611:of
1547:of
1501:by
372:of
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