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Descartes' response to
Gassendi, and to Princess Elizabeth who asked him similar questions in 1643, is generally considered nowadays to be lacking, because it did not address what is known in the philosophy of mind as the interaction problem. This is a problem for non-physical entities as posited by
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Other questions about the non-physical which dualism has not answered include such questions as how many minds each person can have, which is not an issue for physicalism which can simply declare one-mind-per-person almost by definition; and whether non-physical entities such as minds and souls are
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still remains to be explained how that union and apparent intermingling can be found in you, if you are incorporeal, unextended and indivisible . How, at least, can you be united with the brain, or some minute part in it, which (as has been said) must yet have some magnitude or extension, however
308:". However, it is hard to define in philosophical terms what it is, precisely, about a ghost that makes it a specifically non-physical, rather than a physical entity. Were the existence of ghosts ever demonstrated beyond doubt, it has been claimed that would actually place them in the category of
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has no presence in space-time. To make a distinction between metaphysics and epistemology, such objects, if they are to be considered entities, are categorized as logical entities to distinguish them from physical entities. The study of non-physical entities can be summarized by the question, "Is
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Dualists either, like
Descartes, avoid the problem by considering it impossible for a non-physical mind to conceive the relationship that it has with the physical, and so impossible to explain philosophically, or assert that the questioner has made the fundamental mistake of thinking that the
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Dualism is the division of two contrasted or opposed aspects. The dualist school supposes the existence of non-physical entities, the most widely discussed one being the mind, but beyond that it runs into stumbling blocks.
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dualism: by what mechanism, exactly, do they interact with physical entities, and how can they do so? Interaction with physical systems requires physical properties which a non-physical entity does not possess.
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small it be? If you are wholly without parts how can you mix or appear to mix with its minute subdivisions? For there is no mixture unless each of the things to be mixed has parts that can mix with one another.
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Describing in philosophical terms what a non-physical entity actually is (or would be) can prove problematic. A convenient example of what constitutes a non-physical entity is a
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asserts that they do not. Positing the existence of non-physical entities leads to further questions concerning their inherent nature and their relation to physical entities.
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331:. Lacking physical demonstrations of their existence, their existences and natures are widely debated, independently of the philosophy of mind.
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Balog, Katalin (2009). "Phenomenal
Concepts". In McLaughlin, Brian P.; Beckermann, Ansgar; Walter, Sven (eds.).
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Richardson, R. C. (January 1982). "The 'Scandal' of
Cartesian Interactionism".
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Montero, Barbara (2009). "The 'body' side of the mind-body problem".
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that exists outside physical reality. The philosophical schools of
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Purported non-mental non-physical entities include things such as
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Philosophy 101: A Primer for the
Apathetic Or Struggling Student
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Smith, Peter; Jones, O. R. (1986). "Dualism: For and
Against".
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Jubien, Michael (2003). "Metaphysics". In Shand, John (ed.).
690:. Cengage Learning philosophical topics. Cengage Learning.
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576:. Philosophy and the Human Situation Series. Routledge.
225:) hold merely the existence of non-physical properties.
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Texts: Ontological Status, Identity, Author, Audience
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Philosophy of
Religion: An Introduction With Readings
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Philosophy of Mind: An
Overview for Cognitive Science
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Philosophers generally do agree on the existence of
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595:. Broadview Guides to Philosophy. Broadview Press.
557:. Tutorial Essays in Cognitive Science. Routledge.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
778:Philosophy of Biology: A Contemporary Introduction
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572:Brown, Stuart C. (2001). "Disembodied existence".
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631:Philosophy of Mind: A Comprehensive Introduction
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212:. For an example, an abstract property such as
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27:Object that exists outside physical reality
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614:. Suny Series in Philosophy. SUNY Press.
532:The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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728:The Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction
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156:assert that such entities exist, while
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248:in 1641, in response to Descartes's
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244:put one such problem directly to
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671:. University Press of America.
217:imagination real?" While older
45:needs additional citations for
732:. Cambridge University Press.
346:Mythology of Stargate#Ancients
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1275:Hard problem of consciousness
610:Gracia, Jorge J. E. (1996).
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650:Fundamentals of Philosophy
629:Jaworski, William (2011).
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987:David Lewis (philosopher)
688:On the Philosophy of Mind
633:. John Wiley & Sons.
549:Bechtel, William (1988).
395:Moreland & Craig 2003
492:, p. 110–111.
397:, p. 184–185.
1479:Concepts in metaphysics
1125:Eliminative materialism
761:10.1093/mind/xci.361.20
591:Campbell, Neil (2005).
1377:Propositional attitude
1372:Problem of other minds
1280:Hypostatic abstraction
709:. InterVarsity Press.
465:, p. 48–49.
463:Smith & Jones 1986
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385:, p. 36–38.
288:Spirit (vital essence)
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1448:Philosophers category
1352:Mental representation
1115:Biological naturalism
1002:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
977:Frank Cameron Jackson
667:Malikow, Max (2009).
373:, p. 9–10.
351:Problem of universals
170:Abstract and concrete
69:"Non-physical entity"
1130:Emergent materialism
534:. Oxford Handbooks.
306:ghost in the machine
200:, and philosophical
54:improve this article
1327:Language of thought
1077:Ludwig Wittgenstein
907:Patricia Churchland
142:non-physical entity
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826:Philosophy of mind
219:Cartesian dualists
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229:Mind–body dualism
164:Abstract concepts
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43:This article
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37:
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31:
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1428: /
1424: /
1420: /
1337:Mental image
1332:Mental event
1295:Intelligence
1245:Chinese room
1091:
1042:Gilbert Ryle
1022:Derek Parfit
1012:Thomas Nagel
942:Fred Dretske
862:J. L. Austin
834:Philosophers
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1422:information
1413:Metaphysics
1387:Tabula rasa
1197:Physicalism
1182:Parallelism
1110:Behaviorism
1067:Michael Tye
1062:Alan Turing
1047:John Searle
922:Dharmakirti
897:Tyler Burge
892:C. D. Broad
502:Gracia 1996
383:Jubien 2003
251:Meditations
176:Abstraction
158:physicalism
1473:Categories
1458:Task Force
1426:perception
1300:Artificial
1250:Creativity
1172:Nondualism
1072:Vasubandhu
992:John Locke
962:David Hume
917:Andy Clark
475:Brown 2001
407:Balog 2009
358:References
312:entities.
286:See also:
233:See also:
206:properties
174:See also:
80:newspapers
1322:Intuition
1255:Cognition
1219:Solipsism
882:Ned Block
852:Armstrong
847:Aristotle
202:relations
198:functions
1484:Ontology
1443:Category
1290:Identity
1233:Concepts
1103:Theories
1087:Zhuangzi
1017:Alva Noë
335:See also
310:physical
262:—
150:idealism
136:and the
134:ontology
1453:Project
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