Predestination - Knowledge (XXG)

2394:. In the Calvinist interpretation of the Bible, this doctrine normally has only pastoral value related to the assurance of salvation and the absolution of salvation by grace alone. However, the philosophical implications of the doctrine of election and predestination are sometimes discussed beyond these systematic bounds. Under the topic of the doctrine of God (theology proper), the predestinating decision of God cannot be contingent upon anything outside of himself, because all other things are dependent upon him for existence and meaning. Under the topic of the doctrines of salvation (soteriology), the predestinating decision of God is made from God's knowledge of his own will (Romans 9:15), and is therefore not contingent upon human decisions (rather, free human decisions are outworkings of the decision of God, which sets the total reality within which those decisions are made in exhaustive detail: that is, nothing left to chance). Calvinists do not pretend to understand how this works; but they are insistent that the Scriptures teach both the 623: 40: 2171: 2687:, God does not choose which individuals he will save prior to creation, but rather God chooses the church as a whole. Or put differently, God chooses what type of individuals he will save. Another way the New Testament puts this is to say that God chose the church in Christ (Eph. 1:4). In other words, God chose from all eternity to save all those who would be found in Christ, by faith in God. This choosing is not primarily about salvation from eternal destruction either but is about God's chosen agency in the world. Thus individuals have full freedom in terms of whether they become members of the church or not. Corporate election is thus consistent with the open view's position on God's omniscience, which states that God's foreknowledge does not determine the outcomes of individual free will. 2445:. Infralapsarians interpret the biblical election of God to highlight his love (1 John 4:8; Ephesians 1:4b–5a) and chose his elect considering the situation after the Fall, while supralapsarians interpret biblical election to highlight God's sovereignty (Romans 9:16) and that the Fall was ordained by God's decree of election. In infralapsarianism, election is God's response to the Fall, while in supralapsarianism the Fall is part of God's plan for election. In spite of the division, many Calvinist theologians would consider the debate surrounding the infra- and supralapsarian positions one in which scant Scriptural evidence can be mustered in either direction, and that, at any rate, has little effect on the overall doctrine. 2250:

God, it likewise is part of that providence to permit some to fall away from that end; this is called reprobation. Thus, as predestination is a part of providence, in regard to those ordained to eternal salvation, so reprobation is a part of providence in regard to those who turn aside from that end. Hence reprobation implies not only foreknowledge, but also something more, as does providence, as was said above (Q, A). Therefore, as predestination includes the will to confer grace and glory; so also reprobation includes the will to permit a person to fall into sin, and to impose the punishment of damnation on account of that sin."

2667:, or decrees damnation of some, as well as salvation for those whom he has elected. During the Protestant Reformation John Calvin held this double predestinarian view: "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death." 74: 4105:. "What is Arminianism? A) Belief that God limits himself to give human beings free will to go against his perfect will so that God did not design or ordain sin and evil (or their consequences such as innocent suffering); B) Belief that, although sinners cannot achieve salvation on their own, without 'prevenient grace' (enabling grace), God makes salvation possible for all through Jesus Christ and offers free salvation to all through the gospel. 'A' is called 'limited providence,' 'B' is called 'predestination by foreknowledge.'" 2215:

come to know or accept the gospel revelation or to enter the Church. (...) For such people salvation in Christ is accessible by virtue of a grace which, while having a mysterious relationship to the Church, does not make them formally part of the Church but enlightens them in a way which is accommodated to their spiritual and material situation. This grace comes from Christ; it is the result of his Sacrifice and is communicated by the Holy Spirit. It enables each person to attain salvation through his or her free cooperation.

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punishment due to sin, to dwell forever in his presence. Those who are being saved are assured through the gifts of faith, the sacraments, and communion with God through prayer and increase of good works, that their reconciliation with him through Christ is settled by the sovereign determination of God's will. God also has particular consciousness of those who are passed over by his selection, who are without excuse for their rebellion against him, and will be judged for their sins.

2625:) which results by allowing the individual's own sins to condemn them. Calvin himself defines predestination as "the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. Not all are created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestined to life or to death." 598: 1026: 2758: 1658: 922: 910: 552: 2606:, but not the proximate source or "author" of sin. Infralapsarians often emphasize a difference between God's decree (which is inviolable and inscrutable), and his revealed will (against which man is disobedient). Proponents also typically emphasize the grace and mercy of God toward all men, although teaching also that only some are predestined for salvation. 1867:). Similarly, Wright's interpretation is that in this passage Paul teaches that God will save those whom he has chosen, but Wright also emphasizes that Paul does not intend to suggest that God has eliminated human free will or responsibility. Instead, Wright asserts, Paul is saying that God's will works through that of humans to accomplish salvation. 934: 1897:, which was made by an Essene convert into Christianity, might possibly suggest a predestinarian worldview, where God chooses who are saved and go into heaven, although there is controversy about what it teaches. The Odes of Solomon talks about God "imprinting a seal on the face of the elect before they existed". The 2723:. Thus, Middle Knowledge holds that before the world was created, God knew what every existing creature capable of libertarian freedom (e.g. every individual human) would freely choose to do in all possible circumstances. It then holds that based on this information, God elected from a number of these 2644:

is the doctrine that God's decree of predestination for salvation and reprobation logically precedes his preordination of the human race's fall into sin. That is, God decided to save, and to damn; he then determined the means by which that would be made possible. It is a matter of controversy whether

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Debate concerning predestination according to the common usage concerns the destiny of the damned: whether God is just if that destiny is settled prior to the existence of any actual volition of the individual, and whether the individual is in any meaningful sense responsible for his destiny if it is

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of 1561 affirmed that God "delivers and preserves" from perdition "all whom he, in his eternal and unchangeable council, of mere goodness hath elected in Christ Jesus our Lord, without respect to their works" (Article XVI). Calvinists believe that God picked those whom he will save and bring with him

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our efforts. Both combine in a person to bring progress and carry him to the goal. (God's) foreknowledge is unfathomable. It is enough for us with our whole heart to believe that it never opposes God's grace and truth, and that it does not infringe man's freedom. Usually this resolves as follows: God

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meaning, assuming the fall into sin). The different terminology has the benefit of distinguishing the Calvinist double predestination version of infralapsarianism from Lutheranism's view that predestination is a mystery, which forbids the unprofitable intrusion of prying minds since God only reveals

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On the spectrum of beliefs concerning predestination, Calvinism is the strongest form among Christians. It teaches that God's predestining decision is based on the knowledge of his own will rather than foreknowledge, concerning every particular person and event; and, God continually acts with entire

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Augustine also teaches that people have free will. For example, in "On Grace and Free Will", (see especially chapters II–IV) Augustine states that "He has revealed to us, through His Holy Scriptures, that there is in man a free choice of will," and that "God's precepts themselves would be of no use

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The universality of salvation means that it is granted not only to those who explicitly believe in Christ and have entered the Church. Since salvation is offered to all, it must be made concretely available to all. But it is clear that today, as in the past, many people do not have an opportunity to

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believed in a form of predestination, in his view humans are born into one of three natures, depending on which elements prevail in the person. In the views of Valentinus, a person born with a bad nature can never be saved because they are too inclined into evil, some people have a nature which is a

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Based on this Middle Knowledge, God has the ability to actualise the world in which A is placed in a circumstance that he freely chooses to do what is consistent with Gods ultimate will. If God determined that the world most suited to his purposes is a world in which A would freely choose Y instead

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God does reprobate some. For it was said above (A) that predestination is a part of providence. To providence, however, it belongs to permit certain defects in those things which are subject to providence, as was said above (Q, A). Thus, as men are ordained to eternal life through the providence of

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promised not from the power of our will but from His own predestination. For He promised what He Himself would do, not what men would do. Because, although men do those good things which pertain to God's worship, He Himself makes them to do what He has commanded; it is not they that cause Him to do

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Biblical scholars have interpreted this passage in several ways. Many say this only has to do with service, and is not about salvation. The Catholic biblical commentator Brendan Byrne wrote that the predestination mentioned in this passage should be interpreted as applied to the Christian community

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We know that in everything God works for good with those who love him, who are called according to his purpose. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the first-born among many brethren. And those whom he predestined he also

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Some Calvinists decline to describe the eternal decree of God in terms of a sequence of events or thoughts, and many caution against the simplifications involved in describing any action of God in speculative terms. Most make distinctions between the positive manner in which God chooses some to be

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preached the doctrine of double predestination, although Jansenism claimed that even members of the saved elect could lose their salvation by doing sinful, un-repented deeds, as implied in Ezekiel 18:21–28 in the Old Testament of the Bible. According to the Roman Catholic Church, God does not will

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says, "To God, all moments of time are present in their immediacy. When therefore He establishes His eternal plan of 'predestination', He includes in it each person's free response to his grace." Therefore, in the Roman Catholic conception of predestination, free will is not denied. However, Roman

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based solely on his own goodness rather than that of creatures. Aquinas also believed that people are free in their choices, fully cause their own sin, and are solely responsible for it. According to Aquinas, there are several ways in which God wills actions. He directly wills the good, indirectly

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historically hold to unconditional election to salvation. However, some do not believe that there are certain people that are predestined to salvation, but salvation is predestined for those who seek God. Lutherans believe Christians should be assured that they are among the predestined. However,

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taught that God does not cause human choices and equated predestination with divine foreknowledge. Though Ockham taught that God predestines based on people's foreseen works, he maintained that God's will was not constrained to do this. Medieval theologians who believed in predestination include:

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argues that Josephus's portrayal of these groups is incorrect, and that the Jewish debates referenced by Josephus should be seen as having to do with God's work to liberate Israel rather than philosophical questions about predestination. Wright asserts that Essenes were content to wait for God to

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rejected the idea that God permits rather than actively decrees the damnation of sinners, as well as other evil. Calvin did not believe God to be guilty of sin, but rather he considered God inflicting sin upon his creations to be an unfathomable mystery. Though he maintained God's predestination

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In this way, Middle Knowledge is thought of by its proponents to be consistent with any theological doctrines that assert God as having divine providence and man having a libertarian freedom (e.g. Calvinism, Catholicism, Lutheranism), and to offer a potential solution to the concerns that God's

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in the fourteenth. Some trace this doctrine to statements made by Augustine in the early fifth century that on their own also seem to teach double predestination, but in the context of his other writings it is not clear whether he held this view. In "The City of God," Augustine describes all of

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doctrine is that God has mercy or withholds it, with particular consciousness of who are to be the recipients of mercy in Christ. Therefore, the particular persons are chosen, out of the total number of human beings, who will be rescued from enslavement to sin and the fear of death, and from

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for all free creatures. That is, what any individual creature with a free will (e.g. a human) would do under any given circumstance. God's knowledge of counterfactuals is reasoned to occur logically prior to his divine creative decree (that is, prior to creation), and after his knowledge of

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on the one who wills to have faith in God for salvation. This means that God does not predetermine, but instead infallibly knows who will believe and perseveringly be saved. Although God knows from the beginning of the world who will go where, the choice is still with the individual.

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consists in assuming that "we are the ones who choose God or that God chooses us (in his foreknowledge) because of something worthy in us", and argued that it is God's grace that causes the individual act of faith. Scholars are divided over whether Augustine's teaching implies

1933:(354–430) also taught that God orders all things while preserving human freedom. Prior to 396, Augustine believed that predestination was based on God's foreknowledge of whether individuals would believe, that God's grace was "a reward for human assent". Later, in response to 1991:

emphasized the freedom of the human will in his doctrine of predestination, and argued that acts arising from peoples' wills are not part of God's providence at all. Damascene teaches that people's good actions are done in cooperation with God, but are not caused by him.

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saw themselves as children of the light, but the ones who were not part of the elect community were sons of darkness. The Thomasines thus had a belief in a type of election or predestination, they saw themselves as elect because they were born from the light.

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Answer: The fact that the Kingdom of God is "taken by force" presupposes personal effort. When the Apostle Paul says, "it is not of him that willeth," this means that one's efforts do not produce what is sought. It is necessary to combine them: to strive

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laid the foundation for much of the later Roman Catholic teaching on predestination. His teachings on grace and free will were largely adopted by the Second Council of Orange (529), whose decrees were directed against the Semipelagians. Augustine wrote,

2591:, which distinguishes God's election and predestination for corporate entities such as the community "in Christ," and individuals who can benefit from that community's election and predestination so long as they continue belonging to that community. 1946:, or the belief that God chooses some people for damnation as well as some for salvation. Catholic scholars tend to deny that he held such a view while some Protestants and secular scholars affirm that Augustine did believe in double predestination. 2675:

humanity as being predestinated for salvation (i.e., the city of God) or damnation (i.e., the earthly city of man); but Augustine also held that all human beings were born "reprobate" but "need not necessarily remain" in that state of reprobation.

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to describe Calvinistic systems that assert without qualification that God's intention to destroy some is equal to his intention to save others. Some forms of Hyper-Calvinism have racial implications, as when Dutch Calvinist theologian

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Catholic theology has discouraged beliefs that it is possible for anyone to know or predict anything about the operation and outcomes of predestination, and therefore it normally plays a very small role in Roman Catholic thinking.

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Calvinists who hold the infralapsarian view of predestination usually prefer that term to "sublapsarianism," perhaps with the intent of blocking the inference that they believe predestination is on the basis of foreknowledge

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to expect all things from grace. It is not one's own efforts that will lead to the goal, because without grace, efforts produce little; nor does grace without effort bring what is sought, because grace acts in us and for us

2513: 1883:, writing in the third century, taught that God's providence extends to every individual. He believed God's predestination was based on God's foreknowledge of every individual's merits, whether in their current life or a 2602:(also called sublapsarianism) holds that predestination logically coincides with the preordination of Man's fall into sin. That is, God predestined sinful men for salvation. Therefore, according to this view, God is the 5465: 2039:

monk, argued that God predestines some people to hell as well as predestining some to heaven, a view known as double predestination. He was condemned by several synods, but his views remained popular. Irish theologian

1544: 2422:. This justified racial hierarchy on earth, as well as racial segregation of congregations, but did not exclude blacks from being part of the elect. Other Calvinists vigorously objected to these arguments (see 2890:

Malan, J. C. (1983). "Enochic (apocalyptic) and Christian perspectives on relationships: A tentative comparison of striking aspects and underlying lines of thinking revealed in 1 Enoch and the New Testament".

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responded that Josephus's description was an over-simplification and there were likely to be complex differences between these groups which may have been similar to those described by Josephus.

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in the late fifth century condemned the position "that some have been condemned to death, others have been predestined to life", though this may seem to follow from Augustine's teaching. The

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wrote a refutation of Gottschalk. Eriugena abandoned Augustine's teaching on predestination. He wrote that God's predestination should be equated with his foreknowledge of people's choices.

4186: 2330:, Lutherans do not believe in a predestination to damnation. Instead, Lutherans teach eternal damnation is a result of the unbeliever's rejection of the forgiveness of sins and unbelief. 4284: 5066: 39: 2111:

applies to damnation as well as salvation, he taught that the damnation of the damned is caused by their sin, but that the salvation of the saved is solely caused by God. Other

1859:, a Protestant biblical interpreter, reads the passage as teaching that God has predestined a certain set of people to salvation, and predestined the remainder of humanity to 4467: 4022:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 589–593, section "The Doctrine of Eternal Election: 2. How Believers are to Consider Their Election, and Engelder, T.E.W., 2023:

And thus Christ's Church has never failed to hold the faith of this predestination, which is now being defended with new solicitude against these modern heretics – Augustine.

2170: 2833: 2418:, according to Genesis 9:18–19, or drew analogies between them and the Canaanites, suggesting a "chosen people" ideology similar to that espoused by proponents of the 4815: 2505: 1534: 4514: 1791:

argued that God's providence orders all human events, but the Pharisees still maintained that people are able to choose between right and wrong. He wrote that the

4075:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 637, section "The Doctrine of the Last Things (Eschatology), part 7. "Eternal Damnation", and Engelder, T.E.W., 2155:

foresees how a man will freely act and makes dispositions accordingly. Divine determination depends on the life of a man, and not his life upon the determination.

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himself, based on I John 2:22–23 in The New Testament of the Bible. Some Dutch settlers in South Africa argued that black people were sons of Ham, whom Noah had

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if Free Creature A was to be placed in Circumstance C, God via his Middle Knowledge would know that Free Creature A will freely choose option Z over option Y.

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if Free Creature A was to be placed in Circumstance B, God via his Middle Knowledge would know that Free Creature A will freely choose option Y over option Z.

4753: 4000:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 585–589, section "The Doctrine of Eternal Election: 1. The Definition of the Term", and Engelder, T.E.W., 2645:

or not Calvin himself held this view, but most scholars link him with the infralapsarian position. It is known, however, that Calvin's successor in Geneva,

4629:. pp. 77, 83–87, explaining the resemblances of this Catholic dogma with, and the divergences from, the teaching of Calvin and Luther on this matter. 2583:, and is the belief that God chooses whomever he will, based solely on his purposes and apart from an individual's free will. It has long been an issue in 2629:

freedom, in order to bring about his will in completeness, but in such a way that the freedom of the creature is not violated, "but rather, established".

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also attacked the doctrine of predestination set out by Valentinus, arguing that it is unfair. For Irenaeus, humans were free to choose salvation or not.

1815:, a document dated to the first century AD, that Jewish beliefs in predestination are primarily concerned with God's choice to save some individual Jews. 5059: 4371: 3448:"Henry Wace: Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies" 2056:

wills evil consequences of good things, and only permits evil. Aquinas held that in permitting evil, God does not will it to be done or not to be done.

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mixture of good and evil, thus they can choose salvation, and others have a good nature, who will be saved, because they will be inclined into good.

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PhD, Mary A. Ehle; Hiesberger, Jean Marie; Mazza, Biagio; CSJ, Mary M. McGlone; OSB, Abbot Gregory J. Polan; Simeone, Denise; Turner, Paul (2014).

2617:, after whom Calvinism is named, is sometimes referred to as "double predestination" because in it God predestines some people for salvation (i.e. 5836: 2641: 2599: 4194: 4865: 2489:. Thus predestination in Arminianism is based on divine foreknowledge, unlike in Calvinism. It is therefore a predestination by foreknowledge. 1644: 1591: 694: 270: 2326:

they disagree with those who make predestination the source of salvation rather than Christ's suffering, death, and resurrection. Unlike some

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believed that despite predestination being a work that God does, God only decides to predestinate based on how human beings will respond.

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recipients of grace, and the manner in which grace is consciously withheld so that some are destined for everlasting punishments.

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in 431. Pelagius denied Augustine's view of predestination in order to affirm that salvation is achieved by an act of free will.

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The Emergence of Contemporary Judaism, Part I and II: The Foundations of Judaism from Biblical Origins to the Sixth Century A.D

2239:' views concerning predestination are largely in agreement with Augustine and can be summarized by many of his writings in his 1336: 31: 5851: 5846: 4801: 4659: 4634: 2529: 2524:

selected ("foreordained") particular people to fulfill certain missions ("callings") during their mortal lives. For example,

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Here, sub- is opposed to super- or supra- in a sense related to volition and/or necessity. Cf., for relapse of same origin,

3297: 1961:, this was a disturbing innovation. This new tension eventually became obvious with the confrontation between Augustine and 1767:

affirms free will, where God allows a choice of bad or good before the human and thus they can choose which one to follow.

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to a man unless he had free choice of will, so that by performing them he might obtain the promised rewards." (chap. II)

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what He has promised. Otherwise the fulfilment of God's promises would not be in the power of God, but in that of men"

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argued that Jews, because of their refusal to worship Jesus Christ, were members of the non-elect, as also argued by

2710:. It attempts to deal with the topic of predestination by reconciling God's sovereign providence with the notion of 5689: 5358: 4991: 4961: 4870: 4639: 3447: 2773: 2338: 118: 4748: 2536:. However, all such persons foreordained retain their agency in mortality to fulfill that foreordination or not. 5553: 5001: 4976: 4850: 4824: 4768: 4685:

John Plaifere (d.1632) on Conditional Predestination: A Well-mixed Version of scientia media and Resistible Grace

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Sin, Grace and Free Will: A Historical Survey of Christian Thought (Volume 1): The Apostolic Fathers to Augustine

2564: 2533: 2419: 1571: 1524: 1514: 1369: 1209: 1172: 73: 5598: 5505: 4949: 4934: 4880: 4875: 4671: 2470: 2179: 2081: 1981: 1639: 1586: 869: 854: 730: 725: 4041: 4037: 4027:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 127–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 180. 4006:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 124–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 176. 2609:

In common English parlance, the doctrine of predestination often has particular reference to the doctrines of

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wrote during the first century that the three main Jewish sects differed on this question. He argued that the

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In this common, loose sense of the term, to affirm or to deny predestination has particular reference to the

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The Bible and the Holy Fathers for Orthodox: Daily Scripture Readings and Commentary for Orthodox Christians

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in response to the question, "What is the relationship between the Divine provision and our free will?"

2002:, who was a pupil of Augustine, wrote five books against Pelagianism and one book about predestination. 1943: 1725: 1469: 1275: 1260: 1184: 1073: 1038: 1009: 822: 647: 174: 151: 113: 4081:. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 135–136, Part XXXIX. "Eternal Death", paragraph 196. 1295: 5866: 5546: 5434: 5294: 4845: 2556: 2493: 2482: 2308: 2137: 2112: 2041: 2032: 1995: 1958: 1905: 1830: 1776: 1068: 956: 874: 776: 689: 528: 447: 383: 378: 160: 123: 1984:

in 529 also condemned the position that "some have been truly predestined to evil by divine power".

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called; and those whom he called he also justified; and those whom he justified he also glorified.

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rejected the view that God gives free choice to believe and instead believed in predestination.

3859: 2727:, the world most consistent with his ultimate will, which is the actual world that we live in. 2375:

before the world was created. They also believe that those people God does not save will go to

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Gill and Gregg Alisson argued that Clement of Rome held to a predestinarian view of salvation.

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Fate, Providence and Free Will: Philosophy and Religion in Dialogue in the Early Imperial Age

2342:, published in 1525. This publication by Luther was in response to the published treatise by 5856: 5805: 5770: 5717: 5658: 5650: 5459: 5439: 5398: 5377: 5352: 5342: 5309: 5261: 5256: 5236: 5216: 5206: 5181: 5152: 4922: 4742: 4469:

Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer

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of Z, God can actualise a world in which Free Creature A finds himself in Circumstance B.

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The heretical seventeenth and eighteenth centuries sect within Roman Catholicism known as

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Leif Dixon, Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640; Farnham, Ashgate, 2013,

4372:"The FACTS of Salvation: A Summary of Arminian Theology/the Biblical Doctrines of Grace" 3916: 3118:

Predestined to Believe: Common Objections to the Reformed Faith Answered, Second Edition

2864: 2714:. The concept of Middle Knowledge holds that God has a knowledge of true pre-volitional 597: 5790: 5775: 5513: 5489: 5006: 4939: 4784:

Overview of the concept of predestination from the Protestant and Catholic perspectives

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Gottschalk of Orbais taught double predestination explicitly in the ninth century, and

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However some in the Qumran community possibly believed in predestination, for example

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http://freedictionary.org/index.php?Query=relapse&database=%2A&strategy=exact

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liberate Israel while Pharisees believed Jews needed to act in cooperation with God.

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were foreordained to be the Lord's servants (see Jeremiah 1:5), all who receive the

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states that "God has caused (his chosen ones) to inherit the lot of the Holy Ones".

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Augustine, The City of God (New York, N.Y.: The Modern Library, 1950), pp. 478–479.

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There is some disagreement among scholars regarding the views on predestination of

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This table summarizes the classical views of three different Protestant beliefs.

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Double predestination, or the double decree, is the doctrine that God actively

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seems to harmonize or mix together a doctrine of free will and determinism.

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were foreordained to that calling, and Jesus was foreordained to enact the

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Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge

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Catechism of the Catholic Church, section 1037; Katholieke Encyclopaedie,

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providence somehow nullifies man from having true liberty in his choices.

5810: 5732: 5031: 3198:"Odes of Solomon: Early Hymns of the Jewish Christian Mystical Tradition" 2838: 2789: 2707: 2525: 2508:(LDS Church) rejects the doctrine of predestination, but does believe in 2383:" (those God saved) would know they were saved because of their actions. 1962: 1934: 1912: 1834: 1780: 1764: 1705: 1429: 1300: 756: 500: 471: 368: 347: 294: 99: 4423:

God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation

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Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640 | Reviews in History

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Foundations for Preaching and Teaching®: Scripture Backgrounds for 2014

1784: 1728:. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious 1464: 1189: 1162: 766: 495: 461: 452: 337: 4793: 2683:

Corporate election is a non-traditional Arminian view of election. In

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contains a deterministic worldview that is combined with dualism. The

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The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election

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Evangelical Quarterly: An International Review of Bible and Theology

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Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas

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Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas

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and predestination. Arminianism is defined by God's limited mode of

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corporately rather than individuals. Another Catholic commentator,

2477:. This mode of providence affirms the compatibility between human 2169: 2036: 1938: 1132: 1094: 299: 289: 212: 188: 38: 30:

This article is about the Christian doctrine. For other uses, see

3535:"Philip Schaff: NPNF1-05. St. Augustine: Anti-Pelagian Writings" 2437:

Calvinists typically divide on the issue of predestination into

2376: 1713: 1712:, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual 5542: 5048: 4797: 3169:

Carson, D. A.; O'Brien, Peter Thomas; Seifrid, Mark A. (2001).

1921:

attacked predestinarian views held by some Greek philosophers.

1851:, wrote that this passage teaches that God has predestined the 5538: 4274: : L. relapsus, p. p. of relabi to slip back, to relapse. 2521: 2398:

of God and the responsibility and freedom of human decisions.

2191:

Roman Catholicism teaches the doctrine of predestination. The

1819: 2204:

anyone to mortally sin and so to deserve punishment in hell.

4542:

Roger E. Olson: My evangelical, Arminian theological musings

3958:. Downers Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press. p. 132. 4516:

Luther's Legacy: Salvation and English Reformers, 1525–1556

2461:

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Dutch theologian

2266: 1716:. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the 3474:"Predestination in the century before Gottschalk (Part 1)" 3145:

Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine

5109:

Issues / people / publications involved

3944:. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 2006. p. 448. 3557: 3555: 2869:

The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy

2659:

Predestination in Calvinism § Double predestination

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Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)

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Epitome of the Formula of Concord, Article 11, Election

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Epitome of the Formula of Concord, Article 11, Election

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sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024-04-08 (

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Grace and predestination from the Orthodox perspective

4563:. Vol. 6. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems. 2575:. This belief emphasizes the importance of a person's 1708:, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by 3942:

God So Loved the World: A Study of Christian Doctrine

2336:'s attitude towards predestination is set out in his 3940:

Table drawn, though not copied, from Lange, Lyle W.

3688: 3657: 5751: 5708: 5672: 5649: 5612: 5576: 3423:"Saint Prosper of Aquitaine | Christian polemicist" 2305:to salvation only, with reprobation (passing over) 3891:"In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ" 3539:www.ccel.org – Christian Classics Ethereal Library 3452:www.ccel.org – Christian Classics Ethereal Library 2051:taught that God predestines certain people to the 3954:Peterson, Robert A.; Michael D. Williams (2004). 3834:An Explanation of Certain Texts of Holy Scripture 2834:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 4788:On the Presuppositions of our Personal Salvation 4776:Academic articles on predestination and election 4596:(3 volumes). Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press. 4059:, Part XXXI. The Election of Grace, pp. 124–128. 2871:(Third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005 1833:8–11 presents a statement on predestination. In 4727:Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate 2506:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2501:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2247: 2225: 2212: 2142: 1953:expressed the view that Augustine was bringing 1839: 1535:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4646:. Rockford, Ill.: TAN Books, 1998, cop. 1939. 4581:Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (2012). 4492:Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths 4090: 3757:"Cathar Texts: The Book of the Two Principles" 5554: 5527:Articles identified (I–XII) according to the 5466:The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ 5060: 4809: 4625:. San Diego, Calif.: Catholic Answers, 2001. 4187:"God Foreordains His Prophets and His People" 3849:Catechism of the Catholic Church, section 600 2539:The LDS Church teaches the doctrine of moral 2492:From this perspective, comes the notion of a 1682: 986: 957: 574: 8: 2613:. The version of predestination espoused by 4760:by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective) 4191:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 4169:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 3507:"The Battle for Grace Alone by R.C. Sproul" 3211: 3209: 3207: 2516:of the LDS Church, teaches that during the 2469:and disagreed with Calvin in particular on 5561: 5547: 5539: 5067: 5053: 5045: 4816: 4802: 4794: 1689: 1675: 1344: 1024: 1004: 993: 979: 964: 950: 592: 581: 567: 52: 4702:"Determinism in Theology: Predestination" 4425:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 4403:. Vol. 2, books 2, 3. Translated by 2119:, also held double predestinarian views. 1929:Later in the fourth and fifth centuries, 4652:La Prédestination des saints et la grâce 4407:. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society. 3804: 3792: 3780: 3743: 3676: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 2991: 2979: 2967: 1949:Augustine's position raised objections. 4738:The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination 4321: 3820: 2856: 2595:Supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism 2441:(sometimes called 'sublapsarians') and 1795:did not have a doctrine of providence. 1494: 1347: 1016: 882: 814: 748: 702: 637: 613: 64: 4706:The Dictionary of the History of Ideas 4333: 4235:, (Henry Beveridge, trans.), III.21.5" 3731: 3719: 3707: 2453:settled by the eternal action of God. 2311:in view of foreseen faith or unbelief 695:Allegorical interpretations of Genesis 271:Allegorical interpretations of Genesis 4722:Understanding Predestination in Islam 4495:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4365: 4363: 4345: 4309: 4260:Westminster Confession of faith, Ch 3 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 3816: 3529: 3527: 3361: 2706:, and exists under a doctrine called 2638:partial knowledge to the human race. 1969:(as interpreted by Augustine) at the 7: 4745:(conservative Calvinist perspective) 4689:Reformation & Renaissance Review 4585:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4538:"Calvinism and Arminianism Compared" 4233:Institutes of the Christian Religion 3246:The Philosophy of Early Christianity 5086: 4583:Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace 4519:. Oxford: Clarendon. Archived from 4472:. Oxford: Clarendon. Archived from 4370:Brian Abasciano (25 October 2013). 3172:Justification and Variegated Nomism 2698:is a concept that was developed by 2649:, held to the supralapsarian view. 2296: 1530:Members Church of God International 5594:Novikov self-consistency principle 4374:. Society of Evangelical Arminians 4152:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology 2621:) and some for condemnation (i.e. 1779:, out of which Christianity came. 892: 25: 2947:. Liturgy Training Publications. 2567:those whom he foresees will have 1937:, Augustine said that the sin of 5862:Religious philosophical concepts 5604:Quantum mechanics of time travel 5584:Chronology protection conjecture 3917:"Whether God Reprobates any Man" 3836:, as quoted in Johanna Manley's 2756: 2193:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2099:denied the free will of humans. 1811:has also argued on the basis of 1656: 932: 920: 908: 850:Presentism (historical analysis) 621: 596: 550: 72: 4560:History of the Christian Church 4453:EncyclopaediaE (3 April 2024). 4440:EncyclopaediaE (8 April 2024). 4287:. 19 March 2015. Archived from 4165:"Gospel Topics: Foreordination" 3689:EncyclopaediaE & 2024-04-08 3658:EncyclopaediaE & 2024-04-03 2579:. The counter-view is known as 2512:. Foreordination, an important 2485:, but its incompatibility with 2429:Expressed sympathetically, the 1965:culminating in condemnation of 32:Predestination (disambiguation) 5837:Catholic theology and doctrine 3472:Gumerlock, Francis X. (2009). 2587:. An alternative viewpoint is 2401:Calvinist groups use the term 2136:view was summarized by Bishop 2019:Augustine himself stated thus: 1957:thoughts into the church. For 1724:seems incompatible with human 1540:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 1485:Nondenominational Christianity 27:Doctrine in Christian theology 1: 5700:Parallel universes in fiction 4421:dePrater, William A. (2015). 4154:, Baker Academic, 2001, p. 98 3121:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2166:Predestination in Catholicism 539:Neoplatonism and Christianity 5710:Philosophy of space and time 4782:Predestination and Free Will 4466:James, Frank A. III (1998). 4193:. LDS Church. Archived from 3243:Karamanolis, George (2021). 2764:Reformed Christianity portal 1545:Unitarians and Universalists 48:Saint Michael Weighing Souls 5415:Augsburg Confession Variata 4892:extra Ecclesiam nulla salus 4665:Park, Jae-Eun (July 2013). 4640:Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald 2879:– via Dictionary.com. 2814:Predestination in Calvinism 2362:Predestination in Calvinism 2123:Views of Christian branches 2059:In the thirteenth century, 2047:In the thirteenth century, 5883: 5690:Many-worlds interpretation 5577:General terms and concepts 5359:On the Bondage of the Will 4650:.: Trans. of the author's 4489:Levering, Matthew (2011). 4091:Stanglin & McCall 2012 3832:St. Theophan the Recluse, 2774:Biochemical Predestination 2656: 2359: 2339:On the Bondage of the Will 2163: 1753:Some have argued that the 436:Other similar developments 119:Augustinian predestination 44:Juan de la Abadía el Viejo 29: 5525: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5404: 5397: 5394: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5231: 5226: 5223: 5196: 5191: 5188: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5122: 5117: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 4831: 4769:The Catholic Encyclopedia 4623:The Salvation Controversy 4211:. churchofjesuschrist.org 3493:10.1163/27725472-08103001 2585:Calvinist–Arminian debate 283:Influences and precursors 5599:Self-fulfilling prophecy 4672:Puritan Reformed Journal 4590:Wiley, H. Orton (1940). 4536:Olson, Roger E. (2018). 4416:. London: Penguin books. 4412:Chadwick, Henry (1993). 3956:Why I am not an Arminian 3216:DeConick, April (2015). 3004:DeConick, April (2015). 2082:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 1982:Second Council of Orange 1777:first-century AD Judaism 870:Order of Saint Augustine 855:Philosophical presentism 749:Influences and followers 4704:by Robert M. Kindon in 4691:, 18.2 (2016): 155–173. 4574:Encyclopædia Britannica 4557:Schaff, Philip (1997). 4459:Encyclopædia Britannica 4446:Encyclopædia Britannica 4051:10 October 2008 at the 3992:10 October 2008 at the 3879:, chapter 1, section 10 3427:Encyclopedia Britannica 3296:Knell, Matthew (2017). 3142:Allison, Gregg (2011). 2829:Theological determinism 2819:Predestination in Islam 2547:Types of predestination 2487:theological determinism 2185:Wallraf-Richartz Museum 1987:In the eighth century, 1853:salvation of all humans 1738:theological determinism 927:Christianity portal 828:Rule of Saint Augustine 557:Christianity portal 5763:closed timelike curves 5614:Time travel in fiction 4778:(Lutheran perspective) 4756:3 October 2008 at the 3895:Anti Pelagian Writings 3148:. Zondervan Academic. 3115:Murrell, Adam (2009). 2619:unconditional election 2581:unconditional election 2392:unconditional election 2303:Unconditional election 2252: 2230: 2217: 2188: 2157: 2025: 1844: 915:Catholicism portal 741:Harmony of the Gospels 680:Augustinian hypothesis 496:Thomistic Epistemology 266:Augustinian hypothesis 50: 5852:Christian terminology 5847:Christian soteriology 5811:Traversable wormholes 5589:Closed timelike curve 4568:Stacey, John (2024). 4397:Calvin, John (1845). 2809:Predestination (film) 2712:libertarian free will 2657:Further information: 2653:Double predestination 2297:election to salvation 2173: 2090:Johannes von Staupitz 2021: 1944:double predestination 939:Philosophy portal 823:Augustinian Calvinism 721:On Christian Doctrine 631:of the Western Church 175:Divine command theory 152:Sacramental character 42: 18:Double predestination 5842:Christian philosophy 5622:Timelines in fiction 5295:Nicolaus von Amsdorf 4866:Conditional Security 3889:Augustine of Hippo. 2563:chooses for eternal 2557:Conditional election 2552:Conditional election 2518:pre-mortal existence 2494:conditional election 2483:divine foreknowledge 2309:Conditional election 2138:Theophan the Recluse 2113:Protestant Reformers 2042:John Scotus Eriugena 2033:Gottschalk of Orbais 1996:Prosper of Aquitaine 1837::28–30, Paul writes, 1771:New Testament period 1749:Pre-Christian period 1718:paradox of free will 1382:Independent Catholic 875:Great Schism of 1054 690:Augustinian theodicy 529:Western Christianity 384:Anselm of Canterbury 379:John Scotus Eriugena 362:Augustinian thinkers 161:Augustinian theodicy 124:Gift of perseverance 5659:Grandfather paradox 4825:Christian salvation 4523:on 22 December 2015 4476:on 22 December 2015 4442:"Gregory Of Rimini" 4073:Christian Dogmatics 4020:Christian Dogmatics 3998:Christian Dogmatics 3807:, pp. 105–106. 3511:Ligonier Ministries 2559:is the belief that 2424:Afrikaner Calvinism 2416:cursed to be slaves 2086:Girolamo Savonarola 2004:Fulgentius of Ruspe 1893:Some verses in the 1663:Christianity portal 1520:Jehovah's Witnesses 1200:History of theology 414:Nicolas Malebranche 199:Divine illumination 5832:Calvinist theology 5757:general relativity 5680:Alternative future 5673:Parallel timelines 5651:Temporal paradoxes 5627:in science fiction 5529:Formula of Concord 5410:Philip Melanchthon 5388:Victorinus Strigel 5338:Victorinus Strigel 5328:Philip Melanchthon 5267:Victorinus Strigel 5252:Philip Melanchthon 5247:Francesco Stancaro 5202:Philip Melanchthon 4593:Christian theology 4183:McConkie, Bruce R. 4150:Walter A. Elwell, 3876:Redemptoris Missio 2780:Clockwork universe 2685:corporate election 2679:Corporate election 2589:Corporate election 2408:Franciscus Gomarus 2344:Desiderius Erasmus 2220:Augustine of Hippo 2189: 2070:Thomas Bradwardine 2035:, a ninth-century 2008:Caesarius of Arles 1971:Council of Ephesus 1931:Augustine of Hippo 1925:Post-Nicene period 1402:Church of the East 1266:Early Christianity 896:Augustine of Hippo 883:Related categories 615:Augustine of Hippo 485:Contrary positions 467:Christian humanism 374:Isidore of Seville 259:Biblical criticism 233:Solvitur ambulando 166:Augustinian values 51: 5819: 5818: 5771:Alcubierre metric 5685:Alternate history 5536: 5535: 5520: 5519: 5435:Maximilian Mörlin 5420:Albert Hardenberg 5333:Johann Pfeffinger 5177:Descent into Hell 5169:Descent into Hell 5138:Johannes Agricola 5042: 5041: 5022:Union with Christ 4615:. Book review at 4502:978-0-19-960452-4 4432:978-1-4982-0454-5 4241:on 29 August 2006 4197:on 8 August 2020. 4078:Popular Symbolics 4071:, Mueller, J.T., 4057:Popular Symbolics 4055:, and Engelder's 4025:Popular Symbolics 4018:, Mueller, J.T., 4003:Popular Symbolics 3996:, Mueller, J.T., 3915:Aquinas, Thomas. 3746:, pp. 42–43. 3624:, pp. 78–79. 3349:, pp. 47–48. 3337:, pp. 48–49. 3309:978-0-227-90567-8 3282:978-90-04-43638-1 3256:978-0-429-62823-8 3229:978-90-04-31300-2 3182:978-3-16-146994-7 3155:978-0-310-41041-6 3128:978-1-62189-175-8 3017:978-90-04-31300-2 2954:978-1-61671-079-8 2672:Gregory of Rimini 2642:Supralapsarianism 2600:Infralapsarianism 2396:sovereign control 2368:Belgic Confession 2346:in 1524 known as 2315: 2314: 2208:Pope John Paul II 2160:Roman Catholicism 2128:Eastern Orthodoxy 2074:Gregory of Rimini 2061:William of Ockham 1959:Vincent of Lérins 1951:Julian of Eclanum 1876:Pre-Nicene period 1798:Biblical scholar 1699: 1698: 1552: 1551: 1525:Latter Day Saints 1510:Iglesia ni Cristo 1475:United Protestant 1460:Plymouth Brethren 1395:Oriental Orthodox 1003: 1002: 591: 590: 534:Catholic theology 443:Scholastic method 419:John Henry Newman 404:Gregory of Rimini 16:(Redirected from 5874: 5806:van Stockum dust 5718:Butterfly effect 5563: 5556: 5549: 5540: 5460:Gnesio-Lutherans 5440:Johannes Saliger 5425:Joachim Westphal 5399:Crypto-Calvinist 5378:Matthias Flacius 5353:Gnesio-Lutherans 5343:Matthias Flacius 5310:Gnesio-Lutherans 5262:Andreas Musculus 5257:Matthias Flacius 5237:Andreas Osiander 5217:Gnesio-Lutherans 5207:Matthias Flacius 5182:Johannes Aepinus 5153:Matthias Flacius 5105: 5087: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5046: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4795: 4764:"Predestination" 4743:Loraine Boettner 4680: 4597: 4586: 4577: 4564: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4511:Trueman, Carl R. 4506: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4462: 4449: 4436: 4417: 4414:The Early Church 4408: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4367: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4237:. Archived from 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4066: 4060: 4035: 4029: 4013: 4007: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3921:Summa Theologica 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3830: 3824: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3213: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3112: 3106: 3105:, p. 39–40. 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2865:"Predestination" 2861: 2800:Oedipus Tyrannus 2785:Eternal security 2766: 2761: 2760: 2721:necessary truths 2696:Middle Knowledge 2691:Middle Knowledge 2463:Jacobus Arminius 2267: 2134:Eastern Orthodox 2117:Huldrych Zwingli 2088:(1452–1498) and 1989:John of Damascus 1978:Council of Arles 1871:Patristic period 1759:book of Jubilees 1736:, also known as 1720:, whereby God's 1691: 1684: 1677: 1660: 1505:Christadelphians 1435:Free Evangelical 1388:Eastern Orthodox 1345: 1296:East–West Schism 1028: 1005: 995: 988: 981: 966: 959: 952: 946: 937: 936: 935: 925: 924: 913: 912: 894: 674:Incurvatus in se 663:Invisible church 629:The Four Doctors 625: 624: 600: 593: 583: 576: 569: 555: 554: 424:Joseph Ratzinger 245:Incurvatus in se 194:Church invisible 95:Platonic realism 76: 53: 21: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5801:Tipler cylinder 5760: 5747: 5704: 5668: 5645: 5608: 5572: 5567: 5537: 5532: 5521: 5495:Girolamo Zanchi 5450:Sacramentarians 5430:Martin Chemnitz 5401: 5300:Nicolaus Gallus 5132: 5100: 5080: 5073: 5043: 5038: 4827: 4822: 4758:Wayback Machine 4698: 4664: 4604: 4602:Further reading 4589: 4580: 4570:"John Wycliffe" 4567: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4535: 4526: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4465: 4452: 4439: 4433: 4420: 4411: 4405:Henry Beveridge 4396: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4231:"Calvin, John. 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4067: 4063: 4053:Wayback Machine 4036: 4032: 4014: 4010: 3994:Wayback Machine 3977: 3973: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3831: 3827: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3476: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3275:. Brill. 2020. 3269: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3215: 3214: 3205: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2926:Sigal, Philip. 2925: 2924: 2920: 2893:Neotestamentica 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2824:Providentialism 2762: 2755: 2752: 2725:possible worlds 2716:counterfactuals 2693: 2681: 2661: 2655: 2597: 2554: 2549: 2503: 2459: 2443:supralapsarians 2439:infralapsarians 2403:Hyper-Calvinism 2364: 2358: 2320: 2262: 2257: 2242:Summa Theologiæ 2168: 2162: 2130: 2125: 2105: 2053:beatific vision 2030: 2000:Marius Mercator 1927: 1895:Odes of Solomon 1878: 1873: 1849:Joseph Fitzmyer 1773: 1751: 1746: 1695: 1632: 1631: 1602:Other religions 1562: 1554: 1553: 1342: 1341: 1321: 1320: 1241: 1240: 1220: 1219: 1153: 1143: 1142: 1103: 1102: 1084: 1083: 1049: 1048: 999: 970: 944: 933: 931: 919: 907: 900: 899: 898: 891: 711:The City of God 633: 630: 622: 587: 549: 544: 543: 524: 516: 515: 486: 478: 477: 476: 457: 437: 429: 428: 364: 354: 353: 352: 333: 309: 284: 276: 275: 261: 251: 250: 227: 219: 218: 217: 203: 184: 170: 156: 142: 138:Absence of good 133:Just war theory 128: 109: 89: 81: 79:Saint Augustine 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5824: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5791:Krasnikov tube 5788: 5783: 5778: 5776:BTZ black hole 5773: 5767: 5765: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5743:Predestination 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5514:Georg Calixtus 5510: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5490:Johann Marbach 5487: 5485:Predestination 5481: 5478: 5477:Predestination 5475: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5402:and Saligerian 5396: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5098: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5007:Sanctification 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4977:Reconciliation 4974: 4972:Recapitulation 4969: 4967:Predestination 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4940:Means of grace 4937: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4761: 4746: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4717:Predestination 4714: 4709: 4697: 4696:External links 4694: 4693: 4692: 4681: 4662: 4644:Predestination 4637: 4619: 4613:978-1409463863 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4587: 4578: 4565: 4554: 4533: 4507: 4501: 4486: 4463: 4450: 4437: 4431: 4418: 4409: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4359: 4350: 4348:, p. 147. 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4291:on 1 June 2023 4276: 4263: 4252: 4222: 4200: 4174: 4156: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4093:, p. 190. 4083: 4061: 4030: 4008: 3971: 3964: 3946: 3933: 3907: 3881: 3863: 3860:praedestinatie 3851: 3842: 3825: 3819:, p. 30; 3809: 3797: 3795:, p. 104. 3785: 3783:, p. 102. 3773: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3681: 3679:, pp. 37. 3669: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3551: 3523: 3498: 3487:(3): 195–209. 3464: 3439: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3388:, p. 233. 3378: 3376:, p. 232. 3366: 3364:, p. 102. 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3308: 3288: 3281: 3262: 3255: 3235: 3228: 3203: 3188: 3181: 3161: 3154: 3134: 3127: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3016: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2953: 2933: 2918: 2882: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2751: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2704:Luis de Molina 2692: 2689: 2680: 2677: 2654: 2651: 2604:ultimate cause 2596: 2593: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2510:foreordination 2502: 2499: 2458: 2455: 2360:Main article: 2357: 2354: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2295:Unconditional 2293: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2237:Thomas Aquinas 2180:Last Judgement 2175:Stefan Lochner 2164:Main article: 2161: 2158: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2104: 2101: 2080:(1320s–1384), 2049:Thomas Aquinas 2029: 2026: 1926: 1923: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1809:Francis Watson 1772: 1769: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1734:predeterminism 1732:; and usually 1702:Predestination 1697: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1563: 1561:Related topics 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1499: 1498: 1496:Restorationist 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1271:Church Fathers 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1160: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1001: 1000: 998: 997: 990: 983: 975: 972: 971: 969: 968: 961: 954: 943: 942: 941: 929: 917: 902: 901: 890: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 825: 817: 816: 815:Related topics 812: 811: 810: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 751: 750: 746: 745: 744: 743: 738: 736:On the Trinity 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 705: 704: 700: 699: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 670: 668:Predestination 665: 660: 655: 653:Amillennialism 650: 648:Divine command 642: 641: 639:Augustinianism 635: 634: 626: 618: 617: 611: 610: 602: 601: 589: 588: 586: 585: 578: 571: 563: 560: 559: 546: 545: 542: 541: 536: 531: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 475: 474: 469: 464: 458: 456: 455: 450: 445: 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 409:René Descartes 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 365: 360: 359: 356: 355: 351: 350: 345: 340: 334: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 310: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 262: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 241: 236: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 216: 215: 210: 208:Theocentricism 204: 202: 201: 196: 191: 185: 183: 182: 180:Amillennialism 177: 171: 169: 168: 163: 157: 155: 154: 149: 143: 141: 140: 135: 129: 127: 126: 121: 116: 110: 108: 107: 102: 97: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 77: 69: 68: 66:Augustinianism 62: 61: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5879: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:Ubiquitarians 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Simon Musaeus 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Justus Menius 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5193:Adiaphoristic 5187: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Andreas Poach 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079:controversies 5078: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4950:Mortification 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935:Justification 4933: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908:Glorification 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4621:Akin, James. 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4324:, p. 69. 4323: 4318: 4315: 4312:, p. 30. 4311: 4306: 4303: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4226: 4223: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4171:. LDS Church. 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4016:2 Thess. 2:13 4012: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3972: 3967: 3965:0-8308-3248-3 3961: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3823:, p. 69. 3822: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3805:Levering 2011 3801: 3798: 3794: 3793:Levering 2011 3789: 3786: 3782: 3781:Levering 2011 3777: 3774: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3744:dePrater 2015 3740: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3677:dePrater 2015 3673: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3648:, p. 89. 3647: 3646:Levering 2011 3642: 3639: 3636:, p. 88. 3635: 3634:Levering 2011 3630: 3627: 3623: 3622:Levering 2011 3618: 3615: 3612:, p. 78. 3611: 3610:Levering 2011 3606: 3603: 3600:, p. 80. 3599: 3598:Levering 2011 3594: 3591: 3588:, p. 74. 3587: 3586:Levering 2011 3582: 3579: 3576:, p. 69. 3575: 3574:Levering 2011 3570: 3567: 3564:, p. 70. 3563: 3562:Levering 2011 3558: 3556: 3552: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3412:, p. 60. 3411: 3410:Levering 2011 3406: 3403: 3400:, p. 37. 3399: 3398:Levering 2011 3394: 3391: 3387: 3386:Chadwick 1993 3382: 3379: 3375: 3374:Chadwick 1993 3370: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:Levering 2011 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335:Levering 2011 3331: 3328: 3325:, p. 44. 3324: 3323:Levering 2011 3319: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3249:. Routledge. 3248: 3247: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196:Denzer, Pam. 3192: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3103:Levering 2011 3099: 3096: 3093:, p. 38. 3092: 3091:Levering 2011 3087: 3084: 3081:, p. 33. 3080: 3079:Levering 2011 3075: 3072: 3069:, p. 32. 3068: 3067:Levering 2011 3063: 3060: 3057:, p. 31. 3056: 3055:Levering 2011 3051: 3048: 3045:, p. 29. 3044: 3043:Levering 2011 3039: 3036: 3033:, p. 25. 3032: 3031:Levering 2011 3027: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2997: 2994:, p. 17. 2993: 2992:Levering 2011 2988: 2985: 2982:, p. 16. 2981: 2980:Levering 2011 2976: 2973: 2970:, p. 15. 2969: 2968:Levering 2011 2964: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2883: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2804:Greek tragedy 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2730:For example: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2647:Theodore Beza 2643: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420:Jewish nation 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2334:Martin Luther 2331: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2255:Protestantism 2254: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2095:The medieval 2093: 2092:(1460–1524). 2091: 2087: 2084:(died 1481), 2083: 2079: 2078:John Wycliffe 2076:(1300–1358), 2075: 2072:(1300–1349), 2071: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1919:Justin Martyr 1916: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1885:previous life 1882: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827:New Testament 1823: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1755:Book of Enoch 1748: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1332:Denominations 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113:New Testament 1111: 1109: 1108:Old Testament 1106: 1105: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 996: 991: 989: 984: 982: 977: 976: 974: 973: 967: 962: 960: 955: 953: 948: 947: 940: 930: 928: 923: 918: 916: 911: 906: 905: 904: 903: 897: 893: 887: 886: 881: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 860:Scholasticism 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 819: 818: 813: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 752: 747: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 701: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 675: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 644: 643: 640: 636: 632: 627:Augustine in 620: 619: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603: 599: 595: 594: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 564: 562: 561: 558: 553: 548: 547: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 520: 519: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 482: 481: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 433: 432: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 394:Giles of Rome 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 363: 358: 357: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 335: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 260: 255: 254: 247: 246: 242: 240: 239:Heroic virtue 237: 235: 234: 230: 229: 223: 222: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 153: 150: 148: 147:Concupiscence 145: 144: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 85: 84: 80: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5796:Misner space 5781:Gödel metric 5761:can contain 5742: 5506:Syncretistic 5484: 5464: 5357: 5242:Johann Funck 5108: 5101: 5095: 5090: 4997:Resurrection 4987:Regeneration 4966: 4962:Perseverance 4956:Ordo salutis 4954: 4918:Irresistible 4890: 4886:Eternal life 4876:Divinization 4767: 4749: 4737: 4705: 4688: 4676: 4670: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4626: 4622: 4592: 4582: 4573: 4559: 4546:. Retrieved 4541: 4525:. Retrieved 4521:the original 4515: 4491: 4478:. Retrieved 4474:the original 4468: 4458: 4445: 4422: 4413: 4399: 4376:. Retrieved 4353: 4341: 4329: 4322:Trueman 1994 4317: 4305: 4293:. Retrieved 4289:the original 4279: 4266: 4255: 4243:. Retrieved 4239:the original 4232: 4225: 4213:. Retrieved 4203: 4195:the original 4190: 4185:(May 1974). 4177: 4168: 4159: 4151: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4033: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4001: 3997: 3974: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3936: 3924:. Retrieved 3920: 3910: 3898:. Retrieved 3894: 3884: 3874: 3866: 3854: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3821:Trueman 1994 3812: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764:. Retrieved 3760: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3684: 3672: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3542:. Retrieved 3538: 3514:. Retrieved 3510: 3501: 3484: 3480: 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3451: 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3426: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3298: 3291: 3271: 3265: 3245: 3238: 3218: 3191: 3171: 3164: 3144: 3137: 3117: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3006: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2943: 2936: 2927: 2921: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2873:. Retrieved 2868: 2859: 2772: 2744: 2740: 2729: 2694: 2682: 2669: 2662: 2640: 2635:sublapsarian 2634: 2631: 2627: 2608: 2598: 2555: 2538: 2504: 2491: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2436: 2428: 2400: 2390:doctrine of 2385: 2365: 2349:On Free Will 2347: 2337: 2332: 2321: 2290: 2263: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2190: 2178: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2131: 2115:, including 2106: 2094: 2068:(died 868), 2058: 2046: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2012: 1994: 1986: 1975: 1948: 1928: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1892: 1889: 1879: 1845: 1840: 1824: 1817: 1805:John Barclay 1800:N. T. Wright 1797: 1774: 1763: 1752: 1701: 1700: 1567:Civilization 1407: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1377:Old Catholic 1357: 1215:Universalism 1138:New Covenant 1074:Resurrection 1018:Christianity 840:Neoplatonism 833:Augustinians 762:Saint Monica 672: 667: 658:Original sin 628: 448:Anselmianism 243: 231: 105:Original sin 47: 36: 5867:Determinism 5786:Kerr metric 5723:Determinism 5664:Causal loop 5570:Time travel 5445:Philippists 5348:Philippists 5320:Synergistic 5305:Philippists 5285:Georg Major 5212:Philippists 5158:Philippists 5096:Controversy 4903:Forgiveness 4708:(1973–1974) 4679:(2): 65–90. 4527:15 December 4480:14 December 4455:"Ratramnus" 4334:Calvin 1845 4215:29 November 4141:, ‌. 4129:, Chap. 26. 4117:, Chap. 14. 3983:Eph. 1:4–11 3732:Schaff 1997 3720:Schaff 1997 3708:Stacey 2024 3302:. ISD LLC. 2702:theologian 2623:Reprobation 2615:John Calvin 2467:Arminianism 2465:formulated 2457:Arminianism 2412:John Calvin 2318:Lutheranism 2284:Arminianism 2274:Lutheranism 2183:, c. 1435. 2108:John Calvin 2103:Reformation 2028:Middle Ages 1967:Pelagianism 1861:reprobation 1857:Douglas Moo 1730:determinism 1722:omniscience 1455:Pentecostal 1337:(full list) 1311:Reformation 1276:Constantine 1195:Christology 1185:Apologetics 1178:Holy Spirit 1099:Foundations 1069:Crucifixion 945:This box: 845:Pelagianism 787:Bonaventure 731:Enchiridion 726:Soliloquies 716:Confessions 491:Pelagianism 399:Duns Scotus 389:Bonaventure 5826:Categories 5753:Spacetimes 5728:Eternalism 5695:Multiverse 5277:Majoristic 5228:Osiandrian 5148:Anton Otto 5119:Antinomian 5102:Resolution 4992:Repentance 4982:Redemption 4930:Imputation 4923:Prevenient 4871:Conversion 4836:Absolution 4741:(1932) by 4683:_______. " 4660:0895556340 4635:1888992182 4346:James 1998 4310:James 1998 4295:19 October 4139:Olson 2018 4127:Wiley 1940 4115:Wiley 1940 4103:Olson 2018 4042:2 Pet. 3:9 4038:1 Tim. 2:4 3979:Acts 13:48 3872:encyclical 3817:James 1998 3766:1 December 3761:gnosis.org 3544:2 December 3516:1 December 3457:2 December 3432:29 October 3362:James 1998 2846:References 2665:reprobates 2530:priesthood 2475:providence 2328:Calvinists 2260:Comparison 1906:Valentinus 1899:Thomasines 1515:Irvingians 1480:Waldensian 1420:Anabaptist 1409:Protestant 329:Tertullian 5738:Free will 5634:Time loop 5012:Synergism 5002:Salvation 4945:Monergism 4851:Atonement 4846:Assurance 4548:27 August 4544:. Patheos 4336:, 3.21.7. 4069:Hos. 13:9 3840:, p. 609. 3222:. Brill. 3010:. Brill. 2905:0254-8356 2899:: 84–96. 2851:Citations 2795:Jansenism 2611:Calvinism 2577:free will 2565:salvation 2534:atonement 2479:free will 2431:Calvinist 2388:Calvinist 2356:Calvinism 2323:Lutherans 2279:Calvinism 2201:Jansenism 2187:, Cologne 2066:Ratramnus 1955:Manichean 1865:damnation 1793:Sadducees 1789:Pharisees 1726:free will 1622:Symbolism 1582:Ecumenism 1572:Criticism 1450:Moravian 1445:Methodist 1415:Adventist 1286:Augustine 1236:Tradition 1210:Salvation 1079:Ascension 865:Jansenism 772:Possidius 511:Jansenism 506:Calvinism 114:Free will 5733:Fatalism 5077:Lutheran 5032:Blessing 4881:Election 4841:Adoption 4754:Archived 4513:(1994). 4209:"Agency" 4049:Archived 3990:Archived 3926:23 March 3900:23 March 2913:43047851 2839:Vocation 2790:Fatalism 2750:See also 2708:Molinism 2526:prophets 2514:doctrine 2471:election 2291:Election 1963:Pelagius 1935:Pelagius 1913:Irenaeus 1835:Romans 8 1781:Josephus 1765:Ben Sira 1706:theology 1640:Glossary 1587:Glossary 1470:Reformed 1440:Lutheran 1425:Anglican 1359:Catholic 1301:Crusades 1291:Ignatius 1281:Councils 1246:Apostles 1151:Theology 1064:Ministry 1054:Nativity 1010:a series 1008:Part of 757:Plotinus 685:Just war 607:a series 605:Part of 501:Palamism 472:Molinism 369:Boethius 348:Plotinus 295:Socrates 100:Filioque 88:Thoughts 58:a series 56:Part of 5857:Destiny 5639:in film 5502:1640-86 5474:1561–63 5395:1560–75 5370:Flacian 5367:1560–75 5317:1555–60 5274:1551–62 5224:1549–66 5189:1548–55 5166:1533–53 5115:1527–56 5104: 5027:Worship 5017:Theosis 4861:Calling 4856:Baptism 4391:Sources 4245:21 June 3734:, § 76. 3722:, § 75. 3175:. 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