108:
475:
462:
436:
423:
1072:
20:
1890:
488:
449:
514:
501:
216:
gas-generators are in practice miniature rocket engines, with all the complexity that implies. Blocking even a small part of a gas generator can lead to a hot spot, which can cause violent loss of the engine. Using the engine bell as a 'gas generator' also makes it very tolerant of fuel contamination because of the wider fuel flow channels used.
49:(70,000 lbf) of thrust, there is no longer enough nozzle area to heat enough fuel to drive the turbines and hence the fuel pumps. Higher thrust levels can be achieved using a bypass expander cycle where a portion of the fuel bypasses the turbine and or thrust chamber cooling passages and goes directly to the main chamber injector. Non-toroidal
215:
engineers were worried that insulation foam mounted on the inside of the tank might break off and damage the engine. They tested this by putting loose foam in a fuel tank and running it through the engine. The RL10 chewed it up without problems or noticeable degradation in performance. Conventional
222:
Because a bell-type expander-cycle engine is thrust limited, it can easily be designed to withstand its maximum thrust conditions. In other engine types, a stuck fuel valve or similar problem can lead to engine thrust spiraling out of control due to unintended feedback systems. Other engine types
115:
This operational cycle is a modification of the traditional expander cycle. In the bleed (or open) cycle, instead of routing all of the heated propellant through the turbine and sending it back to be combusted, only a small portion of the heated propellant is used to drive the turbine and is then
38:. In this cycle, the fuel is used to cool the engine's combustion chamber, picking up heat and changing phase. The now heated and gaseous fuel then powers the turbine that drives the engine's fuel and oxidizer pumps before being injected into the combustion chamber and burned.
1070:, Greene, William D., "Dual expander cycle rocket engine with an intermediate, closed-cycle heat exchanger", issued 2008-09-02, assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
151:. The use of hot gases of the same chemistry as the liquid for the turbine and pump side of the turbopumps eliminates the need for purges and some failure modes. Additionally, when the density of the fuel and oxidizer is significantly different, as it is in the
53:
engines are not subject to the limitations from the square-cube law because the engine's linear shape does not scale isometrically: the fuel flow and nozzle area scale linearly with the engine's width. All expander cycle engines need to use a
45:. When a bell-shaped nozzle is scaled, the nozzle surface area with which to heat the fuel increases as the square of the radius, but the volume of fuel to be heated increases as the cube of the radius. Thus beyond approximately 300
116:
bled off, being vented overboard without going through the combustion chamber. The other portion is injected into the combustion chamber. Bleeding off the turbine exhaust allows for a higher turbopump efficiency by decreasing
162:
case, the optimal turbopump speeds differ so much that they need a gearbox between the fuel and oxidizer pumps. The use of dual expander cycle, with separate turbines, eliminates this failure-prone piece of equipment.
1018:
120:
and maximizing the pressure drop through the turbine. Compared with a standard expander cycle, this allows higher engine thrust at the cost of efficiency by dumping the turbine exhaust.
197:
After they have turned gaseous, the propellants are usually near room temperature, and do very little or no damage to the turbine, allowing the engine to be reusable. In contrast
353:
233:, pump-fed engines and hence, expander cycle engines have higher combustion chamber pressures. Increased combustion chamber pressures allow for a reduced throat area A
1224:
1926:
1620:
1738:
81:
of some kind to start the turbine and run the engine until the heat input from the thrust chamber and nozzle skirt increases as the chamber pressure builds up.
1037:
1359:
223:
require complex mechanical or electronic controllers to ensure this does not happen. Expander cycles are by design incapable of malfunctioning that way.
912:
1636:
1197:
2088:
956:
23:
Expander rocket cycle. Expander rocket engine (closed cycle). Heat from the nozzle and combustion chamber powers the fuel and oxidizer pumps.
874:
2248:
1217:
1090:
1919:
1541:
989:
2154:
1615:
1031:
286:
144:
2238:
202:
140:
2192:
2243:
1641:
1506:
1210:
1912:
1745:
1600:
1569:
1564:
167:
2139:
198:
1142:
WATANABE, DAIKI; MANAKO, HIROYASU; ONGA, TADAOKI; TAMURA, TAKASHI; IKEDA, KAZUFUMI; ISONO, MITSUNORI (December 2016).
927:
324:
312:
304:
2228:
2053:
1943:
2207:
1700:
1559:
182:. In the second case, you could use the fuel to cool the whole engine and a heat exchanger to boil the oxidizer.
1733:
1492:
1466:
1408:
1392:
1382:
1170:
819:
2162:
2233:
2187:
2172:
2118:
1789:
1762:
1717:
1705:
1685:
1451:
1413:
1387:
931:
824:
107:
1086:
1840:
1690:
1590:
1332:
2033:
1993:
1425:
1418:
1233:
1067:
384:
281:
92:
848:
2177:
1536:
1531:
1435:
1349:
179:
42:
2182:
2083:
1935:
1695:
1680:
1595:
1482:
1461:
1430:
829:
814:
348:
230:
32:
1889:
966:
2039:
1894:
1860:
1825:
1665:
320:
262:
85:
290:
270:
1143:
2202:
2024:
1855:
1810:
1710:
1610:
1312:
1286:
1027:
887:
174:
to boil the second fluid. In the first case, for example, you could use the fuel to cool the
2144:
1875:
1865:
1815:
1521:
1274:
640:
50:
995:
2167:
1487:
1291:
1257:
127:
was the world's first expander bleed cycle engine to be put into operational service. The
59:
1144:"Combustion Stability Improvement of LE-9 Engine for Booster Stage of H3 Launch Vehicle"
2134:
2093:
2063:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1958:
1820:
1755:
1296:
171:
55:
46:
19:
2222:
2197:
2113:
2068:
2029:
2003:
1973:
1968:
1830:
1750:
1605:
1574:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1262:
1252:
441:
428:
175:
78:
71:
911:
Atsumi, Masahiro; Yoshikawa, Kimito; Ogawara, Akira; Onga, Tadaoki (December 2011).
2103:
2098:
2073:
2019:
1978:
1835:
1794:
1767:
1526:
1322:
1317:
117:
41:
Because of the necessary phase change, the expander cycle is thrust limited by the
166:
Dual expander cycle can be implemented by either using separated sections on the
1850:
1845:
1651:
340:
333:
278:
2108:
1870:
1327:
1117:
170:
for the fuel and the oxidizer, or by using a single fluid for cooling and a
1020:
Rocket
Propulsion Elements: an introduction to the engineering of rockets
152:
96:
1202:
1904:
1646:
1279:
962:
399:
327:
293:
111:
Expander bleed cycle. Expander open cycle (Also named coolant tap-off).
67:
63:
1269:
1247:
873:
Sippel, Martin; Imoto, Takayuki; Haeseler, Dietrich (July 23, 2003).
493:
454:
389:
299:
147:, the expander cycle can be implemented on two separate paths as the
35:
1174:
882:. 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit.
1118:"First Look Inside Blue Origin's New Glenn Factory w/ Jeff Bezos!"
1026:(Seventh ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 221–227.
519:
506:
480:
467:
405:
394:
379:
336:
190:
The expander cycle has a number of advantages over other designs:
124:
106:
18:
883:
410:
373:
345:
315:
307:
273:
265:
212:
128:
88:
1908:
1206:
159:
143:
can be implemented separately on the oxidizer and fuel on the
131:
is the world's first first stage expander bleed cycle engine.
1017:
Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (2000). "Section 6.6".
237:, and therefore, leads to a larger expansion ratio, e = A
1087:"Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion – RL60 fact sheet"
249:, which ultimately leads to higher vacuum performance.
1062:
1060:
1058:
876:
Studies on
Expander Bleed Cycle Engines for Launchers
2153:
2127:
2052:
2012:
1953:
1942:
1803:
1782:
1726:
1673:
1664:
1629:
1583:
1552:
1514:
1505:
1475:
1444:
1401:
1375:
1368:
1305:
1240:
205:
engines operate their turbines at high temperature.
354:Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations
84:Some examples of an expander cycle engine are the
361:Comparison of upper-stage expander-cycle engines
961:(in Japanese). Turbomachinery Society of Japan/
994:(in Japanese). Nikkei Business. Archived from
258:Expander cycle engines include the following:
1920:
1218:
1112:
1110:
8:
1151:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review
920:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review
1950:
1927:
1913:
1905:
1670:
1511:
1372:
1225:
1211:
1203:
1637:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
364:
2089:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
1171:"RL10 Engine | Aerojet Rocketdyne"
840:
77:Some expander cycle engines may use a
7:
988:Shinya Matsuura (February 2, 2021).
245:for an identical nozzle exit area A
1542:Field-emission electric propulsion
14:
1616:Microwave electrothermal thruster
1888:
913:"Development of the LE-X Engine"
581:1471 kN (330,000 lbf)
578:137.2 kN (30,840 lbf)
569:88.36 kN (19,860 lbf)
512:
499:
486:
473:
460:
447:
434:
421:
575:68.6 kN (15,400 lbf)
563:765 kN (172,000 lbf)
178:, and the oxidizer to cool the
1746:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket
1642:High Power Electric Propulsion
991:H3ロケットの主エンジン「LE-9」熱効率向上で世界初に挑戦
572:250 kN (56,200 lbf)
566:180 kN (40,000 lbf)
560:110 kN (25,000 lbf)
356:(DRACO) nuclear thermal engine
211:During the development of the
16:Rocket engine operation method
1:
1601:Helicon double-layer thruster
1570:Electrodeless plasma thruster
1565:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
965:. p. 10. Archived from
955:Akira Konno (October 1993).
1994:Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)
928:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
313:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
305:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
168:regenerative cooling system
2265:
2249:Engineering thermodynamics
1068:US patent 7,418,814 B1
481:People's Republic of China
468:People's Republic of China
139:In a similar way that the
1886:
1560:Pulsed inductive thruster
226:Higher vacuum performance
1734:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1493:Electric-pump-fed engine
1393:Hybrid-propellant rocket
1383:Liquid-propellant rocket
990:
957:
820:Combustion tap-off cycle
70:that easily reaches its
2239:Rocket engines by cycle
1790:Beam-powered propulsion
1763:Fission-fragment rocket
1718:Nuclear photonic rocket
1686:Nuclear electric rocket
1452:Staged combustion cycle
1388:Solid-propellant rocket
958:わが国の液体ロケットエンジンの現状と今後の展望
930:: 36–43. Archived from
825:Staged combustion cycle
677:Chamber pressure (MPa)
1841:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1691:Nuclear thermal rocket
1591:Pulsed plasma thruster
547:Expander bleed cycle,
112:
31:is a power cycle of a
24:
2244:Spacecraft propulsion
1507:Electrical propulsion
1234:Spacecraft propulsion
552:Expander bleed cycle
532:Expander bleed cycle
110:
22:
2178:Regenerative cooling
2056:combustion / thermal
1955:Without phase change
1946:combustion / thermal
1936:Thermodynamic cycles
1739:Antimatter-catalyzed
1537:Hall-effect thruster
1350:Solar thermal rocket
103:Expander bleed cycle
1681:Direct Fusion Drive
1596:Vacuum arc thruster
1483:Pressure-fed engine
1462:Gas-generator cycle
1369:Chemical propulsion
1306:Physical propulsion
1198:Rocket power cycles
998:on January 24, 2022
830:Pressure-fed engine
815:Gas-generator cycle
367:
291:Pratt & Whitney
271:Pratt & Whitney
231:pressure-fed engine
149:dual expander cycle
33:bipropellant rocket
1895:Spaceflight portal
1861:Reactionless drive
1826:Aerogravity assist
1666:Nuclear propulsion
417:Country of origin
365:
321:Aerojet Rocketdyne
263:Aerojet Rocketdyne
176:combustion chamber
113:
86:Aerojet Rocketdyne
25:
2229:Rocket propulsion
2216:
2215:
2193:Vapor-compression
2119:Staged combustion
2048:
2047:
2013:With phase change
1902:
1901:
1856:Atmospheric entry
1811:Orbital mechanics
1778:
1777:
1660:
1659:
1611:Resistojet rocket
1501:
1500:
1476:Intake mechanisms
1409:Liquid propellant
1313:Cold gas thruster
806:
805:
549:chamber expander
203:staged combustion
141:staged combustion
2256:
2188:Vapor absorption
1951:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1892:
1876:Alcubierre drive
1866:Field propulsion
1816:Orbital maneuver
1804:Related concepts
1671:
1522:Colloid thruster
1512:
1373:
1275:Specific impulse
1227:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1173:. Archived from
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1089:. Archived from
1083:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1036:. Archived from
1025:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
936:
917:
908:
902:
901:
899:
898:
892:
886:. Archived from
881:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
845:
518:
516:
515:
505:
503:
502:
492:
490:
489:
479:
477:
476:
466:
464:
463:
453:
451:
450:
440:
438:
437:
427:
425:
424:
368:
125:Mitsubishi LE-5A
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2149:
2123:
2055:
2044:
2034:Organic Rankine
2008:
1962:
1959:hot air engines
1956:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1903:
1898:
1882:
1799:
1774:
1722:
1656:
1625:
1579:
1553:Electromagnetic
1548:
1497:
1488:Pump-fed engine
1471:
1440:
1397:
1364:
1301:
1292:Rocket equation
1258:Reaction engine
1236:
1231:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
992:
987:
986:
982:
972:
970:
969:on May 28, 2021
959:
954:
953:
949:
940:
938:
934:
915:
910:
909:
905:
896:
894:
890:
879:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
847:
846:
842:
838:
811:
708:
646:
557:Thrust, vacuum
548:
513:
511:
500:
498:
487:
485:
474:
472:
461:
459:
448:
446:
435:
433:
422:
420:
366:Specifications
363:
256:
248:
244:
240:
236:
219:Inherent safety
194:Low temperature
188:
156:
145:full flow cycle
137:
129:Mitsubishi LE-9
105:
60:liquid hydrogen
43:square–cube law
17:
12:
11:
5:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Rocket engines
2231:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Gravity assist
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1783:External power
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:Bussard ramjet
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1584:Electrothermal
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Expander cycle
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Monopropellant
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1297:Thermal rocket
1294:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1192:External links
1190:
1188:
1187:
1162:
1134:
1106:
1078:
1054:
1032:
1009:
980:
947:
903:
865:
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
810:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
795:
793:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:Dry mass (kg)
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
752:
751:
749:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
730:
729:
727:
724:
722:
720:
717:
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
644:
637:
636:
633:
630:
628:
625:
622:
619:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:Mixture ratio
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:
509:
496:
483:
470:
457:
444:
431:
418:
414:
413:
408:
403:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
362:
359:
358:
357:
351:
343:
331:
318:
310:
302:
296:
284:
276:
268:
255:
252:
251:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:Compared to a
227:
224:
220:
217:
209:
206:
195:
187:
184:
172:heat exchanger
154:
136:
133:
104:
101:
56:cryogenic fuel
29:expander cycle
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Transcritical
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Hampson–Linde
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:Refrigeration
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Gas-generator
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Brayton/Joule
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Brayton/Joule
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Oberth effect
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:Fusion rocket
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:Closed system
1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Arcjet rocket
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1575:Plasma magnet
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:Electrostatic
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1467:Tap-off cycle
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:Tripropellant
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Photon rocket
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Magnetic sail
1343:
1341:
1340:Electric sail
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:Reaction mass
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:Rocket engine
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1177:on 2017-04-30
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1096:on 2012-03-28
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1043:on 2016-01-19
1039:
1035:
1033:0-471-32642-9
1029:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1010:
997:
993:
984:
981:
968:
964:
960:
951:
948:
937:on 2015-12-24
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
907:
904:
893:on 2016-03-03
889:
885:
878:
877:
869:
866:
854:
850:
844:
841:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
801:
798:
796:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
754:
753:
750:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:LOX TP (rpm)
732:
731:
728:
725:
723:
721:
718:
715:
713:
711:
704:
703:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
675:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
648:, vacuum (s)
647:
643:
639:
638:
634:
631:
629:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:Nozzle ratio
612:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
593:
591:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
521:
510:
508:
497:
495:
484:
482:
471:
469:
458:
456:
445:
443:
442:United States
432:
430:
429:United States
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
375:
372:
370:
369:
360:
355:
352:
350:
347:
344:
342:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
311:
309:
306:
303:
301:
297:
295:
292:
288:
285:
283:
280:
277:
275:
272:
269:
267:
264:
261:
260:
259:
253:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
199:gas-generator
196:
193:
192:
191:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
161:
157:
150:
146:
142:
135:Dual expander
134:
132:
130:
126:
121:
119:
109:
102:
100:
98:
94:
90:
87:
82:
80:
79:gas generator
75:
73:
72:boiling point
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
39:
37:
34:
30:
21:
2078:
2040:Regenerative
1969:Bell Coleman
1893:
1836:Space launch
1768:Fission sail
1696:Radioisotope
1527:Ion thruster
1456:
1445:Power cycles
1431:Bipropellant
1323:Steam rocket
1318:Water rocket
1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1098:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1081:
1047:26 September
1045:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1019:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
996:the original
983:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
950:
939:. Retrieved
932:the original
923:
919:
906:
895:. Retrieved
888:the original
875:
868:
856:. Retrieved
852:
843:
641:
257:
189:
165:
148:
138:
122:
118:backpressure
114:
93:Vinci engine
83:
76:
66:, or liquid
40:
28:
26:
2208:Ionocaloric
2203:Vuilleumier
2025:Hygroscopic
1851:Aerocapture
1846:Aerobraking
1727:Open system
1711:"Lightbulb"
1652:Mass driver
1402:Propellants
1333:Diffractive
1002:January 23,
973:January 24,
858:21 February
853:www.esa.int
755:Length (m)
334:Blue Origin
279:ArianeGroup
2223:Categories
2173:Pulse tube
2145:Mixed/dual
1871:Warp drive
1701:Salt-water
1419:Hypergolic
1328:Solar sail
1181:2017-06-06
1156:2024-03-13
1100:2008-12-28
941:2016-09-25
897:2016-09-25
849:"Ariane 6"
836:References
308:LE-5A / 5B
186:Advantages
2168:Kleemenko
2054:Internal
1414:Cryogenic
1127:16 August
709:TP (rpm)
544:Expander
541:Expander
538:Expander
535:Expander
529:Expander
208:Tolerance
62:, liquid
51:aerospike
2135:Combined
2094:Humphrey
2079:Expander
2064:Atkinson
1999:Stoddard
1989:Stirling
1984:Ericsson
1944:External
1706:Gas core
1241:Concepts
809:See also
298:Chinese
97:Ariane 6
91:and the
58:such as
2198:Siemens
2114:Scuderi
2030:Rankine
1795:Tethers
1647:MagBeam
1532:Gridded
1287:Staging
1280:Delta-v
1122:YouTube
963:J-STAGE
748:18,000
726:52,000
719:98,180
716:65,000
400:RD-0146
330:(MB-60)
328:MARC-60
294:RD-0146
68:propane
64:methane
2104:Miller
2099:Lenoir
2074:Diesel
2020:Kalina
2004:Manson
1979:Carnot
1621:VASIMR
1270:Thrust
1248:Rocket
1074:
1030:
770:3.358
680:4.412
663:455.2
660:442.6
526:Cycle
517:
504:
494:Russia
491:
478:
465:
455:France
452:
439:
426:
390:YF-75D
323:&
300:YF-75D
289:&
180:nozzle
36:engine
2128:Mixed
1630:Other
1376:State
1147:(PDF)
1094:(PDF)
1041:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
935:(PDF)
926:(4).
916:(PDF)
891:(PDF)
880:(PDF)
802:2400
773:2.79
758:4.14
700:10.0
697:3.58
589:5.88
520:Japan
507:Japan
406:LE-5B
395:YF-79
385:Vinci
380:BE-3U
337:BE-3U
282:Vinci
254:Usage
2140:HEHC
2109:Otto
1360:WINE
1129:2024
1049:2016
1028:ISBN
1004:2022
975:2022
884:AIAA
860:2017
799:285
792:265
789:280
784:277
776:3.8
763:4.2
694:5.9
691:7.0
688:4.1
685:6.1
672:426
669:447
666:470
657:457
654:445
651:462
632:110
627:160
621:240
616:280
608:5.9
600:6.0
597:6.0
594:5.8
411:LE-9
376:B-2
374:RL10
346:Avio
341:BE-7
339:and
316:LE-9
287:CADB
274:RL60
266:RL10
213:RL10
123:The
95:for
89:RL10
27:The
635:37
624:80
349:M10
325:MHI
201:or
160:LOX
2225::
1149:.
1120:.
1109:^
1057:^
924:48
922:.
918:.
851:.
705:LH
645:sp
605:5
402:D
243:th
241:/A
235:th
99:.
74:.
47:kN
2036:)
2032:(
1961:)
1957:(
1928:e
1921:t
1914:v
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
1184:.
1159:.
1131:.
1103:.
1051:.
1006:.
977:.
944:.
900:.
862:.
707:2
642:I
247:e
239:e
158:/
155:2
153:H
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
