974:
968:
962:
956:
1208:
1095:
1214:
1597:
1195:
1145:
529:
57:
1314:
909:
887:
1103:
1140:
622:
a foreign policy dimension but failed on both attempts. The concept of EPC had been under consideration from early 60s but due to opinion difference between
General de Gaulle and his partners, its implementation had been halted. Subsequent development of both political and economic activities in
2650:
2981:
2858:
1291:
2843:
2019:
2436:
2954:
2059:
510:
3064:
2635:
2552:
2341:
2130:
2991:
1284:
2542:
557:
2986:
2012:
1614:
1120:
1070:
713:
186:
176:
20:
88:
83:
78:
3369:
3140:
3016:
2645:
1277:
3161:
2405:
1618:
1394:
2996:
2877:
1581:
1439:
709:
494:
3364:
3354:
3252:
3247:
3054:
2947:
2866:
2838:
2005:
3359:
1656:
2630:
2681:
2526:
2510:
1771:
93:
3094:
2400:
1851:
973:
967:
961:
955:
1672:, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.
2474:
2940:
1795:
550:
2376:
2168:
2711:
2466:
2387:
2357:
2316:
2098:
3349:
2452:
2431:
2370:
2620:
2505:
2441:
2280:
2275:
2259:
3295:
3257:
3044:
3036:
98:
2500:
2426:
2331:
2239:
2194:
2078:
643:(1970), which created an informal intergovernmental consultation mechanism where member states could achieve "politics of scale" (Ginsberg, 1989).
2906:
2028:
2495:
2269:
2209:
2124:
3344:
3230:
3120:
2885:
2746:
2410:
543:
515:
37:
2655:
2479:
2264:
2249:
623:
countries outside Europe forced the members to review their foreign policies. This was after
General de Gaulle retired from political office.
3069:
2890:
2766:
2665:
1829:
670:
would furthermore be able to express its opinion if matters within its competencies were concerned. Finally, the EPC did not have the strong
2460:
2381:
2365:
2351:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2295:
2244:
2189:
2173:
2108:
2093:
3209:
2562:
2557:
2346:
2446:
2421:
2416:
2395:
2290:
2234:
2224:
2158:
2143:
2138:
1588:
superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955
1149:
1736:
1689:, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a
1686:
1669:
1182:
1127:
1078:
922:
599:
73:
2625:
2300:
2285:
2254:
2229:
2204:
2199:
2103:
2088:
2083:
635:
came about following a summit in The Hague (1969) in which the EC heads of state and government instructed their foreign ministers to "
2963:
2871:
2822:
2799:
2726:
2547:
1741:
1698:
1694:
1213:
1207:
1174:
733:
615:
595:
583:
196:
66:
3306:
2660:
2219:
2214:
2163:
2148:
697:
The EPC was amended and strengthened in the
Copenhagen report (1973) and London report (1981). It was codified (formalized) with the
3135:
2881:
2817:
977:
502:
129:
3273:
3125:
3026:
2848:
2153:
2073:
1372:
153:
3099:
3048:
2741:
2736:
3314:
3225:
3080:
2807:
2731:
1901:
1648:
647:
235:
1094:
682:
had always been anxious about this idea, as they thought that it might turn into a competitor for the
European Commission.
3040:
2812:
2751:
2716:
1727:
46:
1772:"European Political Cooperation (EPC) - Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2014) - CVCE Website"
2696:
24:
2761:
1054:
1011:
619:
165:
141:
3199:
1732:
1144:
705:
637:
study the best way of achieving progress in the matter of political unification, within the context of enlargement.
632:
1584:
of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the
Dunkirk Treaty was
778:(EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the
2640:
1194:
2567:
1652:
1198:
461:
217:
2686:
3130:
3110:
3089:
3006:
2853:
1814:
Limits to the
European Union’s Normative Power in a Post-conflict Society: EULEX and Peacebuilding in Kosovo
1690:
993:
391:
2721:
1593:
1390:
1217:
691:
244:
207:
717:
3310:
3179:
1376:
533:
2580:†= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.
1701:. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and
1710:
1631:
912:
779:
759:
587:
341:
118:
3301:
3204:
3151:
2701:
1706:
1520:
1480:
783:
698:
667:
489:
371:
361:
332:
294:
274:
3279:
2756:
1600:
that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus
1589:
1493:
1408:
1357:
451:
441:
2987:
Director
General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability
3289:
1825:
1509:
1342:
1317:
737:
655:
603:
484:
421:
411:
381:
284:
3284:
3001:
2706:
1817:
1746:
1542:
1331:
431:
401:
314:
2601:
1997:
1702:
1462:
767:
748:
640:
754:
countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or
704:
The EPC turned out to be a "mixed success." During the 1970s, it was an active player in
1978:
European
Political Cooperation in the 1980s: A Common Foreign Policy for Western Europe?
2967:
1531:
1427:
1423:
1313:
1139:
908:
890:
886:
775:
659:
591:
579:
351:
304:
254:
1876:
3338:
3058:
2911:
2861:
1497:
1451:
1047:
721:
264:
1668:
Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of
2041:
1983:
Regelsberger, E., De
Schoutheete de Tervarent, P. & Wessels, W. (eds.) (1997),
1682:
1635:
1102:
744:
651:
675:
1821:
679:
663:
1809:
3035:
Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (
1943:
Europe’s
Foreign and Security Policy: The Institutionalization of Cooperation
1705:
is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly
2691:
56:
1971:
The Future of European Political Cooperation: Essays in Theory and Practice
1957:
European Political Cooperation: Towards a Foreign Policy for Western Europe
823:
1681:
The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities'
590:(EC) from its inception in 1970 until the EPC was superseded by the new
1964:
Foreign Policy Actions of the European Community: The Politics of Scale
935:
1808:
ZupanÄŤiÄŤ, Rok; PejiÄŤ, Nina (2018), ZupanÄŤiÄŤ, Rok; PejiÄŤ, Nina (eds.),
1810:"Assessing Normative Power in Peacebuilding: A Theoretical Framework"
751:
1471:
1063:
671:
2844:
Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development
1985:
Foreign Policy of the European Union: From EPC to CFSP and Beyond
694:
in his speech emphasized on the importance of EPC strengthening.
1106:
2936:
2787:
2599:
2039:
2001:
1617:(EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the
774:). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the
1659:(TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.
639:" The foreign ministers subsequently drafted the Luxembourg/
782:(EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the
1992:
European Union Foreign Policy: What it is and What is Does
1816:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 9–32,
728:
Transformation into the Common Foreign and Security Policy
2992:
Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
1638:(i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).
1621:(EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.
724:(1991–1995), however, showed the weakness of the EPC.
1122:
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
714:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
187:
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
21:
Treaty establishing the European Political Community
3266:
3240:
3218:
3192:
3170:
3149:
3141:
Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management
3108:
3078:
3024:
3015:
2974:
2899:
2831:
2798:
2674:
2613:
2535:
2519:
2488:
2309:
2182:
2117:
2066:
3162:Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space
1647:The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's
1619:Treaty establishing the European Defence Community
1596:in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the
710:Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
2839:Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department
1955:Allen, D., Rummel, R. & Wessels, W. (1982),
1657:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
937:European Atomic Energy Community
578:) was the common term for the co-ordination of
2682:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
654:, it disregarded the 'French grandeur' of the
2948:
2013:
1285:
551:
8:
3253:Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service
2060:Economic relationships with third countries
758:) in an increasing number of areas, in the
3370:Government agencies disestablished in 1993
3065:Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
3021:
2955:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2795:
2784:
2712:Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly
2610:
2596:
2050:
2036:
2020:
2006:
1998:
1852:"FAQ EU competences and Commission powers"
1634:obtained common institutions and a shared
1292:
1278:
558:
544:
31:
1881:European Commission - European Commission
3045:Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
3037:Military Planning and Conduct Capability
1945:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3365:Government agencies established in 1970
3355:Foreign relations of the European Union
2907:Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
2867:Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee
2029:Foreign relations of the European Union
1758:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
45:
34:
3360:Military history of the European Union
3121:Committee of Permanent Representatives
2747:EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative
2767:Stabilisation and Association Process
2543:Overseas territories of member states
1273:
1205:
1192:
1173:
1137:
1092:
1062:
947:
860:
791:
7:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1737:European Political Community (1952)
2997:Chairman of the Military Committee
2964:Common Security and Defence Policy
2872:Foreign Policy Instruments Service
2727:Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
1742:Common Foreign and Security Policy
1651:, and are also referred to as the
1176:Common Foreign and Security Policy
1108:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
734:Common Foreign and Security Policy
596:Common Foreign and Security Policy
197:Common Foreign and Security Policy
14:
3055:Intelligence and Situation Centre
2437:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1959:, London: Butterworth Scientific.
1902:"EUR-Lex - a19000 - EN - EUR-Lex"
979:European Coal and Steel Community
602:upon the entry into force of the
130:European Coal and Steel Community
3350:1993 disestablishments in Europe
3274:Permanent Structured Cooperation
3126:Political and Security Committee
1312:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1143:
1138:
1101:
1093:
972:
966:
960:
954:
907:
885:
788:
527:
154:European Atomic Energy Community
55:
3049:Joint Support Coordination Cell
2742:Economic Partnership Agreements
1936:European Political Co-operation
1592:(MBT). The Brussels Treaty was
1162:European Political Co-operation
720:(1979) and the handling of the
572:European Political Co-operation
3095:Institute for Security Studies
3070:Security & Defence College
2732:Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
1580:, these treaties affected the
1411:Completing the Brussels Treaty
732:The EPC was superseded by the
678:of the Fouchet proposals. The
631:The idea of the supranational
495:History of defence integration
1:
3345:1970 establishments in Europe
3231:Secure Software-defined Radio
2717:European Common Aviation Area
1728:History of the European Union
16:Former intergovernmental body
1691:distribution of competencies
1615:European Political Community
1502:S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990
1472:European Council conclusions
1398:S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952
1056:European Community (EC)
760:European integration project
658:era. The involvement of the
614:In the 1950s and 1960s, the
25:European Political Community
19:Not to be confused with the
2823:Security and Defence Policy
2800:Foreign and Security Policy
2789:Administration and policies
1976:Pijpers, A. et al. (eds.),
1822:10.1007/978-3-319-77824-2_2
1687:pillar system was abolished
1013:European Economic Community
708:and in the creation of the
142:European Economic Community
3386:
1969:Holland, M. (ed.) (1991),
1938:, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1929:Highly recommended reading
1733:European Defence Community
1384:F: 3 August/24 August 1949
899:
772:la construction européenne
633:European Defence Community
18:
3226:Galileo navigation system
2932:
2928:
2794:
2783:
2609:
2604:relations and initiatives
2595:
2576:
2053:
2049:
2035:
1973:, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
1966:, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
1796:The Hague Communiqué 1969
1703:qualified majority voting
1576:Although not EU treaties
1540:
1311:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1159:
1155:
1119:
1115:
1084:
1069:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
991:
986:
953:
951:
942:
934:
932:
921:
914:European Communities
906:
884:
866:
863:
857:
712:, the predecessor of the
534:European Union portal
2568:European Union Sanctions
2553:Largest trading partners
1987:, London: Lynne Rienner.
1980:, Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff.
1653:Treaty on European Union
1590:Modified Brussels Treaty
1452:Brussels (Merger) Treaty
1072:Justice and Home Affairs
832:Rel. w/ EC/EU framework:
706:the Middle East conflict
618:tried twice to give the
462:Von der Leyen Commission
177:Justice and Home Affairs
3131:Politico-Military Group
3027:External Action Service
3007:Foreign Affairs Council
2891:Special Representatives
2854:Foreign Affairs Council
2849:External Action Service
1962:Ginsberg, R.H. (1989),
995:(Distr. of competences)
2722:European Economic Area
2558:Association Agreements
2467:Accession negotiations
2453:Accession negotiations
2388:Accession negotiations
2358:Accession negotiations
2342:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1934:Nuttall, S.J. (1992),
1485:S: 17/28 February 1986
1409:Protocol Modifying and
1219:Western European Union
771:
764:construction of Europe
692:Hans Dietrich Genscher
646:While EPC adopted the
503:History of enlargement
208:Western European Union
3311:Berlin Plus agreement
3258:Monitor mission medal
2563:Free trade agreements
1613:Plans to establish a
1598:mutual defence clause
1382:S: 5 May/4 April 1949
1151:Anglo-French alliance
2876:Diplomatic missions
2813:Neighbourhood Policy
2752:Neighbourhood Policy
2548:European microstates
1994:London: Pluto Press.
1941:Smith, M.E. (2004),
1632:European Communities
780:European Communities
588:European Communities
342:Hallstein Commission
119:European Communities
3302:Kortenberg building
3296:Intelligence School
3205:Everything but Arms
3152:European Commission
3113:preparatory bodies
2982:High Representative
2859:High Representative
2762:Mediterranean Union
2702:Eastern Partnership
2687:Asia–Europe Meeting
1604:superseded the WEU.
1546:S: 13 December 2007
1535:S: 26 February 2001
1481:Single European Act
1351:E: 8 September 1997
1349:F: 8 September 1947
804:F: entry into force
784:Schuman Declaration
699:Single European Act
690:On 6 January 1981,
668:European Commission
490:History of the euro
372:Mansholt Commission
362:Malfatti Commission
295:Treaty of Amsterdam
275:Single European Act
3280:Headline Goal 2010
3136:Military Committee
2757:Northern Dimension
1990:Smith, H. (2002),
1548:F: 1 December 2009
1537:F: 1 February 2003
1515:F: 1 November 1993
1513:S: 7 February 1992
1475:S: 2 December 1975
1466:S: 27 October 1970
1444:S: 21 October 1959
1415:S: 23 October 1954
940:(EAEC or Euratom)
756:pooled sovereignty
740:of November 1993.
606:in November 1993.
511:List of presidents
452:Juncker Commission
442:Barroso Commission
392:Jenkins Commission
166:European Community
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3315:Joint Declaration
3290:Military Mobility
3200:Security Strategy
3188:
3187:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2631:Council of Europe
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2469:
2455:
2390:
2360:
2133:
1906:eur-lex.europa.eu
1831:978-3-319-77824-2
1711:intergovernmental
1683:legal personality
1636:legal personality
1553:
1552:
1524:S: 2 October 1997
1510:Maastricht Treaty
1446:F: 1 January 1960
1440:WEU-CoE agreement
1433:F: 1 January 1958
1402:E: 23 July 2002/—
1400:F: 23 July 1952/—
1364:F: 25 August 1948
1319:Council of Europe
743:Since the end of
738:Maastricht Treaty
718:Soviet–Afghan War
656:Charles de Gaulle
648:intergovernmental
604:Maastricht Treaty
568:
567:
485:History of Europe
470:
469:
422:Santer Commission
412:Delors Commission
382:Ortoli Commission
323:
322:
285:Maastricht Treaty
226:
225:
3377:
3285:Military Erasmus
3100:Satellite Centre
3022:
3002:European Council
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2796:
2785:
2707:Energy Community
2611:
2597:
2511:Papua New Guinea
2465:
2451:
2386:
2356:
2129:
2051:
2037:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1768:
1747:Rome Declaration
1714:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1611:
1605:
1574:
1521:Amsterdam Treaty
1504:F: 26 March 1995
1431:S: 25 March 1957
1389:Paris treaties:
1362:S: 17 March 1948
1332:Entente Cordiale
1324:
1320:
1316:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1018:
1014:
996:
984:
980:
976:
970:
964:
958:
938:
925:
919:
915:
911:
897:
893:
889:
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
821:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
789:
616:EC member states
560:
553:
546:
532:
531:
530:
516:List of founders
432:Prodi Commission
402:Thorn Commission
338:
337:
315:Treaty of Lisbon
241:
240:
115:
114:
59:
32:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3320:
3262:
3236:
3214:
3184:
3166:
3145:
3104:
3074:
3011:
2970:
2961:
2916:
2895:
2827:
2808:Global Strategy
2790:
2771:
2670:
2605:
2583:
2572:
2531:
2515:
2484:
2411:Northern Cyprus
2406:North Macedonia
2305:
2178:
2113:
2062:
2045:
2031:
2026:
1952:
1950:Further reading
1926:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1695:EU institutions
1680:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1646:
1642:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1575:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1494:Schengen Treaty
1488:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:Davignon report
1458:
1456:
1455:S: 8 April 1965
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1422:Rome treaties:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1366:T: 30 June 2011
1365:
1363:
1361:
1358:Brussels Treaty
1352:
1350:
1348:
1347:S: 4 March 1947
1346:
1337:
1336:S: 8 April 1904
1335:
1322:
1318:
1298:
1218:
1199:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1150:
1148:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1016:
1012:
998:
994:
982:
978:
936:
923:
917:
913:
895:
891:
851:
850:
847:
846:
838:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
819:
816:
815:
811:
810:
806:
805:
801:
800:
796:
795:
730:
688:
662:guaranteed its
641:Davignon report
629:
620:internal market
612:
564:
528:
526:
521:
520:
507:
480:
472:
471:
335:
325:
324:
245:Treaty of Paris
238:
228:
227:
112:
104:
103:
69:
48:
41:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3307:NATO relations
3304:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Defence Agency
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3041:Military Staff
3032:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:European Union
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
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2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2832:Administration
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2475:United Kingdom
2472:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1893:
1877:"Press corner"
1868:
1843:
1830:
1800:
1788:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1674:
1661:
1655:(TEU) and the
1640:
1623:
1606:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1489:
1487:F: 1 July 1987
1479:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1457:F: 1 July 1967
1450:
1448:
1437:
1435:
1421:
1419:
1406:
1404:
1388:
1386:
1370:
1368:
1355:
1353:
1343:Dunkirk Treaty
1340:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1204:
1190:
1189:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1135:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:Schengen Rules
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
992:
990:
988:
985:
952:
949:
948:
943:
941:
933:
930:
929:
927:
920:
904:
903:
898:
892:European Union
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
809:T: termination
776:European Union
729:
726:
687:
684:
660:United Kingdom
650:nature of the
628:
625:
611:
608:
592:European Union
580:foreign policy
566:
565:
563:
562:
555:
548:
540:
537:
536:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
506:
505:
499:
498:
497:
492:
487:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
454:
448:
447:
444:
438:
437:
434:
428:
427:
424:
418:
417:
414:
408:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
388:
387:
384:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
358:
357:
354:
352:Rey Commission
348:
347:
344:
336:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
320:
317:
311:
310:
307:
305:Treaty of Nice
301:
300:
297:
291:
290:
287:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
267:
261:
260:
257:
255:Treaty of Rome
251:
250:
247:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
210:
204:
203:
200:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
179:
173:
172:
169:
161:
160:
159:(1958–present)
157:
149:
148:
145:
137:
136:
133:
125:
124:
121:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
74:Pre-1948 ideas
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
49:European Union
47:History of the
43:
42:
35:
23:(1952) or the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3382:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Service medal
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3210:Annual Review
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:Club de Berne
3056:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2913:
2912:Global Europe
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Josep Borrell
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Customs Union
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:Organisations
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Liechtenstein
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Faroe Islands
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:United States
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1798:, article 15.
1797:
1792:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1707:supranational
1704:
1700:
1699:member states
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:and that the
1684:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:three pillars
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1544:
1543:Lisbon Treaty
1533:
1529:
1526:F: 1 May 1999
1522:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:F: 6 May 1955
1413:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1200:Western Union
1196:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1001:
997:
989:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
950:
946:
944:
939:
931:
928:
926:
916:
910:
905:
902:
901:
894:
888:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
843:
826:
825:
794:
790:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
727:
725:
723:
722:Yugoslav Wars
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Fouchet Plans
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
626:
624:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:member states
581:
577:
573:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
541:
539:
538:
535:
525:
524:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
476:
475:
465:
463:
460:
459:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
443:
440:
439:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
413:
410:
409:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
393:
390:
389:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
339:
334:
329:
328:
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
298:
296:
293:
292:
288:
286:
283:
282:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
266:
265:Merger Treaty
263:
262:
258:
256:
253:
252:
248:
246:
243:
242:
237:
232:
231:
221:
219:
218:Western Union
216:
215:
211:
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