119:
486:
473:
447:
434:
1083:
31:
1901:
499:
460:
525:
512:
227:
gas-generators are in practice miniature rocket engines, with all the complexity that implies. Blocking even a small part of a gas generator can lead to a hot spot, which can cause violent loss of the engine. Using the engine bell as a 'gas generator' also makes it very tolerant of fuel contamination because of the wider fuel flow channels used.
60:(70,000 lbf) of thrust, there is no longer enough nozzle area to heat enough fuel to drive the turbines and hence the fuel pumps. Higher thrust levels can be achieved using a bypass expander cycle where a portion of the fuel bypasses the turbine and or thrust chamber cooling passages and goes directly to the main chamber injector. Non-toroidal
226:
engineers were worried that insulation foam mounted on the inside of the tank might break off and damage the engine. They tested this by putting loose foam in a fuel tank and running it through the engine. The RL10 chewed it up without problems or noticeable degradation in performance. Conventional
233:
Because a bell-type expander-cycle engine is thrust limited, it can easily be designed to withstand its maximum thrust conditions. In other engine types, a stuck fuel valve or similar problem can lead to engine thrust spiraling out of control due to unintended feedback systems. Other engine types
126:
This operational cycle is a modification of the traditional expander cycle. In the bleed (or open) cycle, instead of routing all of the heated propellant through the turbine and sending it back to be combusted, only a small portion of the heated propellant is used to drive the turbine and is then
49:. In this cycle, the fuel is used to cool the engine's combustion chamber, picking up heat and changing phase. The now heated and gaseous fuel then powers the turbine that drives the engine's fuel and oxidizer pumps before being injected into the combustion chamber and burned.
1081:, Greene, William D., "Dual expander cycle rocket engine with an intermediate, closed-cycle heat exchanger", issued 2008-09-02, assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
162:. The use of hot gases of the same chemistry as the liquid for the turbine and pump side of the turbopumps eliminates the need for purges and some failure modes. Additionally, when the density of the fuel and oxidizer is significantly different, as it is in the
64:
engines are not subject to the limitations from the square-cube law because the engine's linear shape does not scale isometrically: the fuel flow and nozzle area scale linearly with the engine's width. All expander cycle engines need to use a
56:. When a bell-shaped nozzle is scaled, the nozzle surface area with which to heat the fuel increases as the square of the radius, but the volume of fuel to be heated increases as the cube of the radius. Thus beyond approximately 300
127:
bled off, being vented overboard without going through the combustion chamber. The other portion is injected into the combustion chamber. Bleeding off the turbine exhaust allows for a higher turbopump efficiency by decreasing
173:
case, the optimal turbopump speeds differ so much that they need a gearbox between the fuel and oxidizer pumps. The use of dual expander cycle, with separate turbines, eliminates this failure-prone piece of equipment.
1029:
131:
and maximizing the pressure drop through the turbine. Compared with a standard expander cycle, this allows higher engine thrust at the cost of efficiency by dumping the turbine exhaust.
208:
After they have turned gaseous, the propellants are usually near room temperature, and do very little or no damage to the turbine, allowing the engine to be reusable. In contrast
364:
244:, pump-fed engines and hence, expander cycle engines have higher combustion chamber pressures. Increased combustion chamber pressures allow for a reduced throat area A
1235:
1937:
1631:
1749:
92:
of some kind to start the turbine and run the engine until the heat input from the thrust chamber and nozzle skirt increases as the chamber pressure builds up.
1048:
1370:
234:
require complex mechanical or electronic controllers to ensure this does not happen. Expander cycles are by design incapable of malfunctioning that way.
923:
1647:
1208:
2099:
967:
34:
Expander rocket cycle. Expander rocket engine (closed cycle). Heat from the nozzle and combustion chamber powers the fuel and oxidizer pumps.
885:
2259:
1228:
1101:
1930:
1552:
1000:
2165:
1626:
1042:
297:
155:
2249:
213:
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2203:
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1652:
1517:
1221:
1923:
1756:
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178:
2150:
209:
1153:
WATANABE, DAIKI; MANAKO, HIROYASU; ONGA, TADAOKI; TAMURA, TAKASHI; IKEDA, KAZUFUMI; ISONO, MITSUNORI (December 2016).
938:
335:
323:
315:
2239:
2064:
1954:
2218:
1711:
1570:
193:. In the second case, you could use the fuel to cool the whole engine and a heat exchanger to boil the oxidizer.
1744:
1503:
1477:
1419:
1403:
1393:
1181:
830:
2173:
2244:
2198:
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2129:
1800:
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1462:
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1398:
942:
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118:
1097:
1851:
1701:
1601:
1343:
2044:
2004:
1436:
1429:
1244:
1078:
395:
292:
103:
859:
2188:
1547:
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1446:
1360:
190:
53:
2193:
2094:
1946:
1706:
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1606:
1493:
1472:
1441:
840:
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359:
241:
43:
1900:
977:
2050:
1905:
1871:
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1676:
331:
273:
96:
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281:
1154:
2213:
2035:
1866:
1821:
1721:
1621:
1323:
1297:
1038:
898:
185:
to boil the second fluid. In the first case, for example, you could use the fuel to cool the
2155:
1886:
1876:
1826:
1532:
1285:
651:
61:
1006:
2178:
1498:
1302:
1268:
138:
was the world's first expander bleed cycle engine to be put into operational service. The
70:
1155:"Combustion Stability Improvement of LE-9 Engine for Booster Stage of H3 Launch Vehicle"
2145:
2104:
2074:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1969:
1831:
1766:
1307:
182:
66:
57:
17:
30:
2233:
2208:
2124:
2079:
2040:
2014:
1984:
1979:
1841:
1761:
1616:
1585:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1273:
1263:
452:
439:
186:
89:
82:
922:
Atsumi, Masahiro; Yoshikawa, Kimito; Ogawara, Akira; Onga, Tadaoki (December 2011).
2114:
2109:
2084:
2030:
1989:
1846:
1805:
1778:
1537:
1333:
1328:
128:
52:
Because of the necessary phase change, the expander cycle is thrust limited by the
177:
Dual expander cycle can be implemented by either using separated sections on the
1861:
1856:
1662:
351:
344:
289:
2119:
1881:
1338:
1128:
181:
for the fuel and the oxidizer, or by using a single fluid for cooling and a
1031:
Rocket
Propulsion Elements: an introduction to the engineering of rockets
163:
107:
1213:
1915:
1657:
1290:
973:
410:
338:
304:
122:
Expander bleed cycle. Expander open cycle (Also named coolant tap-off).
78:
74:
1280:
1258:
884:
Sippel, Martin; Imoto, Takayuki; Haeseler, Dietrich (July 23, 2003).
504:
465:
400:
310:
158:, the expander cycle can be implemented on two separate paths as the
46:
1185:
893:. 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit.
1129:"First Look Inside Blue Origin's New Glenn Factory w/ Jeff Bezos!"
1037:(Seventh ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 221–227.
530:
517:
491:
478:
416:
405:
390:
347:
201:
The expander cycle has a number of advantages over other designs:
135:
117:
29:
894:
421:
384:
356:
326:
318:
284:
276:
223:
139:
99:
1919:
1217:
170:
154:
can be implemented separately on the oxidizer and fuel on the
142:
is the world's first first stage expander bleed cycle engine.
1028:
Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (2000). "Section 6.6".
248:, and therefore, leads to a larger expansion ratio, e = A
1098:"Pratt & Whitney Space Propulsion – RL60 fact sheet"
260:, which ultimately leads to higher vacuum performance.
1073:
1071:
1069:
887:
Studies on
Expander Bleed Cycle Engines for Launchers
2164:
2138:
2063:
2023:
1964:
1953:
1814:
1793:
1737:
1684:
1675:
1640:
1594:
1563:
1525:
1516:
1486:
1455:
1412:
1386:
1379:
1316:
1251:
216:
engines operate their turbines at high temperature.
365:Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations
95:Some examples of an expander cycle engine are the
372:Comparison of upper-stage expander-cycle engines
972:(in Japanese). Turbomachinery Society of Japan/
1005:(in Japanese). Nikkei Business. Archived from
269:Expander cycle engines include the following:
1931:
1229:
1123:
1121:
8:
1162:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review
931:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review
1961:
1938:
1924:
1916:
1681:
1522:
1383:
1236:
1222:
1214:
1648:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
375:
2100:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
1182:"RL10 Engine | Aerojet Rocketdyne"
851:
88:Some expander cycle engines may use a
7:
999:Shinya Matsuura (February 2, 2021).
256:for an identical nozzle exit area A
1553:Field-emission electric propulsion
25:
1627:Microwave electrothermal thruster
1899:
924:"Development of the LE-X Engine"
592:1471 kN (330,000 lbf)
589:137.2 kN (30,840 lbf)
580:88.36 kN (19,860 lbf)
523:
510:
497:
484:
471:
458:
445:
432:
586:68.6 kN (15,400 lbf)
574:765 kN (172,000 lbf)
189:, and the oxidizer to cool the
1757:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket
1653:High Power Electric Propulsion
1002:H3ロケットの主エンジン「LE-9」熱効率向上で世界初に挑戦
583:250 kN (56,200 lbf)
577:180 kN (40,000 lbf)
571:110 kN (25,000 lbf)
367:(DRACO) nuclear thermal engine
222:During the development of the
27:Rocket engine operation method
1:
1612:Helicon double-layer thruster
1581:Electrodeless plasma thruster
1576:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
976:. p. 10. Archived from
966:Akira Konno (October 1993).
2005:Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)
939:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
324:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
316:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
179:regenerative cooling system
2276:
2260:Engineering thermodynamics
1079:US patent 7,418,814 B1
492:People's Republic of China
479:People's Republic of China
150:In a similar way that the
1897:
1571:Pulsed inductive thruster
237:Higher vacuum performance
1745:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1504:Electric-pump-fed engine
1404:Hybrid-propellant rocket
1394:Liquid-propellant rocket
1001:
968:
831:Combustion tap-off cycle
81:that easily reaches its
2250:Rocket engines by cycle
1801:Beam-powered propulsion
1774:Fission-fragment rocket
1729:Nuclear photonic rocket
1697:Nuclear electric rocket
1463:Staged combustion cycle
1399:Solid-propellant rocket
969:わが国の液体ロケットエンジンの現状と今後の展望
941:: 36–43. Archived from
836:Staged combustion cycle
688:Chamber pressure (MPa)
18:Expander cycle (rocket)
1852:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1702:Nuclear thermal rocket
1602:Pulsed plasma thruster
558:Expander bleed cycle,
123:
42:is a power cycle of a
35:
2255:Spacecraft propulsion
1518:Electrical propulsion
1245:Spacecraft propulsion
563:Expander bleed cycle
543:Expander bleed cycle
121:
33:
2189:Regenerative cooling
2067:combustion / thermal
1966:Without phase change
1957:combustion / thermal
1947:Thermodynamic cycles
1750:Antimatter-catalyzed
1548:Hall-effect thruster
1361:Solar thermal rocket
114:Expander bleed cycle
1692:Direct Fusion Drive
1607:Vacuum arc thruster
1494:Pressure-fed engine
1473:Gas-generator cycle
1380:Chemical propulsion
1317:Physical propulsion
1209:Rocket power cycles
1009:on January 24, 2022
841:Pressure-fed engine
826:Gas-generator cycle
378:
302:Pratt & Whitney
282:Pratt & Whitney
242:pressure-fed engine
160:dual expander cycle
44:bipropellant rocket
1906:Spaceflight portal
1872:Reactionless drive
1837:Aerogravity assist
1677:Nuclear propulsion
428:Country of origin
376:
332:Aerojet Rocketdyne
274:Aerojet Rocketdyne
187:combustion chamber
124:
97:Aerojet Rocketdyne
36:
2240:Rocket propulsion
2227:
2226:
2204:Vapor-compression
2130:Staged combustion
2059:
2058:
2024:With phase change
1913:
1912:
1867:Atmospheric entry
1822:Orbital mechanics
1789:
1788:
1671:
1670:
1622:Resistojet rocket
1512:
1511:
1487:Intake mechanisms
1420:Liquid propellant
1324:Cold gas thruster
817:
816:
560:chamber expander
214:staged combustion
152:staged combustion
16:(Redirected from
2267:
2199:Vapor absorption
1962:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1903:
1887:Alcubierre drive
1877:Field propulsion
1827:Orbital maneuver
1815:Related concepts
1682:
1533:Colloid thruster
1523:
1384:
1286:Specific impulse
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1184:. Archived from
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1100:. Archived from
1094:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1047:. Archived from
1036:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
963:
957:
956:
954:
953:
947:
928:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
903:
897:. Archived from
892:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
856:
529:
527:
526:
516:
514:
513:
503:
501:
500:
490:
488:
487:
477:
475:
474:
464:
462:
461:
451:
449:
448:
438:
436:
435:
379:
136:Mitsubishi LE-5A
21:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2160:
2134:
2066:
2055:
2045:Organic Rankine
2019:
1973:
1970:hot air engines
1967:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1914:
1909:
1893:
1810:
1785:
1733:
1667:
1636:
1590:
1564:Electromagnetic
1559:
1508:
1499:Pump-fed engine
1482:
1451:
1408:
1375:
1312:
1303:Rocket equation
1269:Reaction engine
1247:
1242:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1003:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
980:on May 28, 2021
970:
965:
964:
960:
951:
949:
945:
926:
921:
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916:
907:
905:
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890:
883:
882:
878:
868:
866:
858:
857:
853:
849:
822:
719:
657:
568:Thrust, vacuum
559:
524:
522:
511:
509:
498:
496:
485:
483:
472:
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459:
457:
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433:
431:
377:Specifications
374:
267:
259:
255:
251:
247:
230:Inherent safety
205:Low temperature
199:
167:
156:full flow cycle
148:
140:Mitsubishi LE-9
116:
71:liquid hydrogen
54:square–cube law
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2257:
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2247:
2245:Rocket engines
2242:
2232:
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2222:
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2162:
2161:
2159:
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2148:
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2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
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2087:
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2077:
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2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
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2012:
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1997:
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1832:Gravity assist
1829:
1824:
1818:
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1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1794:External power
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1767:Bussard ramjet
1759:
1754:
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1752:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
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1595:Electrothermal
1592:
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1578:
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1496:
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1470:
1468:Expander cycle
1465:
1459:
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1453:
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1449:
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1439:
1437:Monopropellant
1434:
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1427:
1416:
1414:
1410:
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1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
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1368:
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1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1308:Thermal rocket
1305:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1278:
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1255:
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1203:External links
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792:Dry mass (kg)
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597:Mixture ratio
594:
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584:
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240:Compared to a
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206:
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195:
183:heat exchanger
165:
147:
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115:
112:
67:cryogenic fuel
40:expander cycle
26:
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2:
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2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Transcritical
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Hampson–Linde
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2166:Refrigeration
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Gas-generator
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Brayton/Joule
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Brayton/Joule
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Oberth effect
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:Fusion rocket
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:Closed system
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Arcjet rocket
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1586:Plasma magnet
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:Electrostatic
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1478:Tap-off cycle
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1447:Tripropellant
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Photon rocket
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:Magnetic sail
1354:
1352:
1351:Electric sail
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:Reaction mass
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:Rocket engine
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1188:on 2017-04-30
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1107:on 2012-03-28
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1054:on 2016-01-19
1050:
1046:
1044:0-471-32642-9
1040:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1021:
1008:
1004:
995:
992:
979:
975:
971:
962:
959:
948:on 2015-12-24
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
918:
915:
904:on 2016-03-03
900:
896:
889:
888:
880:
877:
865:
861:
855:
852:
846:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
812:
809:
807:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
765:
764:
761:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:LOX TP (rpm)
743:
742:
739:
736:
734:
732:
729:
726:
724:
722:
715:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
659:, vacuum (s)
658:
654:
650:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:Nozzle ratio
623:
622:
618:
615:
613:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
595:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
535:
532:
521:
519:
508:
506:
495:
493:
482:
480:
469:
467:
456:
454:
453:United States
443:
441:
440:United States
430:
427:
426:
423:
420:
418:
415:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
386:
383:
381:
380:
371:
366:
363:
361:
358:
355:
353:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
330:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
314:
312:
308:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
288:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
272:
271:
270:
264:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
210:gas-generator
207:
204:
203:
202:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
172:
168:
161:
157:
153:
146:Dual expander
145:
143:
141:
137:
132:
130:
120:
113:
111:
109:
105:
101:
98:
93:
91:
90:gas generator
86:
84:
83:boiling point
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
50:
48:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2089:
2051:Regenerative
1980:Bell Coleman
1904:
1847:Space launch
1779:Fission sail
1707:Radioisotope
1538:Ion thruster
1467:
1456:Power cycles
1442:Bipropellant
1334:Steam rocket
1329:Water rocket
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1109:. Retrieved
1102:the original
1092:
1058:26 September
1056:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1030:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:the original
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
961:
950:. Retrieved
943:the original
934:
930:
917:
906:. Retrieved
899:the original
886:
879:
867:. Retrieved
863:
854:
652:
268:
200:
176:
159:
149:
133:
129:backpressure
125:
104:Vinci engine
94:
87:
77:, or liquid
51:
39:
37:
2219:Ionocaloric
2214:Vuilleumier
2036:Hygroscopic
1862:Aerocapture
1857:Aerobraking
1738:Open system
1722:"Lightbulb"
1663:Mass driver
1413:Propellants
1344:Diffractive
1013:January 23,
984:January 24,
869:21 February
864:www.esa.int
766:Length (m)
345:Blue Origin
290:ArianeGroup
2234:Categories
2184:Pulse tube
2156:Mixed/dual
1882:Warp drive
1712:Salt-water
1430:Hypergolic
1339:Solar sail
1192:2017-06-06
1167:2024-03-13
1111:2008-12-28
952:2016-09-25
908:2016-09-25
860:"Ariane 6"
847:References
319:LE-5A / 5B
197:Advantages
2179:Kleemenko
2065:Internal
1425:Cryogenic
1138:16 August
720:TP (rpm)
555:Expander
552:Expander
549:Expander
546:Expander
540:Expander
219:Tolerance
73:, liquid
62:aerospike
2146:Combined
2105:Humphrey
2090:Expander
2075:Atkinson
2010:Stoddard
2000:Stirling
1995:Ericsson
1955:External
1717:Gas core
1252:Concepts
820:See also
309:Chinese
108:Ariane 6
102:and the
69:such as
2209:Siemens
2125:Scuderi
2041:Rankine
1806:Tethers
1658:MagBeam
1543:Gridded
1298:Staging
1291:Delta-v
1133:YouTube
974:J-STAGE
759:18,000
737:52,000
730:98,180
727:65,000
411:RD-0146
341:(MB-60)
339:MARC-60
305:RD-0146
79:propane
75:methane
2115:Miller
2110:Lenoir
2085:Diesel
2031:Kalina
2015:Manson
1990:Carnot
1632:VASIMR
1281:Thrust
1259:Rocket
1085:
1041:
781:3.358
691:4.412
674:455.2
671:442.6
537:Cycle
528:
515:
505:Russia
502:
489:
476:
466:France
463:
450:
437:
401:YF-75D
334:&
311:YF-75D
300:&
191:nozzle
47:engine
2139:Mixed
1641:Other
1387:State
1158:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
946:(PDF)
937:(4).
927:(PDF)
902:(PDF)
891:(PDF)
813:2400
784:2.79
769:4.14
711:10.0
708:3.58
600:5.88
531:Japan
518:Japan
417:LE-5B
406:YF-79
396:Vinci
391:BE-3U
348:BE-3U
293:Vinci
265:Usage
2151:HEHC
2120:Otto
1371:WINE
1140:2024
1060:2016
1039:ISBN
1015:2022
986:2022
895:AIAA
871:2017
810:285
803:265
800:280
795:277
787:3.8
774:4.2
705:5.9
702:7.0
699:4.1
696:6.1
683:426
680:447
677:470
668:457
665:445
662:462
643:110
638:160
632:240
627:280
619:5.9
611:6.0
608:6.0
605:5.8
422:LE-9
387:B-2
385:RL10
357:Avio
352:BE-7
350:and
327:LE-9
298:CADB
285:RL60
277:RL10
224:RL10
134:The
106:for
100:RL10
38:The
646:37
635:80
360:M10
336:MHI
212:or
171:LOX
2236::
1160:.
1131:.
1120:^
1068:^
935:48
933:.
929:.
862:.
716:LH
656:sp
616:5
413:D
254:th
252:/A
246:th
110:.
85:.
58:kN
2047:)
2043:(
1972:)
1968:(
1939:e
1932:t
1925:v
1237:e
1230:t
1223:v
1195:.
1170:.
1142:.
1114:.
1062:.
1017:.
988:.
955:.
911:.
873:.
718:2
653:I
258:e
250:e
169:/
166:2
164:H
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
