749:), though most of them were purely customary. Chief among these were rules that determined the succession to the Crown and rules forbidding alienation of the domain of the Crown. The king, supreme though his power might be, could not abrogate, modify or infringe them. But it was admitted that he might do so by the consent of the Estates General. The Estates could give the king a dispensation from a fundamental law in a given instance; they could even, in agreement with the king, make new fundamental laws. The Estates of Blois of 1576 and 1588 offer entirely convincing precedents in this respect. It was universally recognized that in the event of the line of
863:(20 June 1789), under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution. A majority of the representatives of the clergy soon joined them, as did forty-seven members of the nobility. By 27 June, the royal party had overtly given in. But military forces began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles. Messages of support for the Assembly poured in from Paris and other French cities. On 9 July, the Assembly reconstituted itself as the
487:; it was in reality of little importance to him whether their resolutions expressed themselves in common or separately. At the Estates General of 1484, the elections were made in common for the three orders, and the deputies also arrived at their resolutions in common. But after 1560, the rule was that each order deliberate separately; the royal declaration of 23 June 1789 (at the outbreak of the French Revolution) even stated that they formed three distinct chambers. But
1675:
582:
In the 16th century, however, the estates again claimed that their consent was necessary for the establishment of new taxation, and, on the whole, the facts seemed to be in favour of this view at the time. However, in the course of the 17th century the principle gained recognition that the king could tax on his own sole authority. Thus were established in the second half of the 17th century, and in the 18th, the
335:. The privileged towns generally had the right of taxing themselves. To collect general taxes, the king required consent of the lay and ecclesiastical lords, and of the towns. This amounted to needing authorization from the Estates General, which granted these subsidies only temporarily and for fairly short periods. As a result, they were summoned frequently and their power over the Crown became considerable.
1570:
1663:
31:
799:
814:
The Third Estate comprised about 25 million people: the bourgeoisie, the peasants, and everyone else in France. Unlike the First and Second
Estates, the Third Estate were compelled to pay taxes. The bourgeoisie found ways to evade them and become exempt. The major burden of the French government fell
581:
The
Estates General, when they gave counsel, had in theory only a consultative faculty. They had the power of granting subsidies, which was the chief and ordinary cause of their convocation. But it had come to be a consent with which the king could dispense, as permanent taxation became established.
643:
that the king be bound to turn into law any proposition voted in identical terms by each of the three orders; but Henry III would not grant this demand, which would not even have left him a right of veto. In practice, however, the
Estates General contributed largely to legislation. Those who sat in
376:
favoured the
Estates General, though at the price of great sacrifices. Under the reign of King John II, from 1355 to 1358, the Estates General had controlled not only the voting but, through their commissaries, the administration of and jurisdiction over the taxes. In the first half of the reign of
338:
In the second half of the 14th century, however, certain royal taxes, levied throughout the Crown's domain, tended to become permanent and independent of the vote of the estates. This result drew from many causes, particularly, the Crown endeavoured to transform and change the nature of the "feudal
542:
for deliberating and voting purposes. Certain questions, however, were discussed and decided in full assembly; sometimes, too, the estates nominated commissaries in equal numbers for each order. But in the ancient
Estates General, there was never any personal vote. The unit represented for each of
411:
for two years only, at the same time reducing it to the amount it had reached at the end of the reign of
Charles VII. They demanded, and obtained, the promise of the Crown that they should be summoned again before the two years had ended. But this promise was not kept, and the Estates General were
826:
in 1787 (which already displayed great independence) preceded the
Estates General session. According to Fénelon's model of 1614, the Estates General would consist of equal numbers of representatives of each Estate. During the Revolution, the Third Estate demanded, and ultimately received, double
810:
The Second Estate comprised the nobility, which consisted of 400,000 people, including women and children. Since the death of Louis XIV in 1715, the nobles had enjoyed a resurgence in power. By the time of the revolution, they had almost a monopoly over distinguished government service, higher
831:
on 5 May 1789, however, it became clear that the double representation was something of a sham: voting was to occur "by orders", which meant that the collective vote of the 578 representatives of the Third Estate would be weighed the same as that of each of the other, less numerous
Estates.
495:
according to which the convocation of 1789 was decided, said (as did the declaration of 23 June), that on matters of common interest the deputies of the three orders could deliberate together, if each of the others decided by a separate vote in favour of this, and if the king consented.
655:
In the latest form, and from the estates of 1484 onwards, this was done by a new and special procedure. The
Estates had become an entirely elective assembly, and at the elections (at each step of the election if there were several) the electors drew up a
848:), proceed with verification of its own powers and invite the other two estates to take part, but not to wait for them. They proceeded to do so, completing the process on June 17. They voted a measure far more radical, declaring themselves the
835:
Royal efforts to focus solely on taxes failed totally. The
Estates General reached an immediate impasse, debating (with each of the three estates meeting separately) its own structure rather than the nation's finances. On 28 May 1789, Abbé
740:
The peculiar power of the Estates General was recognized, but was of a kind that could not often be exercised. It was, essentially, a constituent power. The ancient public law of France contained a number of rules called the
760:, and letters were even issued in view of the elections, but this ended in nothing. Absolute monarchy progressively became definitely established, and appeared incompatible with the institution of the Estates General.
806:
At the time of the revolution, the First Estate comprised 100,000 Catholic clergy and owned 5–10% of the lands in France—the highest per capita of any estate. All property of the First Estate was tax exempt.
259:
and other high clergy) who made up the Estates General were not elected by their peers, but directly chosen and summoned by the king. In the order of the clergy, however, certain ecclesiastical bodies, e.g.
511:
announced the object of the convocation, and set forth the demands or questions put to them by the Crown; at the other royal sessions each order made known its answers or observations by the mouth of an
347:
without a vote of the Estates General, although the assembly met several times during this period. Custom confined this tendency. During the second half of the 15th century, the chief taxes, the
272:, were also summoned to the assembly. Since these bodies, being persons in the moral but not in the physical sense, could not appear in person, their representative had to be chosen by the
852:, an assembly not of the Estates but of "the People". They invited the other orders to join them, but emphasized that they intended to conduct the nation's affairs with or without them.
412:
not summoned again until 1560. During this 76-year interim, successive kings expanded the role of the centralised state through various means. In the mid-16th century, public officials (
255:
In their primitive form in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries, the Estates General had only a limited elective element. The lay lords and the ecclesiastical lords (
660:(statement of grievances), which they requested the deputies to present. This even appeared to be the most important feature of an election. The deputies of each order in every
201:. Unlike some of these institutions, however, France's Estates General were only summoned at irregular intervals by the king, and never grew into a permanent legislative body.
416:) explored the option of forming a fourth order of their own kind but their attempts went nowhere, largely because of the attractiveness of becoming nobility to many of them.
1720:
688:
or general statement, which was presented to the king, and which he answered in his council. When the three orders deliberated in common, as in 1484, there was only one
859:
of France tried to resist. When he shut down the Salle des États where the Assembly met, the Assembly moved its deliberations to a nearby tennis court. They swore the
156:
287:
Only representatives of the Third Estate were chosen by election. Originally, all commoners were not called upon to seek representation in the estates. Only the
317:
The effective powers of the Estates General likewise varied over time. In the 14th century, they were considerable. The king could not, in theory, levy general
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1549:
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offices in the church, army, and parliaments, and most other public and semi-public honors. Under the principle of feudal precedent, they were not taxed.
1710:
756:
The Estates General of 1614 proved the last for over a century and a half. A new convocation had indeed been announced to take place on the majority of
636:), as they did not know whether they would be submitted to by the country, and that the consent of the representatives of the tax-payers must be asked.
365:
became definitely permanent for the benefit of the Crown. In some cases, there was formal consent of the Estates General, as in 1437 in the case of the
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upon the poorest in French society: the farmers, peasantry, and working poor. The Third Estate had considerable resentment toward the upper classes.
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in view of his expected accession to the French throne in succession to Louis XIV, thought of reviving the institution. It figures in the projects of
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668:, arrived at, for the third estate, by a combination of statements drawn up by the primary or secondary electors. On the assembly of the estates, the
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780:, though the latter would have preferred to begin with an assembly of non-elected notables. But though St Simon stood high in the favor of the
472:, dissensions between the three orders rendered them weak. They dissolved before completing their work and were not summoned again until 1789.
381:, they had been summoned almost every year and had dutifully voted subsidies for the Crown. But when the struggle was over, they renounced the
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Deputies of the three orders united their efforts in the hope of regaining the right of periodically sanctioning taxation. They voted the
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point of view the point was never decided. What the king required was to have the consent, the resolution of the three estates of the
299:, who were frequently the municipal officials of the town, but deputies were also elected for the purpose. The country districts, the
194:
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1284:
172:
140:
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aid" to levy a general tax by right, on its own authority, in such cases as those in which a lord could demand feudal aid from his
1725:
1289:
344:
132:), which started as appellate courts but later used their powers to decide whether to publish laws to claim a legislative role.
232:
The composition and powers of the Estates General remained the same: they always included representatives of the First Estate (
252:, to give aid and counsel. Their composition, however, as well as their effective powers, varied greatly at different times.
118:. They met intermittently until 1614 and only once afterward, in 1789, but were not definitively dissolved until after the
1641:
1374:
652:, and it is chiefly through these that we are acquainted with the activity of the estates of the 14th and 15th centuries.
648:), requests and petitions to the king; in this, indeed, consisted their sole initiative. They were usually answered by an
103:. It served as an advisory body to the king, primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on
1653:
424:
The Estates General was revived in the second half of the 16th century because of scarcity of money and the quarrels and
326:
461:
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representation, which they already had achieved in the provincial assemblies. When the Estates General convened in
225:. During Philip's reign, the Estates General were subsequently assembled several times to give him aid by granting
1231:
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429:
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Kiser, Edgar; April Linton (Dec 2002). "The hinges of history: state-making and revolt in early modern France".
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520:, among which the deputies of each order were divided. At the estates of 1484, they were divided into six
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148:
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The Estates General had legally no share in the legislative power, which belonged to the king alone. The
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The Estates General had similarities with institutions in other European polities, generally known as
1265:
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91:), which were called and dismissed by the king. It had no true power in its own right as, unlike the
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Opening of the Estates General on 5 May 1789 in the Grands Salles des Menus-Plaisirs in Versailles.
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Caricature from 1789 with the Third Estate carrying the First Estate and Second Estate on its back
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507:, because the king presided; but at these there was no discussion. At the first, the king or his
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692:; when they deliberated separately, there were three, one for each order. The drawing up of the
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781:
719:(reforming ordinances), treating of the most varied subjects, according to the demands of the
180:
168:
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723:. They were not, however, for the most part very well observed. The last of the type was the
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1605:
1375:"Medieval Geopolitics: The Conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France"
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of 1614 and with the observations of various assemblies of notables that followed them.
499:
The working of the Estates General led to an almost exclusive system of deliberation by
248:: all others), and monarchs always summoned them either to grant subsidies or to advise
488:
401:
281:
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becoming extinct, it would be the function of the States-General to elect a new king.
343:. For instance, the Crown thus raised the necessary taxes for twenty years to pay the
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229:. Over time, subsidies came to be the most frequent motive for their convocation.
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The first national assembly of the Estates General was in 1302, summoned by King
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124:
17:
1598:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 803–805.
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of Paris declared that it could not register the new taxes, the land-tax and
1244:
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In 1789, the Estates General was summoned for the first time since 1614. As
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500:
468:; however, though their minutes bear witness to their sentiments of exalted
269:
249:
245:
226:
88:
30:
1166:
1006:
987:
947:
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897:
707:, though the king did not always adopt the propositions contained in the
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king, were not a success. The Estates General again met in Paris in 1614
318:
152:
84:
798:
1359:
1104:
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By this means, the Estates General furnished the material for numerous
361:
277:
189:
608:. It was sufficient for the law creating them to be registered by the
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39:
1607:
Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England
1454:
Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England
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elected for the purpose. But almost all useful work was done in the
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As to the question whether the Estates General formed one or three
1575:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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over the inhabitants, but not on the subjects of lords having the
261:
784:, the death of Louis XIV did not see a summoning of the Estates.
464:, on the occasion of the disturbances that followed the death of
907:
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then existing. Subsequently, the deputies belonging to the same
273:
217:. The letters summoning the assembly of 1302 are published by
110:
The Estates General first met in 1302 and 1303 in relation to
96:
79:. It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates (
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them had at all times the right of presenting complaints (
503:. There were, it is true, solemn general sessions, called
454:
States summoned by the League, which sat in Paris in 1593
197:", the Parliamentum Publicum of Hungary, and the Swedish
1603:
Diana Maury Robin; Anne R. Larsen; Carole Levin (2007).
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Llewellyn, Jennifer; Thompsontitle, Steve (2012-11-19).
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sought to obtain the regency during the minority of
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At the estates of 1484, however, after the death of
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Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire de France
1604:
1071:whose qualification as Estates-General is disputed
711:, and often modified them in forming them into an
562:At the estates of the 16th century, voting was by
555:had one vote, the majority of the deputies of the
325:, he could levy it only where he had retained the
840:moved that the Third Estate, now meeting as the
559:deciding in what way this vote should be given.
122:. The Estates General were distinct from the
27:Consultative assembly in France, 1302 to 1789
8:
1582:Esmein, Jean Paul Hippolyte Emmanuel Adhémar
479:for the purposes of their working, from the
1535:Histoire des États généraux, second edition
400:. The Estates sided with Charles's sister
1551:Procès-verbaux des États Généraux de 1593
1280:Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
570:having one vote, but the majority of the
1554:. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. p. 758.
305:, were not represented. Even within the
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95:, it was not required to approve royal
1721:Political history of the Ancien Régime
1548:Auguste Bernard de Montbrison (1842).
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696:was looked upon as the main business (
456:and whose chief object was to elect a
822:had promoted in the 17th century, an
69:legislative and consultative assembly
58:
7:
1611:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
764:minds, however, in the entourage of
321:. Even in the provinces attached to
128:(the most powerful of which was the
1214:in Paris (meeting organized by the
768:, who were preparing a new plan of
733:), drawn up in accordance with the
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309:, the franchise was quite narrow.
25:
1711:Historical legislatures in France
1285:States General of the Netherlands
641:Estates of Blois demanded in 1576
141:States General of the Netherlands
1706:1789 disestablishments in France
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1629:Click to see Category Tree for:
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1290:Estates General of French Canada
578:decided how it should be given.
345:ransom of King John II of France
743:fundamental laws of the kingdom
620:. It was only in 1787 that the
1701:1300s establishments in France
1:
1696:1302 establishments in Europe
1234:(by then a dependency of the
1063:1380-81, several meetings in
865:National Constituent Assembly
747:lois fondamentales du royaume
448:. Those of 1588 ended with a
213:, to address a conflict with
71:of the different classes (or
1373:Andrew Latham (April 2019).
1340:American Sociological Review
428:. There would be estates at
372:The critical periods of the
1498:, Paris: Belin, p. 152
528:, corresponding to the six
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1496:Les Renaissances 1453-1559
1300:States provincial (France)
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1452:Robin, Larsen and Levin.
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684:, and these again into a
676:were incorporated into a
664:also brought with them a
543:the three orders was the
1731:Estates General (France)
1255:Hôtel des Menus-Plaisirs
715:. These latter were the
450:coup d'état by Henri III
1726:Tricameral legislatures
1595:Encyclopædia Britannica
1494:Philippe Hamon (2009),
1323:Encyclopædia Britannica
794:Estates-General of 1789
766:Louis, duc de Bourgogne
630:subvention territoriale
432:, followed by those of
323:the domain of the Crown
1533:Georges Picot (1888).
1232:Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon
1047:December 1369, at the
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717:ordonnances de reforme
313:Rise and fall of power
236:), Second Estate (the
199:Riksdag of the Estates
188:
55:
35:
1394:"The Estates General"
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221:in his collection of
149:Estates of Parliament
145:Parliament of England
114:'s conflict with the
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1642:Government of France
824:Assembly of Notables
666:cahier des doléances
420:Revival in 1560–1614
1511:, pp. 804–805.
1442:, pp. 803–804.
885:Notre-Dame de Paris
658:cahier de doléances
394:the Duke of Orleans
60:[etaʒeneʁo]
1537:. Paris: Hachette.
1230:1614-1615, at the
1032:November 1363, at
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700:) of the session.
538:formed a group or
383:power of the purse
374:Hundred Years' War
215:Pope Boniface VIII
165:Cortes of Portugal
130:Parlement of Paris
93:English Parliament
36:
1716:Kingdom of France
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1618:978-1-8510-9772-2
1049:Palais de la Cité
920:Palais de la Cité
861:Tennis Court Oath
850:National Assembly
725:grande ordonnance
491:'s report to the
181:Holy Roman Empire
120:French Revolution
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634:impôt du timbre
611:cours des aides
505:séances royales
436:, and those of
430:Orleans in 1560
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402:Anne de Beaujeu
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173:Imperial Diet (
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789:
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782:regent Orléans
698:le grand œuvre
694:cahier general
690:cahier général
686:cahier general
606:indirect taxes
574:composing the
493:conseil du roi
481:constitutional
421:
418:
404:and refused.
314:
311:
206:
203:
139:, such as the
112:King Philip IV
65:States-General
56:États généraux
26:
24:
18:Etats Generaux
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1577:public domain
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1456:. p. 42.
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564:gouvernements
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333:haute justice
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328:haute justice
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307:bonnes villes
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105:fiscal policy
102:
98:
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90:
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78:
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66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
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44:Ancien Régime
41:
32:
19:
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1593:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1453:
1447:
1435:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1343:
1339:
1321:
1313:
1247:(1774–1792)
1227:(1610–1643)
1204:(1589–1610)
1177:(1574–1589)
1145:(1560–1574)
1130:(1483–1498)
1128:Charles VIII
1115:(1461–1483)
1094:(1422–1461)
1060:(1380–1422)
1044:(1364–1380)
998:(1350–1364)
976:(1328–1350)
958:(1322–1328)
931:(1316–1322)
880:(1285–1314)
854:
841:
834:
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813:
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755:
746:
739:
734:
728:
724:
720:
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712:
708:
704:
702:
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693:
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685:
682:gouvernement
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
649:
645:
638:
633:
629:
621:
615:
609:
599:
593:
587:
584:direct taxes
580:
576:gouvernement
575:
571:
568:gouvernement
567:
563:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:gouvernement
535:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
498:
492:
474:
462:[fr]
423:
413:
408:
406:
398:Charles VIII
387:
371:
366:
360:
354:
348:
337:
332:
327:
316:
306:
300:
294:
288:
286:
254:
242:Third Estate
231:
222:
208:
174:
134:
123:
109:
75:) of French
64:
47:
37:
1521:Esmein 1911
1509:Esmein 1911
1482:Esmein 1911
1440:Esmein 1911
1428:Esmein 1911
1295:The Estates
1258: [
1157:François II
1092:Charles VII
774:Saint-Simon
730:Code Michau
705:ordonnances
604:, and many
592:and of the
549:sénéchaussé
531:généralités
379:Charles VII
137:the Estates
101:legislation
1690:Categories
1562:References
1403:2021-04-26
1266:Versailles
1238:) in Paris
1225:Louis XIII
1143:Charles IX
1058:Charles VI
956:Charles IV
844:(English:
829:Versailles
770:government
758:Louis XIII
751:Hugh Capet
713:ordonnance
674:bailliages
650:ordonnance
626:stamp duty
617:parlements
589:capitation
572:bailliages
509:chancellor
501:committees
470:patriotism
452:, and the
296:procureurs
270:cathedrals
193:) of the "
125:parlements
42:under the
1584:(1911). "
1306:Citations
1253:, at the
1245:Louis XVI
1243:Reign of
1223:Reign of
1210:, at the
1200:Reign of
1192:, at the
1190:1588-1589
1183:, at the
1181:1576-1577
1175:Henry III
1173:Reign of
1149:1560-1561
1141:Reign of
1133:1484, at
1126:Reign of
1118:1468, at
1111:Reign of
1103:1448, at
1097:1439, at
1090:Reign of
1069:Compiègne
1056:Reign of
1042:Charles V
1040:Reign of
1025:Compiègne
1023:1358, at
1017:1357, at
1011:1356, at
994:Reign of
982:1346, at
974:Philip VI
972:Reign of
964:1326, at
954:Reign of
946:1321, in
940:1320; in
934:1317, in
927:Reign of
912:1313, at
906:1312, at
896:1308, at
883:1302, at
878:Philip IV
876:Reign of
857:Louis XVI
727:of 1629 (
680:for each
662:bailliage
646:doléances
622:parlement
601:vingtième
557:bailliage
553:bailliage
551:and each
545:bailliage
414:officiers
302:plat pays
250:the Crown
246:commoners
227:subsidies
211:Philip IV
175:Reichstag
89:commoners
1680:Monarchy
1274:See also
1202:Henry IV
1167:Pontoise
1113:Louis XI
1085:in Paris
1078:in Paris
1051:in Paris
1007:Toulouse
988:Toulouse
948:Poitiers
942:Pontoise
929:Philip V
922:in Paris
898:Poitiers
893:in Paris
842:Communes
614:and the
526:sections
518:sections
477:chambers
466:Henry IV
458:Catholic
390:Louis XI
319:taxation
266:chapters
238:nobility
190:Landtage
153:Scotland
97:taxation
85:nobility
77:subjects
1654:Portals
1592:(ed.).
1579::
1360:3088975
1153:Orléans
1105:Bourges
1099:Orléans
996:John II
846:Commons
778:Fénelon
762:Liberal
735:cahiers
721:cahiers
709:cahiers
672:of the
670:cahiers
595:dixième
586:of the
566:, each
522:nations
514:orateur
362:gabelle
341:vassals
280:or the
278:convent
276:of the
257:bishops
240:), and
179:of the
73:estates
1668:France
1615:
1588:". In
1573:
1358:
1034:Amiens
838:Sieyès
678:cahier
540:bureau
489:Necker
409:taille
350:taille
282:canons
262:abbeys
234:clergy
205:Origin
185:German
171:, the
167:, the
163:, the
155:, the
147:, the
143:, the
116:papacy
81:clergy
67:was a
52:French
46:, the
40:France
1356:JSTOR
1262:]
1165:, at
1151:, at
1135:Tours
1120:Tours
1065:Paris
1019:Paris
1013:Paris
1003:Paris
984:Paris
966:Meaux
936:Paris
914:Paris
902:Tours
900:then
855:King
485:realm
438:Blois
274:monks
195:Lands
63:) or
1613:ISBN
1251:1789
1208:1593
1163:1561
1067:and
1029:1359
1005:and
986:and
979:1343
961:1322
908:Lyon
871:List
788:1789
776:and
632:and
446:1588
444:and
442:1576
367:aids
359:and
356:aids
264:and
157:Sejm
87:and
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598:or
547:or
524:or
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1692::
1462:^
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1656::
1621:.
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1381:.
1362:.
1350::
1218:)
1159:)
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628:(
244:(
177:)
50:(
20:)
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