272:
Dionysus takes place there. The Archon lived in the
Prytaneum, the Polemarch in the Epilyceum. The latter building was formerly called the Polemarcheum, but after Epilycus, during his term of office as Polemarch, had rebuilt it and fitted it up, it was called the Epilyceum. The Thesmothetae occupied the Thesmotheteum. In the time of Solon, however, they all came together into the Thesmotheteum. They had power to decide cases finally on their own authority, not, as now, merely to hold a preliminary hearing. Such then was the arrangement of the magistracies. The Council of Areopagus had as its constitutionally assigned duty the protection of the laws; but in point of fact it administered the greater and most important part of the government of the state, and inflicted personal punishments and fines summarily upon all who misbehaved themselves. This was the natural consequence of the facts that the Archons were elected under qualifications of birth and wealth, and that the Areopagus was composed of those who had served as Archons; for which latter reason the membership of the Areopagus is the only office which has continued to be a life-magistracy to the present day.
319:
nine
Archons and the Treasurers were elected by this body from persons possessing an unencumbered property of not less than ten minas, the less important officials from those who could furnish themselves with a military equipment, and the generals and commanders of the cavalry from those who could show an unencumbered property of not less than a hundred minas, and had children born in lawful wedlock over ten years of age. These officers were required to hold to bail the Prytanes, the Strategi, and the Hipparchi of the preceding year until their accounts had been audited, taking four securities of the same class as that to which the Strategi and the Hipparchi belonged.
125:
29:
345:' more-detailed version also refers to Herodotus' "Prytanes of Naucrari." He wrote: "Those to whom the people had confided the keeping of the citadel, seeing the partisans of Cylon perish at the feet of the statue of Minerva, caused them to go out of the citadel, promising them that no harm would be done to them." As Thucydides had mentioned in his account of the Cylonian affair, the nine Archons were the people entrusted with the citadel.
212:. Four hundred and one Council members were chosen by lot from hoplites at least 30 years of age. No one could be elected by lot more than once to serve on the council until the Council "cast the lot afresh": again included every eligible individual for the next Council when everyone had served a turn. Election to political positions in Athens was based on
422:
176:
Although the full
Draconian constitution no longer exists, severe punishments were reportedly meted out to those convicted of offenses as minor as stealing an apple. There may have been only one penalty, execution, for all convicted violators of the Draconian constitution and the laws were said to be
107:
codified basic law during the mid-seventh century BC, Athenian oral law was manipulated by the aristocracy until the emergence of Draco's code. Around 621 BC the people of Athens commissioned Draco to devise a written law code and constitution, giving him the title of the first legislator of Athens.
271:
Such, then, is the relative chronological precedence of these offices. At that time the nine
Archons did not all live together. The King occupied the building now known as the Boculium, near the Prytaneum, as may be seen from the fact that even to the present day the marriage of the King's wife to
132:
The need for written laws began with the unequal access to legal knowledge of the aristocracy as compared with the general populace; the established laws of Athens were inefficiently formulated in the spoken language and often modified and re-evaluated. The aristocratic exploitation of this system
1169:
The mere mention of description of the
Assembly is contributed towards a statement outlining the penalization of dismissing a sitting of the Council or the Assembly: "If any member of the Council failed to attend when there was a sitting of the Council or of the Assembly, he paid a fine ..."
318:
Such was, in outline, the first constitution, but not very long after the events above recorded, in the archonship of
Aristaichmus, Draco enacted his ordinances. Now his constitution had the following form. The franchise was given to all who could furnish themselves with a military equipment. The
742:
These two terms are debated in specificity to their materialistic structure and functionality. The following quote describes both terms: "Robertson says axones and kyrbeis were not names for the same thing: the axones were revolving wooden beams, while kyrbeis were standing pillars in the Royal
543:
The result of the institution of the
Draconian constitution resulted as such, becoming its essential, consequential purpose of existence and incorporation: "The rulers decided that all the cruel laws they had passed whenever the impulse seized them should be arranged in a single plainly stated
301:
and its first constitution in 1556 BC, its legal framework would have functioned for over 900 years before Draco codified the laws and drafted his constitution around 620 BC. Therefore, subsequently, commentators assume that the phrase "not very long after" refers instead to the more-recent
140:
To minimize the incidence of these feuds, the governing aristocratic families of Athens decided to abandon their concealed system of legal proposals and amendments and promulgate them to
Athenian society in writing. They authorized Draco, an aristocratic legislator, to construct the written
743:
Stoa" (Gill, op. cit.) The following describes the term "axone" particularly: "These beams were called axones, a word meaning 'axles', because the ends of each beam were pivoted and placed within a frame in such a way that they could be rotated."
404:. Although the Draconian constitution is not mentioned by contemporary historians, his position as a political and constitutional reformer and a lawgiver was emphasized by Aristotle (despite the repeal of most of his laws, except those governing
373:
These officers were required to hold to bail the
Prytanes, the Strategi, and the Hipparchi of the preceding year until their accounts had been audited, taking four securities of the same class as that to which the Strategi and the Hipparchi
977:
According to
Aristotle's description of these laws, the new Constitution gave political rights to those Athenians 'who bore arms', in other words, those Athenians wealthy enough to afford the bronze armor and weapons of a
1118:... and that the Areopagus was composed of those who had served as Archons; for which latter reason the membership of the Areopagus is the only office which has continued to be a life-magistracy to the present day.
141:
constitution, and he began to write the text around 621 BC. To promulgate the new constitution, its text was inscribed on displaying devices. As a result, the Draconian constitution was accessible to the literate.
1277:
Each tribe was divided into three Trittyes , with twelve Naucraries in each; and the Naucraries had officers of their own, called Naucrari, whose duty it was to superintend the current receipts and expenditure.
661:
The distinctive privilege which the nobles had always enjoyed was the exclusive knowledge and administration of the laws. They were, then, open to the charge of exercising this privilege in their own favor.
160:
And Draco himself, they say, being asked why he made death the penalty for most offences, replied that in his opinion the lesser ones deserved it, and for the greater ones no heavier penalty could be found.
1038:... and the generals and commanders of the cavalry from those who could show an unencumbered property of not less than a hundred minas, and had children born in lawful wedlock over ten years of age.
188:
were entitled to participate in political life; they could vote and hold minor state official positions. To hold higher positions, property was required. Hoplites with debt-free property valued at ten
544:
system; thus, at least, the nobles could no longer twist the laws as they willed; and a poor man might know what the law really was, and so avoid breaking it unconsciously."
795:
Another result of the codification of laws by Draco – and the only part that remained part of the legal code – was the introduction of the concept of 'intention to murder'.
564:
547:
152:. Since murder cases were tried by the state, feuds as a form of justice became illegal. The homicide laws were the only laws retained by the early-6th-century BC
628:(The text is set in context during the time of aristocracy of the state of Athens before the establishment of the Draconian constitution, so before circa 620 BC.)
275:
Such was, in outline, the first constitution, but not very long after the events above recorded, in the archonship of Aristaichmus, Draco enacted his ordinances.
532:
Such was, in outline, the first constitution, but not very long after the events above recorded, in the archonship of Aristaichmus, Draco enacted his ordinances.
341:) habit of referring to the first magistrates of Dorian cities as "Prytanes of Naucrari" and conflating them with the first magistrates of Athens (the Archons).
177:
written in blood instead of ink. These legends have become part of the English language, with the adjective "draconian" referring to unusually harsh punishment.
841:
We know nothing about what Drakon's nomoi were. Solon repealed all of the nomoi of Drakon except for one about Homicide, and the Athenians quickly forgot them.
99:
near the end of the 7th century BC; its composition started around 621 BC. It was written in response to the unjust interpretation and modification of
823:
Any person who felt himself wronged might lay an information before the Council of Areopagus, on declaring what law was broken by the wrong done to him.
333:"Prytanes" later referred to the fifty members of the council, although their only other appearance in the context of the Draconian constitution was in
208:(cavalry commanders) were chosen from those holding unencumbered property worth at least 100 minas with offspring over 10 years of age who were born in
314:
Aristotle's undefined use of "Prytanes" refers to a number of Athenian state positions during and after the development of the Draconian constitution:
239:
Council or Assembly members who were absent from a meeting were fined, with the fines proportionate to social class. If the absent member was from the
394:
285:
1018:
The nine Archons and the Treasurers were elected by this body from persons possessing an unencumbered property of not less than ten minas ...
450:
739:'Axones' and 'kyrbeis' are names given to structures that contained the law codes of Draco and Solon in ancient Athens during the Archaic Age.
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584:
490:
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1138:
There was also to be a Council, consisting of four hundred and one members, elected by lot from among those who possessed the franchise.
690:
Murders were settled by members of the victim's family, who would then go and kill the murderer. This often began endless blood feuds.
968:
1335:
468:
1294:
Leges Draconis et Solonis (LegDrSol). Eine neue Edition der Gesetze Drakons und Solons mit Übersetzung und historischer Einordnung
1197:
If any member of the Council failed to attend when there was a sitting of the Council or of the Assembly, he paid a fine ...
1078:... and no one might hold office twice until every one else had had his turn, after which they were to cast the lot afresh.
73:
To resolve unequal accessibility to the acquirement of legal knowledge of oral law by replacing such with a written constitution
28:
337:' account of the Cylonian affair (where the "Prytanes of Naucrari" are mentioned). This may have occurred due to Herodotus' (a
124:
204:
703:
654:
437:
1158:
Both for this and for the other magistracies the lot was cast among those who were over thirty years of age ...
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133:
began during the mid-seventh century BC, and laws were often amended to benefit the aristocracy. This triggered
1058:
Both for this and for the other magistracies the lot was cast among those who were over thirty years of age...
267:
Aristotle's timeline of the Draconian constitution is characterized by the vague phrase "not very long after":
600:
It was not until the middle of the seventh century BC that the Greeks first began to establish official laws.
616:
228:
The council was another concept Draco introduced to Athenian government in his constitution. In Aristotle's
998:... the less important officials from those who could furnish themselves with a military equipment.
362:
153:
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Athenians later said that Drakon gave the death penalty for most crimes, even for stealing fruit.
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1217:... he paid a fine, to the amount of three drachmas if he was a Pentacosiomedimnus ...
401:
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113:
108:
The literate could read the code at a central location accessible to anyone. This enactment of a
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236:. The Assembly was another Athenian magistracy which was described in detail by Aristotle.
303:
244:
33:
Draco, the creator of the conceptualization and formulation of the Draconian constitution
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625:
Not only do the aristocratic families of Attica hold nearly all political power ...
104:
1314:
361:
of the preceding year concerning financial securities is a controversial text in the
955:
The franchise was given to all who could furnish themselves with military equipment.
522:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Part 4
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He was elected as one of the nine archons, but was not the archon eponymous.
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571:... the nobles could no longer twist the laws as they willed ...
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935:
The English word 'draconian', meaning very harsh, comes from his name.
338:
185:
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Both for this and for the other magistracies the lot was cast ...
747:"Literacy, Documents, and Archives in the Ancient Athenian Democracy"
563:
Ellis, Edward S.; Home, Charles F. (1913). "What is Draconian Law?".
546:
Ellis, Edward S.; Home, Charles F. (1913). "What is Draconian Law?".
217:
96:
870:
The Draconian laws were most noteworthy for their harshness ...
123:
137:
by families ignorant of the law in an attempt to obtain justice.
917:... they were said to be written in blood, rather than ink.
638:
Fernandez, Nicole (22 November 2021). "Draconian Constitution".
134:
566:
The Story of the Greatest Nations and the World's Famous Events
549:
The Story of the Greatest Nations and the World's Famous Events
144:
Draco introduced the concepts of intentional and unintentional
415:
1255:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1235:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1215:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1195:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1156:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1136:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 3 – via MIT.
1116:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 3 – via MIT.
1096:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 3 – via MIT.
1076:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1056:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1036:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1016:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
996:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
953:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
1178:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.
353:
A relationship between current officials and the Prytanes,
975:. Stoa Consortium. Page 3: "A Reformer and a Tyrant".
1275:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. – via MIT.
780:"Solon's Reforms and the Rise of Democracy in Athens"
724:"Solon's Reforms and the Rise of Democracy in Athens"
216:
except for the Areopagus, which consisted of retired
128:
Republication of Draco's Law on homicide (408–409 BC)
821:– via Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
69:
61:
51:
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442:references not in line with pertaining guideline
1257:... and One if he was a Zeugites ...
371:
316:
269:
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103:by Athenian aristocrats. As most societies in
967:Blackwell, Christopher W. (24 January 2003).
708:(Thesis). University of Chicago. p. 12.
659:(Thesis). University of Chicago. p. 11.
232:, the council was vaguely characterized as a
8:
569:. Vol. 1 – via Public Bookshelf.
552:. Vol. 1 – via Public Bookshelf.
328:chapter 4, translated by Frederic G. Kenyon
1237:... two if he was a Knight ...
762:
469:Learn how and when to remove this message
969:"The Development of Athenian Democracy"
813:. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. MIT
481:
247:. Knights were fined two drachmas, and
349:Relationships among Athenian officials
148:, with both crimes adjudicated at the
18:
7:
810:Constitution of the Athenians Part 4
677:. Oakland University. Archived from
587:. Oakland University. Archived from
493:. Oakland University. Archived from
369:, translated by Frederic G. Kenyon:
764:10.17723/aarc.62.2.g817417023661u02
702:Smith, Frederick Danesbury (1920).
653:Smith, Frederick Danesbury (1920).
14:
420:
383:, chapter 4 (Kenyon translation)
297:Given the founding of Athens by
289:chapters 3 and 4, translated by
27:
745:Sickinger, James (Fall 1999).
705:Athenian Political Commissions
656:Athenian Political Commissions
112:was an early manifestation of
1:
1272:Constitution of the Athenians
1252:Constitution of the Athenians
1232:Constitution of the Athenians
1212:Constitution of the Athenians
1192:Constitution of the Athenians
1175:Constitution of the Athenians
1153:Constitution of the Athenians
1133:Constitution of the Athenians
1113:Constitution of the Athenians
1093:Constitution of the Athenians
1073:Constitution of the Athenians
1053:Constitution of the Athenians
1033:Constitution of the Athenians
1013:Constitution of the Athenians
993:Constitution of the Athenians
950:Constitution of the Athenians
931:Solon: The Lawmaker of Athens
884:Solon: The Lawmaker of Athens
837:Solon: The Lawmaker of Athens
778:Gill, N. S. (19 March 2018).
722:Gill, N. S. (19 March 2018).
400:, Draco was not considered a
397:Constitution of the Athenians
381:Constitution of the Athenians
367:Constitution of the Athenians
326:Constitution of the Athenians
286:Constitution of the Athenians
257:Constitution of the Athenians
243:class, they were fined three
230:Constitution of the Athenians
196:or a Treasurer. The Athenian
42:
1296:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
900:Augustyn, Adam; et al.
853:Augustyn, Adam; et al.
675:"Ancient Greek Legal System"
585:"Ancient Greek Legal System"
491:"Ancient Greek Legal System"
1331:Ancient Greek constitutions
520:"The Athenian Constitution"
440:. The specific problem is:
1352:
1292:Schmitz, Winfried (2023).
436:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
192:or more could serve as an
16:Law code in Ancient Greece
26:
1336:7th century BC in Greece
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906:Encyclopædia Britannica
859:Encyclopædia Britannica
393:Until the discovery of
365:edition of Aristotle's
751:The American Archivist
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81:Draconian constitution
22:Draconian constitution
363:Oxford Classical Text
154:Solonian Constitution
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451:improve this section
224:Council and assembly
65:Athenian aristocracy
617:"History of Athens"
929:Randall, Bernard.
882:Randall, Bernard.
835:Randall, Bernard.
673:Binkert, Peter J.
583:Binkert, Peter J.
489:Binkert, Peter J.
402:political reformer
291:Frederic G. Kenyon
241:pentacosiomedimnus
130:
114:Athenian democracy
1326:Ancient Greek law
1303:978-3-515-13361-6
613:Gascoigne, Bamber
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807:Aristotle.
789:4 September
733:4 September
526:4 September
453:if you can.
379:Aristotle,
324:Aristotle,
110:rule of law
62:Signatories
1315:Categories
685:2014-05-28
595:2014-05-28
501:2014-05-28
412:References
359:hipparchoi
343:Thucydides
234:magistracy
205:hipparchoi
120:Background
784:ThoughtCo
728:ThoughtCo
516:Aristotle
444:WP:INCITE
374:belonged.
355:strategoi
335:Herodotus
299:Cecrops I
281:Aristotle
214:sortition
199:strategoi
150:Areopagus
52:Author(s)
978:hoplite.
431:require
406:homicide
377:—
322:—
310:Prytanes
278:—
249:zeugites
245:drachmas
186:Hoplites
181:Suffrage
166:Plutarch
163:—
146:homicide
101:oral law
89:law code
433:cleanup
263:Setting
218:archons
210:wedlock
70:Purpose
39:Created
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339:Dorian
97:Athens
973:Demos
190:minas
135:feuds
93:Draco
83:, or
56:Draco
1298:ISBN
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866:2022
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