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waste produced was fifty to hundred times that one kilogram, which was ending up in the environment. During the late 1990s, estrogens were discovered in wastewater. It was concluded that this was the cause of feminization of fish. This was another factor that caused greater attention to pharmaceuticals in the environment. Reviews and information on pharmaceuticals present in the environment date back to at least the 1980s. The majority of pharmaceuticals are intended to cause slight adverse effects for the target population. Low concentrations of pharmaceuticals can have negative effects on the freshwater ecosystems.
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201:"environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations". It investigated 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries, representing the river pollution of 470 million people. It found that "the most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and
227:
Antipsychotics, once excreted by the patient by either feces or urine, travel to wastewater treatment plants, which does not remove the drugs and their metabolites. These drugs have been found in drinking water, all bodies of water, and hospital sewage. Once they reach the aquatic environment, they possibly undergo bioconcentration and bioaccumulation through the food web.
274:, which would pose an immense threat to the ecological system and human health. The excessive use and excretion of antibiotics to waterways makes the problem of antimicrobial resistance worse and will gradually affect the human population, possibly causing more deaths. Antibiotics were found to reduce growth in algae, aquatic plants and environmental bacteria.
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are widely produced and consumed to treat bacterial and fungal diseases. Since antibiotics are only partially metabolized, the non-metabolized antibiotics are released into the environment. Due to this, antibiotics are discovered in sludge, drinking water, wastewater, surface water, soil, groundwater
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are employed during chemotherapy all over the world. They pollute water courses and have 'mutagenic, cytostatic, and ecotoxicological effects on the micro-organisms that are in the aquatic environment.' The wastewater treatment process is not able to remove antineoplastic drugs due to the intractable
184:
In the United States, Spain, Germany and the United
Kingdom over 101 different pharmaceuticals were present in ground water, surface water, drinking water or tap water. Between 30 and 100 different pharmaceuticals were found present in the aforementioned waters in Thailand, Canada, Australia, India,
119:
or unneeded drugs that are flushed unused down the toilet is smaller, but it is also important, especially in hospitals (where its magnitude is greater than in residential contexts). This includes drug molecules that are too small to be filtered out by existing water treatment plants. The process of
175:
In the early 1990s, pharmaceuticals were found to be present in the environment, which resulted in massive scientific research, new regulations, and public attention. Also during the 1990s, it was discovered that for the synthesis of one kilogram of an active pharmaceutical compound the amount of
226:
were created about seventy years ago and it was not until 2007 that it was reported that antipsychotics were present in the environment. They are used to treat a plethora of illnesses including depression, schizophrenia, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disease.
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Drug pollution still remains to be a global problem, since current policy techniques are not adequate enough. Most policy approaches remain to be individualized, expensive, and reactive. Biomarkers could be extremely helpful in the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals for decision making in
235:
drugs, such as fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, chlorpromazine and oxazepram, were found to change fish behavior and caused disruption in the hormones of fish. In invertebrates, these drugs were found to cause reproduction toxicity and hormone disruption and alter their
549:, such protections are circumvented. This problem belongs to everyone, because consumers in well-regulated places constitute the biggest customers of the factories that operate in the inadequately regulated or inspected places, meaning that
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There are now programs in many cities that provide collection points at places including drug stores, grocery stores, and police stations. People can bring their unwanted pharmaceuticals there for safe disposal, instead of flushing them
632:
Martin, Jake M.; Saaristo, Minna; Bertram, Michael G.; Lewis, Phoebe J.; Coggan, Timothy L.; Clarke, Bradley O.; Wong, Bob B.M. (March 2017). "The psychoactive pollutant fluoxetine compromises antipredator behaviour in fish".
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and sediments. Residual antibiotics are not easily biodegraded so, they can survive in environments for long periods of time. There are calls for an urgent push to eradicate antibiotics from the environment because
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and regulation are adequately enforced, the wastewater from the factories is cleaned to a safe level. But to the extent that the market rewards "looking the other way" in developing nations, whether through local
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have found high traces of antidepressants in the brains of fish. Fish behavior on antidepressants have been noted to have similar impacts and reducing risk-averse behavior, and thereby reducing survival through
20:
611:
582:
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Linlin, Yao (2017-01-01). "Occurrence and risk assessment of antibiotics in surface water and groundwater from different depths of aquifers: A case study at
Jianghan Plain, central China".
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nature of them. Bodies of water that are contaminated with antineoplastic drugs possess grave consequences on the aquatic environment and even human health. Chemotherapy drugs such as
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regulations. Biomarkers could help explain if a non-target organism was exposed to a pharmaceutical and the toxicity levels of the pharmaceutical in the organism if it is present.
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unwanted pharmaceutical drugs. Burning them chemically degrades their active molecules, with few exceptions. The resulting ash can be further processed before
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In the last decades of the twentieth century, scientific research efforts have been fostered towards deeper understanding of the interactions of groundwater
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365:, a feature that is typically associated with the difficulty in degrading these compounds to innocuous molecules, similarly with the behaviour exhibited by
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Escudero, J.; Muñoz, J.L.; Morera-Herreras, T.; Hernandez, R.; Medrano, J.; Domingo-Echaburu, S.; Barceló, D.; Orive, G.; Lertxundi, U. (May 2021).
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and attenuation mechanisms with the chemical nature of polluting agents. Amongst the multiple mechanisms governing solutes mobility in groundwater,
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One extreme example of drug pollution was found in India in 2009 in an area where pharmaceutical manufacturing activity is concentrated. Not all
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1637:
1389:
Wess, Ralf Arno (2021-03-01). "Update of EMA's
Guideline on the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of Medicinal Products for Human Use".
75:"Pharmaceutical pollution is now detected in waters throughout the world," said a scientist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in
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play a crucial role in determining the evolution of the system (as identified by developing concentration fields) in the presence of
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and risk mitigation is the development of mathematical formulations yielding reliable predictions of the fate of pharmaceuticals in
840:"Managing emissions of active pharmaceutical ingredients from manufacturing facilities: An environmental quality standard approach"
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331:
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Gilbert, Natasha (2012-11-21), "Drug-pollution law all washed up: EU initiative to clean up waterways faces tough opposition",
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Editorial board (2012-11-21), "Water wars: environmental protections must not wait until a population is about to disappear",
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1118:"Threat and sustainable technological solution for antineoplastic drugs pollution: Review on a persisting global issue"
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412:, such as pharmaceuticals. Other processes that might impact on pharmaceuticals fate in groundwater include classical
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Tecniche per la difesa del suolo e dall'inquinamento-Technologies for
Integrated River Basin management. 41° corso
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and regulation, although this faces the problems of enforcement costs, enforcement corruption and negligence (see
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Murray-Smith, Richard J; Coombe, Vyvyan T; Grönlund, Marie Haag; Waern, Fredrik; Baird, James A (2012-01-13).
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389:, EMA), environmental risk assessment (ERA) procedures, which is required for pharmaceuticals appliance for
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911:(Report). OECD Studies on Water. Paris: OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing. 13 November 2019.
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1181:"The occurrence, distribution and degradation of antibiotics by ionizing radiation: An overview"
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Ankley, Gerald T.; Brooks, Bryan W.; Huggett, Duane B.; Sumpter, and John P. (December 2007).
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they could cause generation of antibiotics resistant bacteria and antibiotics resistance genes
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Yadav, Ankush; Rene, Eldon R.; Mandal, Mrinal Kanti; Dubey, Kashyap Kumar (January 2021).
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China, South Korea, Japan, Sweden, Poland, Italy, the
Netherlands, France and Brazil.
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Contaminants of
Emerging Concern including Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
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Wilkinson, John L.; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; et al. (14 February 2022).
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and chemically stable nature, which leads to recalcitrant behaviours in the
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Pollution of the environment with pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites
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systems is increasingly recognized even from the regulating authority (the
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that are able to remove these molecules can be expensive. Drugs such as
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Pharmaceuticals are suspected to provoke long-term effects in aquatic
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and hydrogeochemistry since the last decades of the twentieth century.
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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into freshwater ecosystems has caused fish and amphibians to feminize.
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159:. It is a suspected a contributor (besides industrial pollution) in
1045:"Antipsychotics as environmental pollutants: An underrated threat?"
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Pharmaceutical
Residues in Freshwater Hazards and Policy Responses
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In 2022, the most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution
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Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
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338:(EOP), has been receiving increasing attention in the fields of
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1575:"World's Highest Drug Pollution Levels Found In Indian Stream"
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and preventive actions urged to preserve these environments.
369:. Furthermore, continuous release of medical products in the
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facilities, they aren't equipped to remove pharmaceuticals."
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Emerging pollutants : origin, structure, and properties
781:"Pollution from drug manufacturing: review and perspectives"
953:"Pharmaceuticals in rivers threaten world health - study"
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Wang, Jianlong; Zhuan, Run; Chu, Libing (January 2019).
604:"Antidepressants are finding their way into fish brains"
683:"Repeating History: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment"
294:
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Committee for
Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP.
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them to the waterways) or throwing them in the trash (
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Other sources include agricultural runoff (because of
575:"Antihistamines Adding to Drug Pollution in Streams"
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The main action for preventing drug pollution is to
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844:Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
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980:"Pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers"
1391:Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science
984:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
508:Another aspect of drug pollution prevention is
443:systems, eventually followed by an appropriate
68:. Drug pollution is therefore mainly a form of
1443:Frega, Giuseppe; Macchione, Francesco (2020).
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532:contributes to the problem. In places where
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321:Groundwater contamination by pharmaceuticals
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1269:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
744:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
501:them to a landfill, where they can become
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257:and mitomycin C were discovered to cause
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103:Most simply from the drugs having been
48:, which reach the aquatic environment (
1327:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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687:Environmental Science & Technology
155:. Drug pollution is implicated in the
1290:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
757:10.1146/annurev-environ-052809-161223
7:
1609:- US Environmental Protection Agency
933:from the original on 27 January 2021
779:Larsson, D. G. Joakim (2014-11-19).
740:"Pharmaceuticals in the Environment"
485:, such as to remove and recycle any
1245:Calvo-Flores, Francisco G. (2018).
381:phenomena. As the vulnerability of
91:. Even when wastewater makes it to
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353:even at low concentration ranges (
330:, which belong to the category of
180:Pharmaceuticals in the environment
14:
1475:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Balkema.
1142:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128285
209:Pharmaceuticals and their effects
120:upgrading existing plants to use
1185:Science of the Total Environment
1049:Science of the Total Environment
332:contaminants of emerging concern
319:This section is an excerpt from
281:
1585:from the original on 2015-10-12
1286:"Resistance in the environment"
1205:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.415
1069:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144634
614:from the original on 2018-03-17
585:from the original on 2013-12-02
435:One major goal in the field of
738:Kümmerer, Klaus (2010-11-21).
157:sex effects of water pollution
115:. The portion that comes from
1:
1447:. Edibios. pp. 253–266.
545:inspectors or regulators) or
520:of pros and cons is ongoing.
451:associated with this kind of
367:persistent organic pollutants
1573:Mason, Margie (2009-01-26),
1339:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.006
647:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.010
573:HealthDay News journalists,
530:pharmaceutical manufacturing
203:pharmaceutical manufacturing
153:pharmaceutical manufacturing
122:advanced oxidation processes
1638:Social problems in medicine
1284:Kummerer, K. (2004-07-01).
336:emerging organic pollutants
149:antibiotic use in livestock
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171:Pollution of water systems
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1471:Appelo, C. A. J. (2005).
1369:European Medicines Agency
387:European Medicines Agency
340:environmental engineering
462:Assorted pharmaceuticals
437:environmental protection
418:dispersive mass transfer
30:pharmaceutical pollution
1004:10.1073/pnas.2113947119
635:Environmental Pollution
391:marketing authorization
135:. Researchers from the
128:have been found in the
798:10.1098/rstb.2013.0571
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447:and estimation of the
1249:. Weinheim, Germany.
547:plausible deniability
489:that may be present.
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373:poses concerns about
314:Groundwater pollution
261:in aquatic organisms.
195:of the world's rivers
137:University of Buffalo
363:aqueous compartments
355:trace concentrations
295:adding missing items
242:Antineoplastic drugs
81:aging infrastructure
42:pharmaceutical drugs
1197:2019ScTEn.646.1385W
1134:2021Chmsp.263l8285Y
1061:2021ScTEn.769n4634E
996:2022PNAS..11913947W
917:10.1787/c936f42d-en
699:2007EnST...41.8211A
357:) because of their
216:oral contraceptives
99:Sources and effects
89:agricultural runoff
77:Millbrook, New York
1303:10.1093/jac/dkh325
959:. 15 February 2022
791:(1656): 20130571.
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293:; you can help by
247:cyclophosphamide 1
79:. "Causes include
1504:(7425): 503–504,
856:10.1002/ieam.1268
708:10.1021/es072658j
693:(24): 8211–8217.
534:environmental law
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