Great power - Knowledge

1182:, criticizes the concept of a great power, arguing that it is dated, vaguely defined, and inconsistently applied. He states that the term is used to "describe everything from true superpowers such as the United States and China, which wield the full spectrum of economic, technological, and military might, to better-than-average military powers such as Russia, which have nuclear weapons but little else that would be considered indicators of great power. " O'Brien advocates for the concept of a "full-spectrum power", which takes into account "all the fundamentals on which superior military power is built", including economic resources, domestic politics and political systems (which can restrain or expand dimensions of power), technological capabilities, and social and cultural factors (such as a society's willingness to go to war or invest in military development). 4040: 1024: 4037: 1418: 33: 1877: 1863: 823: 3941:, Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India's democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)' 1269:, first used the term in its diplomatic context, writing on 13 February 1814: "there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace." 3928:, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: "The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former." 3098:(20 September 2011): 'Though there are still debates on which countries belong to which category, there is a common understanding that the GP countries are the United States, China, United Kingdom, France, and Russia. Besides their political and economic dominance of the global arena, these countries have a special status in the United Nations Security Council with their permanent seats and veto rights.' 1209: 1392: 1485:" – Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States – controlled the proceedings and outcome of the treaties more than Japan. The Big Four were the architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the 3911:, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.' 1620:

large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China.

3467:, FRIDE Policy Brief, No. 115 (February 2012), pp. 1–2: "Being the world's fourth largest economic power and the second largest in terms of exports has not led to any greater effort to correct Germany's low profile in foreign policy ... For historic reasons and because of its size, Germany has played a middle-power role in Europe for over 50 years." 988:

as essential elements of great power status. Danilovic (2002) highlights three central characteristics, which she terms as "power, spatial, and status dimensions," that distinguish major powers from other states. The following section ("Characteristics") is extracted from her discussion of these three dimensions, including all of the citations.

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that Brazil's recognition as a potential great and superpower largely stems from its own national identity and ambition. Professor Kwang Ho Chun feels that Brazil will emerge as a great power with an important position in some spheres of influence. Others suggest India and Brazil may even have the potential to

1292:. These five primary participants constituted the original great powers as we know the term today. Other powers, such as Spain, Portugal, and Sweden, which were great powers during the 17th century and the earlier 18th century, were consulted on certain specific issues, but they were not full participants. 1325:(from 1871), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: 1500:

Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the council began with only four permanent members – Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan – because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, never joined the League. Germany later

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notes, "The status of Great power is sometimes confused with the condition of being powerful. The office, as it is known, did in fact evolve from the role played by the great military states in earlier periods... But the Great power system institutionalizes the position of the powerful state in a web

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The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as

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summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global "civilian power", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an

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There are no set or defined characteristics of a great power. These characteristics have often been treated as empirical, self-evident to the assessor. However, this approach has the disadvantage of subjectivity. As a result, there have been attempts to derive some common criteria and to treat these

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which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, following the Cold War and the two decades after it, some sources referred to China, France, Russia and

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capabilities and maintain large defense budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with

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Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of contemporary political and diplomatic questions, and exercise influence on the outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several

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A further option is to examine a state's willingness to act as a great power. As a nation will seldom declare that it is acting as such, this usually entails a retrospective examination of state conduct. As a result, this is of limited use in establishing the nature of contemporary powers, at least

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asserts that India is an emerging power, but highlights that some strategists consider India to be already a great power. Some academics such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and David A. Robinson already regard India as a major or great power. Former British Ambassador to Brazil, Peter Collecott identifies

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Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by

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Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as

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great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named but rather were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences that settled important questions based on major historical events.

1054:, who clearly had a different idea of the world situation. In his essay 'The Great Powers', written in 1833, von Ranke wrote: "If one could establish as a definition of a Great power that it must be able to maintain itself against all others, even when they are united, then 1133:, for example, observes that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'." 3454:, by M.A. Chaudhary and Guatam Chaudhary (New Delhi, 2009.), p. 101: "Germany is considered by experts to be an economic power. It is considered as a middle power in Europe by Chancellor Angela Merkel, former President Johannes Rau and leading media of the country." 1250:

observed that, "The respect which one power has for another is in exact proportion of the means which they respectively have of injuring each other." The term "great power" first appears at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress established the

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at which great powers were first formally recognized. In the absence of such a formal act of recognition it has been suggested that great power status can arise by implication by judging the nature of a state's relations with other great powers.

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International relations academics Gabriele Abbondanza and Thomas Wilkins have classified Italy as an "awkward" great power on account of its top-tier economic, military, political, and socio-cultural capabilities and credentials - including its

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to be a great power. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power, while some believe that India remains a middle power.

1712:(G7) and the nation's influence in regional and international organizations for its status as a great power. Italy has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members plus Germany in the International Support Group for 1038:

This aspect has received mixed treatment, with some confusion as to the degree of power required. Writers have approached the concept of great power with differing conceptualizations of the world situation, from multi-polarity to overwhelming

3420:(18 November 2006), p. 27: "Germany, says Volker Perthes, director of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, is now pretty much where it belongs: squarely at the centre. Whether it wants to be or not, the country is a 1136:

Other suggestions have been made that a great power should have the capacity to engage in extra-regional affairs and that a great power ought to be possessed of extra-regional interests, two propositions which are often closely connected.

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While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is considerable debate on the exact criteria of great power status. Historically, the status of great powers has been formally recognized in organizations such as the

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China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have

3441:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, p. 246: "Germany's motivation for the initiative had been '... driven by a combination of leadership qualities and national interests of a middle power with civilian characteristics'." 2885: 3202:

As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully-fledged great

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The Council for Foreign and Defence Policy, which includes senior figures believed to be close to Putin, will soon publish a report saying Russia's superpower days are finished and that the country should settle for being a

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lists seven great powers at the start of 1939 (Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States), it focuses only on six of them, because France surrendered shortly after the war

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may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi,

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capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the

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theory of international relations, uses a set of six criteria to determine great power: population and territory, resource endowment, military strength, economic capability, political stability and competence.

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when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity.

5175: 1493:, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three". 3812:"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See 1061:

In 2011, the US had 10 major strengths according to Chinese scholar Peng Yuan, the director of the Institute of American Studies of the China Institutes for Contemporary International Studies.

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that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and

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Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Great Britain and the new

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All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition, the scope of a

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in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Permanent membership of the UN Security Council is widely regarded as being a central tenet of great power status in the modern world; Brazil, Germany, India and Japan form the

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and according to him, there were three superpowers: Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But after World War II Britain lost its superpower status. The term

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has been referred to as a great power by a number of academics and commentators throughout the post-WWII era. The American international legal scholar Milena Sterio writes:

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defines great powers as those that "have sufficient military assets to put up a serious fight in an all-out conventional war against the most powerful state in the world."

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Brooks, Stephen G., and William C. Wohlforth. "The rise and fall of the great powers in the twenty-first century: China's rise and the fate of America's global position."

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is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system.

3437:(Singapore: 19 October 2011), p. 76, citing Thomas Fues and Julia Leininger (2008): "Germany and the Heiligendamm Process", in Andrew Cooper and Agata Antkiewicz (eds.): 1843:

which support one another (and have varying degrees of support from the existing permanent members) in becoming permanent members. The G4 is opposed by the Italian-led

1662:. The newly formed Russian Federation emerged on the level of a great power, leaving the United States as the only remaining global superpower (although some support a 5185: 5119: 3112: 1226:

Various sets of great, or significant, powers have existed throughout history. An early reference to great powers is from the third century, when the Persian prophet

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grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers. In his 2014 publication

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Domke, William K – Power, Political Capacity, and Security in the Global System, Contained in: Stoll and Ward (eds) – Power in World Politics, Lynn Rienner (1989)

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to say "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers."

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A 2017 study by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies qualified China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States as the current great powers.

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Schulz, Matthias. "A Balancing Act: Domestic Pressures and International Systemic Constraints in the Foreign Policies of the Great Powers, 1848–1851."

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Stoll, Richard J – State Power, World Views, and the Major Powers, Contained in: Stoll and Ward (eds) – Power in World Politics, Lynne Rienner (1989)

282: 5518: 4905: 4530: 3924:(The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', 2441: 1955: 1940: 1935: 1600:. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary 1203: 1047:

spoke of the concept of multi-polarity: "A Great power is one which is capable of preserving its own independence against any other single power."

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As noted above, for many, power capabilities were the sole criterion. However, even under the more expansive tests, power retains a vital place.

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Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–230

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Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228

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Formal or informal acknowledgment of a nation's great power status has also been a criterion for being a great power. As political scientist

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has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs.

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Michaelis, Meir. "World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937–1970)."

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9. Intellectual power, fed by a plethora of US think tanks and the “revolving door” between research institutions and government.

3168:(Ashgate, 2004) – According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status. 5139: 5134: 5104: 4701: 4620: 1925: 1651: 1549: 897: 722: 37: 5832: 5827: 4061:

Sweijs, T.; De Spiegeleire, S.; de Jong, S.; Oosterveld, W.; Roos, H.; Bekkers, F.; Usanov, A.; de Rave, R.; Jans, K. (2017).

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membership - which are moderated by its lack of national nuclear weapons and permanent membership to the UN Security Council.

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After the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain emerged as the pre-eminent global hegemon, due to it being the first nation to

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have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.

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Small and Medium Powers in Global History: Trade, Conflicts, and Neutrality from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries

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Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States

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Veit Bachmann and James D Sidaway, "Zivilmacht Europa: A Critical Geopolitics of the European Union as a Global Power",

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Cooperating for peace and security: evolving institutions and arrangements in a context of changing U.S. security policy

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The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences

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was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the

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Russia must deal with the rise of other middle powers in Eurasia at a time when it is more of a middle power itself.

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The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers

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The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers

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on the UN Security Council. They are also the only state entities to have met the conditions to be considered "

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made Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States the chief arbiters of the new world order. The

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Sperling, James (2001). "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe".

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rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with

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Toje, A. (2010). The European Union as a small power: After the post-Cold War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

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and India are widely regarded as emerging powers with the potential to be great powers. Political scientist

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We qualify the following states as great powers: China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States.

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nuclear-capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers

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Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century: the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power

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Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of

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as the four greatest kingdoms of his time. During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, American diplomat

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10. Strategic power, the United States being the world’s only country with a truly global strategy.

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Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?',

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The Superpowers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace

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Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012

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and does not have its own foreign affairs or defence policies; these remain largely with the

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Allison, Graham. "The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers."

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Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism',

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Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order

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The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies

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The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies

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British Diplomacy 1813–1815: Selected Documents Dealing with the Reconciliation of Europe,

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5. Institutional power, since the United States can no longer dominate global institutions

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has raised Prussia to that position." These positions have been the subject of criticism.

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Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security

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is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the

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Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

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MacDonald, Paul K.; Parent, Joseph M. (2021). "The Status of Status in World Politics".

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The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us

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Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019

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were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" and were recognized as the Allied "

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The status of the victorious great powers were recognised by permanent seats at the

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Iggers and von Moltke "In the Theory and Practice of History", Bobbs-Merrill (1973)

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Contemporary Concert Diplomacy: The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert

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between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting

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Nation that has great political, social, and economic influence on a global scale

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The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in

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A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development

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are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the

1417: 1043:. In his essay, 'French Diplomacy in the Postwar Period', the French historian 36:

Great powers are recognized in several international structures, including the

5714: 5680: 5397: 4829: 4778: 4741: 4736: 3352: 2916:

M1 The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison

1945: 1858: 1840: 1748: 1729: 1681: 1593: 1568:

are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world.

1520:(initially the United Kingdom and France, and Poland, followed in 1941 by the 921: 873: 751: 707: 702: 697: 683: 524: 315: 197: 192: 56: 4353:

Eloranta, Jari, Eric Golson, Peter Hedberg, and Maria Cristina Moreira, eds.

3816:, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9. 3289:"Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation" 2666: 2200:. United States: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. 1592:" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two 5729: 4432:

Small states in world politics: The story of small state survival, 1648–2016

3682:"Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war" 1597: 1338: 554: 448: 438: 433: 418: 413: 403: 277: 238: 227: 222: 212: 177: 145: 89: 84: 4146:"India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications" 3439:

Emerging Powers in Global Governance: Lessons from the Heiligendamm Process

884:

to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own.

3433:

Susanna Vogt, "Germany and the G20", in Wilhelm Hofmeister, Susanna Vogt,

3368:

A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999

3215:

Garnett, Sherman (6 November 1995). "Russia ponders its nuclear options".

2264:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 236. 5176:

Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)

5124: 1818: 1577: 1040: 626: 187: 157: 100: 4518: 3196: 3179: 3109:"The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)" 4442: 2769:"Multi-polarity vs Bipolarity, Subsidiary hypotheses, Balance of Power" 2468: 1713: 1673: 428: 265: 255: 4330:

France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939

2985: 2377:

When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers

2172:. United States of America: Oxford University Press US. p. 187. 2038:

left the United States as the only remaining superpower in the 1990s.

1824: 1814: 1104:

1. Political power, as manifested by the breakdown of bipartisanship.

909: 905: 592: 4541:

Rising titans, falling giants: how great powers exploit power shifts

4200:

The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis

2460: 1361: 5412: 4660: 1686: 5377: 5346: 5165: 3829:

Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory

1756: 1740: 1720:", while some others believe Italy is a middle or regional power. 1696: 1669: 1416: 1390: 1360: 1207: 1083:

7. Geopolitical strength, as embodied in global projection forces.

1022: 929: 901: 4348:

Over the Horizon: Time, Uncertainty, and the Rise of Great Powers

3544:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). 5442: 5293: 5129: 3094:

Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world',

1735:

In addition to these contemporary great powers mentioned above,

1654:, its UN Security Council permanent seat was transferred to the 1532:, Italy, and Japan). During World War II, the US, UK, USSR, and 5491: 5036: 4674: 3158: 3156: 1110:

3. Financial power, given intractable deficits and rising debt.

5417: 3803:(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171. 1080:

6. Allies, the United States having more than any other state.

5443:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

2283: 2281: 971:. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often 4513:

Peden, G. C. "Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power."

3507:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. 3260:

T.V. Paul; James Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (8 September 2004).

2931:

Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945

2311:"World power Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com" 2258:

Richard Gowan; Bruce D. Jones; Shepard Forman, eds. (2010).

1596:, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as 1516:

began in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances: the

1349:

was an alliance of eight nations created in response to the

1153:

This approach restricts analysis to the epoch following the

1107:

2. Economic power, as illustrated by the post-2007 slowdown.

991:

Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the

5402: 5347:

Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)

1900: 1801:

alternative to military dominance. The European Union is a

1793: 1752: 1725: 1611:

During the Cold War, Japan, France, the United Kingdom and

925: 3866:

Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power

2634: 2632: 1272:

The Congress of Vienna consisted of five main powers: the

1100:

However he also noted where the US had recently slipped:

1065:

1. Population, geographic position, and natural resources.

5084:

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

4309:

The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914

3416:"Merkel as a world star - Germany's place in the world", 3263:

Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century

3235:

Kitney, Geoff (25 March 2000). "Putin It To The People".

5186:

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

5120:

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)

2580:. Humphrey Milford and Oxford University Press. p. 2519:

contained on page 204 in: Kertesz and Fitsomons (eds) –

4493:

Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007."

4102:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 70. 4064:

Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation

3504:

Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight

3435:

G20: Perceptions and Perspectives for Global Governance

2118:. United States: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 2095:

Iver B. Neumann, "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007."

1817:, the United Kingdom (referred to collectively as the " 4148:. Futuredirections.org.au. 7 July 2011. Archived from 4067:. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 43. 4004:

The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security

3724:

Dimitris Bourantonis; Marios Evriviades, eds. (1997).

3559:

economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.

1996:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

1704:

economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.

1429:, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the 1113:

4. Social power, as weakened by societal polarization.

1031:

attempted to scientifically document the great powers.

4126:, New Series, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan. 2009), pp. 94–109. 1299:, possessing the largest navy, and the extent of its 1086:

8. Intelligence capabilities, as demonstrated by the

963:

has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during

5448:

Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)

4124:

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2193:

T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005).

1544:

in 1942. These four countries were referred as the "

1162:

not without the exercise of subjective observation.

955:

and great powers came about with the signing of the

5987: 5851: 5764: 5641: 5576: 5525: 5461: 5370: 5334: 5318: 5302: 5281: 5245: 5204: 5148: 5097: 5071: 5050: 5007: 4919: 4883: 4838: 4787: 4712: 4135:"India: Emerging Power", by Stephen P. Cohen, p. 60 1650:the United Kingdom as middle powers. Following the 1469:was divided into new, less powerful states and the 1255:as an attempt to preserve peace after the years of 5212:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 4495:Journal of International Relations and Development 4289:An Age of Neutrals Great Power Politics, 1815–1914 3860: 3858: 3856: 3826:Gabriele Abbondanza; Thomas Wilkins, eds. (2021). 3814:Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook 3315: 3184:Journal of International Relations and Development 3040:Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century 2977: 2494:– via International Relations Exam Database. 2442:"The Emerging Structure of International Politics" 2403: 2343: 2231:Rising Powers, Global Governance and Global Ethics 2097:Journal of International Relations and Development 1643:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 3576:. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 224. 3533: 3531: 3529: 1763:have all been described as great power concerts. 1050:This differed from earlier writers, notably from 936:have all been described as great power concerts. 4385:Grand strategies of weak states and great powers 4192: 4190: 3953:The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security 3770:Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). 3730:. Boston: Kluwer Law International. p. 77. 3113:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 1588:, which began following World War II. The term " 5433:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) 4457:Regional Great Powers in International Politics 1701: 5378:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) 5258:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 5166:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 3705:(Press release). unmisssions.org. 11 July 2018 1680:respectively) rather than their strategic and 5503: 4686: 4450:China and India: Asia's emergent great powers 2928:Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). 2744:Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 845: 8: 3406:Japan's Human Security Rolein Southeast Asia 2430:Organski, AFK – World Politics, Knopf (1958) 2406:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 1813:, which include France, Germany and, before 1509:); Japan left, and the Soviet Union joined. 3452:Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography 3266:. Stanford University Press. pp. 59–. 2688:"Obelisk points to ancient Ethiopian glory" 5510: 5496: 5488: 5388:Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries 5115:Central American Integration System (SICA) 5047: 5033: 4709: 4693: 4679: 4671: 3390:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2223: 2221: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1027:In the mid-19th century, German historian 852: 838: 772: 574: 308: 80: 43: 5326:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone 5294:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 5130:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 5089:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 4570:Status and the Challenge of Rising Powers 3195: 2771:. University of Rochester. Archived from 995:criterion, as expressed by the historian 947:era. The "Great Powers" constituted the " 69:List of countries by system of government 5342:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 5253:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 5196:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) 5161:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 5140:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) 4585:World Politics: Trend and Transformation 2958:New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. 2954:Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley. 2655:"There's No Such Thing as a Great Power" 1847:group. There are however few signs that 1708:Sterio also cites Italy's status in the 1524:, China, and the United States) and the 31: 5263:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 5191:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 5181:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 4607:Leadership and the rise of great powers 4523:Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, (2019) 3760:, eurasia-rivista.org, 21 December 2010 3758:Italy: 150 years of a small great power 2523:, University of Notre Dame Press (1960) 2050: 2009: 1966:History of United States foreign policy 959:in 1814. Since then, the international 920:. The United Nations Security Council, 721: 682: 606: 577: 500: 457: 379: 311: 264: 221: 144: 83: 54: 5015:Composite Index of National Capability 4406:The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 4173:"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status" 4100:The United States and the Great Powers 3383: 2864:by Julie Sunday, McMaster University. 2253: 2251: 1691:Great Power Peace and American Primacy 5135:Organization of American States (OAS) 5105:Association of Caribbean States (ACS) 4393:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 3481:. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. 3328:from the original on 11 January 2022. 2850:Power Transitions as the cause of war 2653:O’Brien, Phillips P. (29 June 2023). 2648: 2646: 2644: 1986:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 1747:The United Nations Security Council, 7: 4307:Bridge, Roy, and Roger Bullen, eds. 4258:Sharma, Rajeev (27 September 2015). 3972:'The G6/G7: great power governance') 3341:British Journal of Political Science 3287:Worldcrunch.com (28 November 2011). 3180:"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007" 2577:The World After the Peace Conference 2228:Gaskarth, Jamie (11 February 2015). 1991:Historiography of the British Empire 1981:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 1931:Precedence among European monarchies 1489:. During the decision-making of the 5519:International relations (1814–1919) 4906:International relations (1814–1919) 4476:The Tragedy of Great Power Politics 4171:Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). 4021:The G8 as a Concert of Great Powers 3465:Is Germany still a EU-ropean power? 3317:"Germany: The reluctant superpower" 2747:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 106. 2507:The Tragedy of Great Power Politics 2410:. Oxford: Clarendon. p. xxiv. 1971:History of French foreign relations 1956:International relations (1919–1939) 1941:International relations (1814–1919) 1936:International relations (1648–1814) 1204:International relations (1814–1919) 5222:European Political Community (EPC) 4525:History of international relations 3909:Asian Journal of Political Science 3314:Winder, Simon (19 November 2011). 3248:with a matching defence structure. 2823:Dallin, David (30 November 2006). 1961:Diplomatic history of World War II 1678:third and fourth largest economies 900:, of which permanent members are: 25: 4539:Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz. 4517:55#4 (2012), pp. 1073–1096. 4403:Mckay, Derek; H.M. Scott (1983). 4328:Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (2004). 3922:India's Foreign Policy since 1971 3477:Baron, Joshua (22 January 2014). 3291:. Worldcrunch.com. Archived from 1951:Diplomatic history of World War I 1071:3. High technology and education. 886:International relations theorists 5352:Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) 4702:Power in international relations 4552:Theory of International Politics 4001:Penttilä, Risto (17 June 2013). 3774:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. 2956:FDR and the Creation of the U.N. 2379:. University of Michigan Press. 2346:Theory of International Politics 1976:History of German foreign policy 1875: 1861: 1851:will happen in the near future. 1303:, which ushered in a century of 821: 5156:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) 4452:(John Wiley & Sons, 2017). 3588:(During the Kosovo War (1998) " 3366:Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). 3037:Sempa, Francis (12 July 2017). 2890:. Random House Trade. pp. 1926:Power (international relations) 1652:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1550:United Nations Security Council 898:United Nations Security Council 38:United Nations Security Council 6123:International relations theory 5362:Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG) 5268:Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) 4375:The Future of the great powers 4038:Russia y las grandes potencias 3926:Journal of Third World Studies 3885:India as an Asia Pacific Power 3832:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 1849:reform of the Security Council 1608:against Nazi Germany in 1945. 1441:and the resulting treaties of 1370:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 1341:, and the United States after 530:Intergovernmental organisation 485:Separation of church and state 1: 6133:Political science terminology 5889:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 5843:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 5833:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 5273:Organization of Turkic States 5110:Caribbean Community (CARICOM) 4896:List of medieval great powers 4036:and Documentation Francaise: 4007:. Routledge. pp. 17–32. 3450:"Change of Great Powers", in 2918:, Cambridge University Press. 2521:Diplomacy in a Changing World 2018:The Economics of World War II 1916:List of medieval great powers 1542:Declaration by United Nations 1196:List of medieval great powers 5749:Second Industrial Revolution 5623:League of the Three Emperors 5020:Comprehensive National Power 4891:List of ancient great powers 4640:Resources in other libraries 3887:. United States: Routledge. 3873:, pp. 43–45. Published 2012. 3801:Italy and the European Union 3165:European Security After 9/11 2934:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2613:Principles of World Politics 1921:List of ancient great powers 1192:List of ancient great powers 1150:of rights and obligations." 327:(socio-political ideologies) 5779:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 5357:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) 5310:Union for the Mediterranean 5063:Union for the Mediterranean 4901:List of modern great powers 4583:Witkopf, Eugene R. (1981). 4554:. Reading: Addison-Wesley. 2615:. Free Press. p. 141. 1911:List of modern great powers 1200:List of modern great powers 876:influence, which may cause 395:(socio-economic ideologies) 65:List of forms of government 6154: 5828:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 5438:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 4949:Hegemonic stability theory 4357:(Routledge, 2018) 240 pp. 4237:. W.W Norton and Company. 3956:. Routledge. 2 July 2010. 2862:Globalization and Autonomy 2826:The Rise of Russia in Asia 2574:Toynbee, Arnold J (1926). 2509:. W. W. Norton. p. 5. 2505:Mearsheimer, John (2001). 2440:Waltz, Kenneth N. (1993). 2325:"Dictionary – Major power" 2234:. Routledge. p. 182. 2195:"Great+power"&pg=PA59 1773: 1421:The Allied leaders of the 1189: 1088:killing of Osama bin Laden 5649:European balance of power 5046: 5032: 4708: 4635:Resources in your library 3353:10.1017/S0007123401000151 3178:Neumann, Iver B. (2008). 3150:(September/October 1999). 3070:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2976:Sainsbury, Keith (1986). 2801:Austria-Hungary 1870–1914 2611:Modelski, George (1972). 2375:Danilovic, Vesna (2002). 2342:Waltz, Kenneth N (1979). 1891:Big Four (Western Europe) 1718:Least of the Great Powers 1624:Aftermath of the Cold War 1423:Asian and Pacific Theatre 1396:The "Big Three" of Europe 1378:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1267:British foreign secretary 1180:University of St. Andrews 1170:"Full-spectrum" dimension 516:(geo-cultural ideologies) 5940:Venezuela Naval Blockade 5611:Anglo-Russian Convention 5039:Organizations and groups 4999:Superpower disengagement 4175:. The Diplomatic Courier 3883:Brewster, David (2012). 3370:. Germany. p. 324. 3162:P. Shearman, M. Sussex, 2868:15 December 2007 at the 2741:Bartlett, C. J. (1996). 2717:World history, 1815–1920 2402:Taylor, Alan JP (1954). 2115:World history, 1815–1930 1658:in 1991, as its largest 6113:International relations 6103:19th-century neologisms 5945:Alaska boundary dispute 5618:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 5601:Franco-Russian Alliance 5383:Commonwealth of Nations 5217:Council of Europe (CoE) 4979:Power transition theory 4665:Rising Powers Quarterly 4655:Encyclopædia Britannica 4231:Robyn Meredith (2007). 4043:28 October 2019 at the 3991:, Professor John Kirton 3538:Sterio, Milena (2013). 2990:Oxford University Press 2714:Fueter, Eduard (1922). 2560:Quoted in Josef Joffe, 2350:. McGraw-Hill. p. 2287:Charles Webster, (ed), 2166:Louden, Robert (2007). 2144:(PDF chapter downloads) 2112:Fueter, Eduard (1922). 2034:and the breakup of the 1074:4. Cultural/soft power. 1045:Jean-Baptiste Duroselle 779:Administrative division 723:International relations 5864:Unification of Germany 5811:Taft–Katsura agreement 4533:16 August 2019 at the 4505:Atlas of World History 4497:11.2 (2008): 128–151. 4319:International Security 4197:Kwang Ho Chun (2013). 3987:6 October 2019 at the 2449:International Security 2149:30 August 2006 at the 2099:11.2 (2008): 128–151. 1834:emerge as a superpower 1706: 1639:Nuclear Weapons States 1479:Paris Peace Conference 1434: 1414: 1388: 1223: 1215:, an 1819 portrait by 1213:The Congress of Vienna 1032: 41: 6138:Political terminology 5950:First Moroccan Crisis 5664:Spread of nationalism 5628:Eight-Nation Alliance 5453:Uniting for Consensus 4661:Rising Powers Project 4609:(Princeton UP, 2019). 4466:21.3 (2003): 319–346. 4441:15#2 (1972): 331–60. 4383:Kassab, Hanna Samir. 4098:Buzan, Barry (2004). 3238:Sydney Morning Herald 2073:. MSN. Archived from 2065:Peter Howard (2008). 2016:Even though the book 1845:Uniting for Consensus 1664:multipolar world view 1647:military expenditures 1420: 1408:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1394: 1364: 1347:Eight-Nation Alliance 1211: 1190:Further information: 1026: 1004:, the founder of the 789:Democratic transition 652:Self-governing colony 249:Military dictatorship 35: 18:European Great Powers 6108:Military terminology 5955:Algeciras Conference 5935:Annexation of Hawaii 5874:Great Eastern Crisis 5869:Unification of Italy 5859:Formation of Romania 5676:French–German enmity 5319:Africa–South America 5282:North America–Europe 4503:O'Brian, Patrick K. 4479:. New York: Norton. 4471:Mearsheimer, John J. 4350:(Cornell UP, 2017). 4346:Edelstein, David M. 4287:Abbenhuis, Maartje. 3920:Robert W. Bradnock, 2702:James Monroe: A Life 1782:European integration 1491:Treaty of Versailles 1217:Jean-Baptiste Isabey 896:of 1814–1815 or the 6020:Philippine–American 6005:First Sino-Japanese 5838:Racconigi agreement 5784:Treaty of Frankfurt 5744:Great Rapprochement 5698:Scramble for Africa 5469:United Nations (UN) 5237:Visegrád Group (V4) 5227:European Union (EU) 4994:Superpower collapse 4989:Sphere of influence 4964:Philosophy of power 4543:(Cornell UP, 2018). 4321:40.3 (2016): 7–53. 4152:on 27 November 2013 3871:Zbigniew Brzezinski 3642:on 10 December 2021 3424:, or middle power." 3322:The Daily Telegraph 3295:on 29 February 2012 3197:10.1057/jird.2008.7 3015:(1944), written by 2914:Harrison, M (2000) 2882:MacMillan, Margaret 1803:supranational union 1737:Zbigniew Brzezinski 1176:Phillips P. O'Brien 1068:2. Military muscle. 828:Politics portal 713:Supranational union 622:Dependent territory 535:National government 6128:Types of countries 5879:Congress of Berlin 5796:Reinsurance Treaty 5774:Congress of Vienna 5754:Industrial warfare 5720:Scramble for China 5303:Africa–Asia–Europe 4589:St. Martin's Press 4515:Historical Journal 4455:Newmann, I.B. ed. 4439:Historical Journal 4427:. 73 (2): 358–391. 4387:(Springer, 2017). 3611:on 11 October 2016 3142:Does China Matter? 2799:"European History 2077:on 31 October 2009 1656:Russian Federation 1435: 1415: 1389: 1382:Georges Clemenceau 1374:David Lloyd George 1224: 1221:Congress of Vienna 1155:Congress of Vienna 1033: 957:Treaty of Chaumont 894:Congress of Vienna 42: 6090: 6089: 6059:Albanian Revolts 5916:German Naval Laws 5900:Naval arms races 5884:Berlin Conference 5816:Hague Conventions 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5028: 5027: 4984:Second Superpower 4944:Deterrence theory 4621:Library resources 4574:excerpt from book 4548:Waltz, Kenneth N. 4430:Maass, Matthias. 4244:978-0-393-33193-6 4210:978-1-4094-6869-1 4074:978-94-92102-46-1 3839:978-981-16-0369-3 3781:978-0-7391-4868-6 3463:Susanne Gratius, 3273:978-0-8047-5017-2 3050:978-1-351-51768-3 2999:978-0-19-215858-1 2964:978-0-300-06930-3 2836:978-1-4067-2919-1 2622:978-0-02-921440-4 2386:978-0-472-11287-6 2169:The world we want 1558:William T. R. Fox 1501:joined after the 1498:League of Nations 1404:Winston Churchill 1316:Otto von Bismarck 1253:Concert of Europe 1131:Arnold J. Toynbee 1121:Spatial dimension 1052:Leopold von Ranke 1029:Leopold von Ranke 949:Concert of Europe 862: 861: 813: 812: 784:Democracy indices 759: 758: 562: 561: 371:Semi-presidential 296: 295: 16:(Redirected from 6145: 6010:Spanish–American 5930:Fashoda Incident 5806:Treaty of Björkö 5791:Treaty of Berlin 5725:Open Door Policy 5659:Eastern question 5606:Entente Cordiale 5512: 5505: 5498: 5489: 5048: 5034: 4974:Power projection 4959:Internationalism 4932:Balance of power 4927:American decline 4911:Post-Western era 4710: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4672: 4602: 4565: 4490: 4420: 4343: 4332:. Enigma Books. 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4058: 4052: 4030: 4024: 4018: 3998: 3992: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3880: 3874: 3862: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3647: 3638:. Archived from 3630:Kuper, Stephen. 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3431: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3381: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3218:Washington Times 3212: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3122:on 15 April 2013 3121: 3115:. Archived from 3105: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3072:. Archived from 3061: 3055: 3054: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3017:William T.R. Fox 3010: 3004: 3003: 2983: 2973: 2967: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2878: 2872: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2797:Tonge, Stephen. 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2777: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2711: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2690:. 11 April 2005. 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2650: 2639: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2485: 2479:. Archived from 2446: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2409: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2349: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2225: 2216: 2211: 2197:Balance of Power 2190: 2184: 2183: 2163: 2157: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2109: 2103: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2062: 2039: 2030:The fall of the 2028: 2022: 2014: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1829:Stephen P. Cohen 1780:With continuing 1617:power projection 1503:Locarno Treaties 1431:Cairo Conference 1400:Yalta Conference 1331:Risorgimento era 1312:balance of power 1263:Lord Castlereagh 1141:Status dimension 1019:Power dimensions 1013:John Mearsheimer 961:balance of power 943:during the post- 854: 847: 840: 826: 825: 773: 617:Associated state 575: 550:Internationalism 540:World government 517: 396: 328: 309: 283:Free association 270: 231: 150: 93: 81: 44: 21: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6025:Boxer Rebellion 5983: 5847: 5801:Treaty of Paris 5766: 5760: 5693:New Imperialism 5654:Ottoman decline 5637: 5584:Triple Alliance 5572: 5533:Austria-Hungary 5521: 5516: 5486: 5473: 5457: 5366: 5335:Oceania–Pacific 5330: 5314: 5298: 5277: 5241: 5200: 5144: 5093: 5067: 5042: 5024: 5003: 4954:Multilateralism 4915: 4879: 4834: 4783: 4704: 4699: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4599: 4582: 4562: 4546: 4535:Wayback Machine 4487: 4469: 4417: 4402: 4390:Kennedy, Paul. 4340: 4327: 4311:(2nd ed. 2004) 4301:99 (2020): 30+ 4299:Foreign Affairs 4283: 4281:Further reading 4278: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045:Wayback Machine 4031: 4027: 4015: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3989:Wayback Machine 3980: 3976: 3964: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3863: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3807: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3645: 3643: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3584: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3552: 3537: 3536: 3527: 3515: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3382: 3378: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3190:(2): 128–151 . 3177: 3176: 3172: 3161: 3154: 3147:Foreign Affairs 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3076:on 3 March 2009 3063: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2870:Wayback Machine 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2778:on 16 June 2007 2775: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2659:Foreign Affairs 2652: 2651: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2486:on 6 April 2020 2483: 2461:10.2307/2539097 2444: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291:(1931), p. 307. 2286: 2279: 2272: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2208: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2151:Wayback Machine 2141: 2137: 2130: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2064: 2063: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2011: 2006: 1881: 1874: 1869:Politics portal 1867: 1860: 1857: 1807:sovereign state 1778: 1772: 1770:Emerging powers 1660:successor state 1645:, and maintain 1631:permanent seats 1626: 1574: 1566:Regional powers 1467:Austria-Hungary 1427:Chiang Kai-shek 1359: 1351:Boxer Rebellion 1301:overseas empire 1274:Austrian Empire 1257:Napoleonic Wars 1206: 1188: 1172: 1147:George Modelski 1143: 1123: 1077:5. Cyber power. 1021: 997:A. J. P. Taylor 985: 983:Characteristics 870:sovereign state 858: 820: 815: 814: 801:Democratisation 794:Autocratization 770: 762: 761: 760: 717: 678: 657:Tributary state 647:Satellite state 602: 572: 571:Power structure 564: 563: 515: 514: 496: 467: 453: 444:Totalitarianism 394: 393: 375: 326: 325: 306: 298: 297: 292: 268: 260: 225: 217: 148: 140: 87: 78: 77:Source of power 55:Basic forms of 49:Politics series 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6151: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6057: 6052: 6042: 6037: 6035:Russo-Japanese 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 6000:Anglo-Egyptian 5997: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5974:Bosnian Crisis 5971: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5923:Austro-Italian 5920: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5821:Martens Clause 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5703:Egyptian Lever 5690: 5688:Pax Britannica 5685: 5684: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5669:Sovereign debt 5666: 5661: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5596:Triple Entente 5593: 5592: 5591: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5563:United Kingdom 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5289:Arctic Council 5285: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5232:Nordic Council 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5044: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4855: 4844: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615:External links 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605:Xuetong, Yan. 4603: 4597: 4580: 4568:Ward, Steven. 4566: 4560: 4544: 4537: 4521: 4511: 4501: 4491: 4485: 4467: 4464:German History 4460: 4453: 4448:Ogden, Chris. 4446: 4435: 4428: 4425:World Politics 4421: 4416:978-1317872849 4415: 4400: 4388: 4381: 4373:Joffe, Josef. 4371: 4363:Joffe, Josef. 4361: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4325: 4315: 4305: 4295: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4250: 4243: 4223: 4209: 4186: 4163: 4137: 4128: 4115: 4108: 4090: 4073: 4053: 4025: 4014:978-1136053528 4013: 3993: 3974: 3970:see section on 3963:978-1136936074 3962: 3943: 3930: 3913: 3900: 3894:978-1136620089 3893: 3875: 3852: 3838: 3818: 3805: 3796:Operation Alba 3787: 3780: 3762: 3750: 3736: 3716: 3691: 3688:. 10 May 2018. 3673: 3659: 3622: 3594: 3583:978-1107471498 3582: 3563: 3551:978-0415668187 3550: 3525: 3513: 3494: 3488:978-1137299482 3487: 3469: 3456: 3443: 3426: 3409: 3397: 3376: 3358: 3347:(2): 389–425. 3331: 3306: 3279: 3272: 3252: 3241:. p. 41. 3227: 3207: 3170: 3152: 3140:Gerald Segal, 3133: 3100: 3087: 3066:"Middle Power" 3064:Holmes, John. 3056: 3049: 3029: 3020: 3005: 2998: 2968: 2947: 2940: 2920: 2907: 2900: 2873: 2854: 2842: 2835: 2829:. Read Books. 2815: 2789: 2760: 2753: 2733: 2726: 2706: 2693: 2679: 2640: 2628: 2621: 2603: 2594: 2566: 2553: 2534: 2525: 2512: 2497: 2432: 2423: 2416: 2394: 2385: 2367: 2360: 2334: 2316: 2302: 2293: 2277: 2271:978-0521889476 2270: 2247: 2241:978-1317575115 2240: 2217: 2206: 2185: 2179:978-0195321371 2178: 2158: 2135: 2128: 2104: 2088: 2067:"Great Powers" 2049: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2023: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1872: 1856: 1853: 1786:European Union 1776:Emerging power 1771: 1768: 1710:Group of Seven 1625: 1622: 1573: 1570: 1546:Four Policemen 1487:Ottoman Empire 1471:Russian Empire 1465:was defeated, 1386:Woodrow Wilson 1366:The "Big Four" 1358: 1355: 1306:Pax Britannica 1219:depicting the 1187: 1184: 1171: 1168: 1142: 1139: 1127:regional power 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1084: 1081: 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Routledge. 3042: 3041: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2941:0-8476-9416-X 2937: 2933: 2932: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2901:0-375-76052-0 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2816: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2790: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2754:9780312161385 2750: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2700:Tim McGrath, 2697: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2570: 2567: 2564:(2014) ch. 7. 2563: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2417:0-19-881270-1 2413: 2408: 2407: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2363: 2361:0-201-08349-3 2357: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2329:reference.com 2326: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2129:1-58477-077-5 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811:member states 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1761:Contact Group 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477:. During the 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:German Empire 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1412:Joseph Stalin 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:its civil war 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:German Empire 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1297:industrialize 1293: 1291: 1290:Great Britain 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1025: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002:Kenneth Waltz 998: 994: 989: 982: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 934:Contact Group 931: 927: 923: 919: 918:United States 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 855: 850: 848: 843: 841: 836: 835: 833: 832: 829: 824: 819: 818: 807: 804: 802: 799: 795: 792: 791: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 775: 774: 766: 765: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 728: 727: 724: 720: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 693:Confederation 691: 690: 689: 688: 685: 681: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 664: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 612: 609: 605: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 588:Unitary state 586: 585: 584: 583: 580: 576: 568: 567: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 520: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 499: 491: 490:State atheism 488: 486: 483: 482: 481: 480:Secular state 478: 476: 473: 472: 471: 470: 463: 460: 459: 456: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 400: 399: 390: 387: 385: 384:Authoritarian 382: 381: 378: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 361:Parliamentary 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 331: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 310: 302: 301: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 274: 273: 267: 263: 257: 254: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 229: 224: 220: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 154: 153: 149:(rule by few) 147: 143: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96: 91: 86: 82: 74: 73: 70: 67: 66: 62: 61: 58: 53: 50: 46: 45: 39: 34: 30: 19: 5908: 5904:Anglo-German 5893: 5765:Treaties and 5526:Great powers 5371:Non–regional 4819: 4761: 4664: 4653: 4625: 4606: 4587:. 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also 4572:(2018) 4528:Online 4509:Online 4507:(2007) 4459:(1992) 4396:(1987) 4377:(1998) 4367:(2014) 4313:excerpt 4293:excerpt 4291:(2014) 3743:13 June 3709:7 March 3686:Reuters 3615:14 June 2672:29 June 2469:2539097 2071:Encarta 1792:and at 1714:Lebanon 1674:Germany 1606:victory 1530:Germany 1481:, the " 1455:Trianon 1451:Neuilly 1433:in 1943 1398:at the 1368:at the 1282:Prussia 1186:History 993:realist 769:Related 464:Secular 429:Fascism 266:Anarchy 256:Tyranny 116:Liberal 6068:Second 6055:Second 5852:Events 5642:Trends 5558:Russia 5538:France 5462:Global 5205:Europe 5051:Africa 4920:Theory 4868:Indian 4800:Middle 4788:Status 4732:Energy 4623:about 4595: 4558: 4519:online 4499:online 4483: 4443:online 4413: 4398:online 4379:online 4369:online 4336: 4323:online 4303:online 4241: 4207: 4106: 4071: 4051:(2004) 4011: 3960: 3891: 3836: 3778: 3734: 3580: 3548: 3511: 3485: 3374: 3270: 3203:power. 3047: 2996: 2986:Oxford 2962: 2938: 2898: 2833: 2751: 2724: 2665: 2619: 2490:22 May 2475: 2467: 2414: 2383: 2358: 2268: 2238: 2204: 2176: 2126: 2101:online 2021:began. 1825:Brazil 1815:Brexit 1784:, the 1755:, the 1751:, the 1518:Allies 1459:Sèvres 1457:, and 1410:, and 1384:, and 1288:, and 1286:Russia 1278:France 1265:, the 1244:Persia 1242:, and 1202:, and 941:Europe 928:, the 924:, the 912:, the 910:Russia 906:France 878:middle 593:Empire 505:Global 136:Others 126:Social 106:Direct 6073:Third 6063:First 6050:First 5553:Japan 5548:Italy 4858:Asian 4830:Super 4820:Great 4795:Small 4774:Smart 4769:Sharp 4714:Types 3703:(PDF) 3120:(PDF) 2776:(PPT) 2484:(PDF) 2473:S2CID 2465:JSTOR 2445:(PDF) 2215:p. 59 2004:Notes 1757:BRICS 1741:India 1697:Italy 1670:Japan 1633:with 1540:" in 1534:China 1512:When 1335:Japan 1327:Italy 1240:Aksum 1236:China 930:BRICS 902:China 868:is a 510:Local 5988:Wars 5413:G8+5 5149:Asia 4779:Soft 4742:Hard 4737:Food 4593:ISBN 4556:ISBN 4481:ISBN 4411:ISBN 4334:ISBN 4271:2015 4239:ISBN 4218:2015 4205:ISBN 4181:2014 4158:2013 4104:ISBN 4082:2022 4069:ISBN 4047:and 4009:ISBN 3958:ISBN 3889:ISBN 3847:2024 3834:ISBN 3776:ISBN 3745:2016 3732:ISBN 3711:2022 3648:2020 3617:2016 3578:ISBN 3546:ISBN 3509:ISBN 3483:ISBN 3392:link 3372:ISBN 3301:2013 3268:ISBN 3128:2013 3082:2008 3045:ISBN 2994:ISBN 2960:ISBN 2936:ISBN 2896:ISBN 2831:ISBN 2810:2008 2784:2008 2749:ISBN 2722:ISBN 2674:2023 2663:ISSN 2617:ISBN 2589:2016 2492:2017 2412:ISBN 2381:ISBN 2356:ISBN 2266:ISBN 2236:ISBN 2202:ISBN 2174:ISBN 2124:ISBN 2083:2008 1821:"). 1798:G-20 1796:and 1728:and 1687:P5+1 1672:and 1604:and 1590:cold 1576:The 1507:1933 1310:The 1232:Rome 1228:Mani 967:and 5428:G77 5423:G24 5418:G20 4852:Pax 3869:by 3349:doi 3192:doi 2457:doi 2352:131 1790:WTO 1666:). 975:or 880:or 6099:: 5408:G8 5403:G7 5398:G4 5393:E9 4591:. 4262:. 4189:^ 4084:. 3855:^ 3684:. 3650:. 3592:") 3561:") 3556:(" 3528:^ 3523:") 3519:(" 3388:}} 3384:{{ 3345:31 3343:. 3324:. 3320:. 3200:. 3188:11 3186:. 3182:. 3155:^ 3144:, 3111:. 3068:. 2992:. 2988:: 2984:. 2892:36 2661:. 2657:. 2643:^ 2631:^ 2537:^ 2471:. 2463:. 2453:18 2451:. 2447:. 2354:. 2327:. 2280:^ 2250:^ 2220:^ 2120:25 2069:. 2053:^ 1901:G8 1836:. 1794:G7 1753:G7 1726:G7 1552:. 1453:, 1449:, 1445:, 1425:: 1406:, 1402:: 1380:, 1376:, 1372:: 1333:, 1284:, 1280:, 1276:, 1259:. 1238:, 1234:, 1198:, 1194:, 979:. 926:G7 908:, 904:, 864:A 5511:e 5504:t 5497:v 4854:) 4850:( 4694:e 4687:t 4680:v 4601:. 4564:. 4489:. 4445:. 4419:. 4342:. 4273:. 4247:. 4220:. 4183:. 4160:. 4112:. 4023:) 4019:( 4017:. 3968:( 3966:. 3897:. 3849:. 3794:" 3784:. 3747:. 3713:. 3670:. 3636:" 3632:" 3619:. 3586:. 3554:. 3517:. 3491:. 3394:) 3380:. 3355:. 3351:: 3303:. 3276:. 3194:: 3130:. 3084:. 3053:. 3002:. 2966:. 2944:. 2904:. 2852:. 2839:. 2812:. 2803:" 2786:. 2757:. 2730:. 2676:. 2625:. 2591:. 2582:4 2551:. 2459:: 2420:. 2389:. 2364:. 2331:. 2313:. 2274:. 2244:. 2210:. 2182:. 2156:. 2132:. 2085:. 1528:( 1308:. 1090:. 853:e 846:t 839:v 230:) 226:( 92:) 88:( 40:. 20:)

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