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Technical
Committee in April 1951. At time of its development the E77 represented one-sixth of all U.S. biological munitions efforts. The E77 was designated a "strategic weapon" and readied for deployment but was never used in warfare as subsequent developments in munitions supplanted the E77,
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spores were delivered via an oil-based vector (wet spores) that they remained viable for longer periods in less than ideal environmental conditions. Subsequent investigations at
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111:, which demonstrated that the munition met "military characteristics" to create high levels of plant infection on targeted crops. Further testing in 1958 showed that when
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46:, Japan employed thousands of incendiary and antipersonnel weapons via unmanned balloon, using some 9,300 of these devices, releasing them into the high altitude
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Development of the E77 balloon bomb began in 1950. The design of the E77 was based on the design for the World War II Japanese bomb and approved by the
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99:, or "feather bomb". This dissemination method combined a culture of anti-crop agent with a light-weight vector, in this case, feathers.
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At least three separate sets of tests were conducted with the E77 balloon bomb. From
October to December 1954 41 E77s were launched at
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28:. The E77 used feathers as a vector to disseminate anti-crop agents from a hydrogen-filled balloon and was first developed in 1950.
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came to several positive conclusions about the effectiveness of oils as carriers of the rust spores.
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to travel over the
Pacific Ocean to the North American mainland. The Japanese use of these
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91:. The E77 was an anti-crop munition, designed to disseminate anti-crop agents, such as
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Similar to the
Japanese fire balloon on which its design is based, the E77 utilized a
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242:: Chapter 2 - History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective, (
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95:. The balloon bomb employed a dissemination method similar to that of the
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inspired the E77, though no direct connection was made between the two.
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Balloon Bomb
Attacks on North America: Japan's World War II Assaults
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Silent Siege-III: Japanese
Attacks on North America in World War II
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87:. Suspended from the balloon envelope was a 32 inch by 24 inch
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232:Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
172:Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945
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178:), Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 218, (
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259:, Textbooks of Military Medicine, PDF via
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341:United States biological weapons program
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851:Cold War weapons of the United States
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866:Biological anti-agriculture weapons
846:Biological weapon delivery systems
790:Korean War bio-warfare allegations
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785:Soviet biological weapons program
749:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
684:U.S. Army Biological Warfare Labs
212:), Macmillan, 2002, pp. 157–67, (
856:American Theater of World War II
206:Biological Warfare Against Crops
24:based on the design of Japanese
805:U.S. biological defense program
800:U.S. biological weapons program
298:, Webb Research Group, 1992, (
133:History of military ballooning
1:
739:One-Million-Liter Test Sphere
261:Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base
263:, accessed December 9, 2008.
734:Horn Island Testing Station
280:, Aero Publishers, 1983, (
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35:
815:War Bureau of Consultants
729:Granite Peak Installation
67:especially the 750-pound
143:Union Army Balloon Corps
138:Mitchell Recreation Area
121:University of Minnesota
103:Tests involving the E77
841:Balloons (aeronautics)
601:Operations and testing
572:Flettner rotor bomblet
170:Wheelis, Mark, et al.
42:In the late stages of
780:Entomological warfare
709:Dugway Proving Ground
643:Operation Magic Sword
623:Operation Dark Winter
64:Army's Chemical Corps
20:was a U.S. anti-crop
820:War Research Service
810:U.S. bio-weapons ban
547:E48 particulate bomb
109:Vernalis, California
754:Vigo Ordnance Plant
704:Deseret Test Center
658:Operation Whitecoat
653:Operation Polka Dot
633:Operation Drop Kick
608:Operation Sea-Spray
97:M115 anti-crop bomb
22:biological munition
775:Biological warfare
744:Pine Bluff Arsenal
618:Operation Big Itch
613:Operation Big Buzz
375:Enterotoxin type B
276:Mikesh, Robert C.
249:2015-09-23 at the
237:2012-08-26 at the
229:Smart, Jeffery K.
38:Fu-Go balloon bomb
26:Fu-Go balloon bomb
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827:
648:Operation May Day
532:E133 cluster bomb
404:Researched agents
348:Weaponized agents
204:Whitby, Simon M.
52:balloon munitions
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861:Balloon weaponry
770:Biological agent
592:M33 cluster bomb
567:E96 cluster bomb
562:E86 cluster bomb
557:E77 balloon bomb
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256:Borden Institute
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69:E86 cluster bomb
18:E77 balloon bomb
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668:Project Bacchus
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395:Wheat stem rust
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271:Further reading
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251:Wayback Machine
239:Wayback Machine
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93:wheat stem rust
89:balloon gondola
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795:List of topics
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763:Related topics
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75:Specifications
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36:Main article:
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471:Potato blight
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719:Fort Douglas
714:Fort Detrick
699:Building 470
694:Building 257
689:Building 101
587:M143 bomblet
556:
542:E23 munition
537:E14 munition
527:E120 bomblet
511:Yellow fever
431:Dengue fever
295:
292:Webber, Bert
277:
254:
230:
225:
210:Google Books
205:
176:Google Books
171:
117:Fort Detrick
106:
78:
61:
44:World War II
41:
17:
15:
663:Project 112
476:Psittacosis
456:Melioidosis
451:Lassa fever
365:Brucellosis
113:cereal rust
835:Categories
724:Fort Terry
677:Facilities
491:Rinderpest
446:Hantavirus
380:Rice blast
304:093673874X
286:0816839506
253:: p. 51),
218:0333920856
184:0674016998
149:References
48:jet stream
32:Background
582:M115 bomb
577:M114 bomb
520:Munitions
385:Tularemia
552:E61 bomb
496:Smallpox
441:Glanders
421:Bird flu
360:Botulism
247:Archived
235:Archived
127:See also
119:and the
83:-filled
81:hydrogen
370:Q fever
355:Anthrax
85:balloon
58:History
501:Typhus
466:Plague
302:
284:
216:
182:
481:Ricin
426:CHIKV
300:ISBN
282:ISBN
214:ISBN
180:ISBN
16:The
506:WEE
486:RVF
461:VND
436:EEE
416:BHF
411:AHF
390:VEE
244:PDF
208:, (
174:, (
71:.
837::
306:).
294:.
220:).
191:^
186:).
157:^
333:e
326:t
319:v
288:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.