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communicate or express language due to the plethora of functional impairments that come with this disorder. Risk detection as well as the severity of the disease has also been linked to age and analyzed through the measurement of the ways these areas have been affected as the child reaches adolescence or adulthood. Additionally, an expressive language disorder that is not caused by any underlying diseases such as autism or brain tumors has been shown to be curable through means that do not involve direct forms of treatment such as medication. A variety of speech and language therapies which include the use of pictures, books, and much more have led to improvements in overall expression, encourages children to participate in many activities, helps them make more friends, and reduces the stress in parents and children. However, if the condition is not treated, it will cause the children to have a decreased performance in school and increased frustration in both the parents and children due to difficulties in communication. In order to tackle and navigate through these difficulties, it is highly recommended for parents to seek out a
360:
shown that children with SLI have a significantly smaller left hemispheric pars triangularis (Broca's area) and asymmetry of dominance of language structures, as opposed to the more typical left hemisphere dominance. Scientists are beginning to elucidate differences in activation patterns in children with SLIs using neuroimaging techniques to capture brain activity while performing different cognitive tasks. A major observation is lack of left hemisphere lateralization in major language structures such as the inferior frontal gyrus-opercularis, inferior frontal gyrus-triangularis, supramarginal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. The same study reported hypoactivation and hyper activation of other brain regions - the supramarginal junction and anterior insula, respectively. Other in-depth imaging studies report finding previously undiagnosed lesions in the brains of children with well-characterized developmental language development. Together, these findings strongly suggest that language impairments are the result of an underlying neurological defect in an area of the brain related to language.
218:. The recommended way to treat expressive language disorder is to work out a therapy plan by visiting a speech and language therapist. Some therapies may include use of toys, books, figures, and images to help improve the condition. In addition, parents could also aid children at home. For example, parents could have a small conversation with their children with slow, clear, and short words to gradually improve children's condition. In this process, patience is key, and it is also important to not make the children stressed. Additionally, let children repeat a short sentence or say it in their own words could also be helpful. Early diagnosis and treatment is really important to treat expressive language disorder.
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reaching consequences in terms of academic, social and vocational outcomes." These researchers found that children diagnosed with an SLI would have persistent problems with language and are more likely to pursue vocational training rather than university, thereby avoiding professions requiring high levels of literacy. A lower socioeconomic status was also noted by adults who were diagnosed with an SLI as a child. Whitehouse also reported that these adults had more difficulties in establishing friendships, most likely due to a decreased ability to express themselves socially.
263:, our memories that remember how to perform different cognitive and motor tasks. The procedural memory system is associated with basal-ganglia circuits in the frontal lobe and further investigation of this particular hypothesis could aid in the development of a clinical neurological picture of what the underlying causes of SLI are.
380:. In these cases, issues with speech and language are often not treated specifically, but rather attention is given to the primary complaint. Due to the high correlation of an SLI with other disorders, it is difficult to tell the difference between "pure SLI" or language impairments due to the presence of another disorder.
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The prognosis of this disease is shown to be associated with a class of different issues ranging from broad areas of development in a child's life quality such as social relationships, mental health, literacy, academic abilities, community connections, etc. This is tied into the inability to properly
258:
There is significant debate about whether specific language impairments, such as expressive language disorder, are caused by deficits in grammar or by a deficit in processing language information. However, an alternative hypothesis to the cause of SLIs has been posited, called the
Procedural Deficit
164:
and other anomalies that affect oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal structures or neuromuscular functions can be a cause of
Expressive Language Disorder by interfering with the patients ability to communicate directly. Environmental problems during early childhood development, including inadequate stimulus,
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look into all grounds of what may be causing speech delay. By the age of 2, children who are unable to use up to 270 one-word phrases and 25 different phonemes, not averaging 75 words per hour during free play, not able to talk in several two-to-three-word phrases with speech intelligibility or at
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Studies looking at long-term outcomes for individuals with specific language impairments such as expressive language disorder track these individuals from childhood to adulthood. As
Whitehouse and his colleagues suggest, "When childhood language problems persist into adulthood, they can have far
359:
Due to the vague nature of the diagnosis of expressive language disorder, there is little specific scientific research that we can currently locate. A larger body of research exists around neuroscientific studies with children diagnosed with a specific language impairment (SLI). fMRI studies have
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was the first to note that the left hemisphere of the brain appeared to be localized for language function, particularly for right handed patients. Modern neuroscientific research has verified this, though language may be lateralized to the right hemisphere in some right-handed individuals.
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abnormalities in neural volume in areas of the brain associated with motor functions, such as the caudate nucleus, in the affected members of the KE family when compared to the unaffected family members. This volume reduction showed a high correlation between reduced volume and tests of
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and to incorporate a routine that aids the child's condition at home such as an atmosphere where the encouragement for questions and active communications is endorsed. Activities such as reading to the child or the introductions to new words on objects or signs, would be good examples.
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outlined the currently accepted theory of speech production. Words are produced after the concept waiting to be produced is conceptualized, related words are selected, encoded and the sound waves of speech are produced.
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pattern. Further analysis traced this inheritance pattern back to mutations in the FOXP2 genes. These studies have allowed scientists to begin to investigate how changes to one gene can alter human communication.
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Diagnosis for expressive language disorder in children are usually marked by milestones markers of the child age grouping. A child can be diagnosed for expressive language disorder as early as two years old. Many
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least 65% ,and those who are unable to name common objects and pictures are predicted to most likely struggle and be diagnosed with expressive language disorder. In addition, it is also recommended to have a
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Careful diagnosis is also important because "atypical language development can be a secondary characteristic of other physical and developmental problems that may first manifest as language problems".
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Webster RI, Erdos C, Evans K, Majnemer A, Saigal G, Kehayia E, et al. (August 2008). "Neurological and magnetic resonance imaging findings in children with developmental language impairment".
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Expressive
Language disorder is characterized by difficulty communicating in varied ways. Sometimes this manifests as below-average vocabulary skills for an individuals age or use of the incorrect
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Expressive language disorder is not well understood. It does not have one singular cause, but rather is often a result of many possible causes during development including
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that is within normal limits. There can be problems with vocabulary, producing complex sentences, and remembering words, and there may or may not be abnormalities in
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Hypothesis. The
Procedural Deficit Hypothesis states that we can explain language impairments due to abnormal development of brain structures that are involved in
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Liégeois F, Baldeweg T, Connelly A, Gadian DG, Mishkin M, Vargha-Khadem F (November 2003). "Language fMRI abnormalities associated with FOXP2 gene mutation".
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when speaking. There can be difficulty forming complex sentences and remembering words. Difficulties are with expression, not with understanding as with
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Pujol J, Deus J, Losilla JM, Capdevila A (March 1999). "Cerebral lateralization of language in normal left-handed people studied by functional MRI".
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343:, found no significant differences between individuals with SLI and normal controls. However, more subtle and sophisticated techniques, such as
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Knecht S, Deppe M, Dräger B, Bobe L, Lohmann H, Ringelstein E, et al. (January 2000). "Language lateralization in healthy right-handers".
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FOXP2 is the first gene that has been identified that is specifically linked to speech and language production. Mutant alleles of the normal
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to diagnosis if the children's ability to communicate is altered by hearing problems. Since age vary on diagnosis, treatment varies as well.
1495:"Genetic variants of FOXP2 and KIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2 locus are associated with altered brain activation in distinct language-related regions"
1456:
Caulfield MB, Fischel JE, DeBaryshe BD, Whitehurst GJ (April 1989). "Behavioral correlates of developmental expressive language disorder".
1196:"Abnormal functional lateralization and activity of language brain areas in typical specific language impairment (developmental dysphasia)"
356:, supporting the idea that odd development of the caudate nucleus is related to the problems in motor control observed in the KE family.
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280:
were related to the discovery that damage to certain areas of the brain related to impairments in language, such as the discovery of
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Hurst JA, Baraitser M, Auger E, Graham F, Norell S (April 1990). "An extended family with a dominantly inherited speech disorder".
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Ullman MT, Pierpont EI (June 2005). "Specific language impairment is not specific to language: the procedural deficit hypothesis".
110:(ICD-10). As of the eleventh edition (ICD-11, current 1 January 2022), it is considered to be covered by the various categories of
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Gauger LM, Lombardino LJ, Leonard CM (December 1997). "Brain morphology in children with specific language impairment".
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228:
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Bearzotti F, Tavano A, Fabbro F (June 2007). "Development of orofacial praxis of children from 4 to 8 years of age".
1291:"Adult psychosocial outcomes of children with specific language impairment, pragmatic language impairment and autism"
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Vargha-Khadem F, Gadian DG, Copp A, Mishkin M (February 2005). "FOXP2 and the neuroanatomy of speech and language".
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is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognized by the tenth edition of the
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Joanisse MF, Seidenberg MS (July 1998). "Specific language impairment: a deficit in grammar or processing?".
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288:. Lesions in these parts of the brain impair language comprehension and language production, respectively.
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Treatment of expressive language disorder does not require medicine most of the time, but instead involves
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214:. However, it is recommended to get a full physical check to rule out other possible disorders such as
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Rinaldi S, Caselli MC, Cofelice V, D'Amico S, De Cagno AG, Della Corte G, et al. (March 2021).
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Classification of developmental language disorders: theoretical issues and clinical implications
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de
Guibert C, Maumet C, Jannin P, Ferré JC, Tréguier C, Barillot C, et al. (October 2011).
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Pinel P, Fauchereau F, Moreno A, Barbot A, Lathrop M, Zelenika D, et al. (January 2012).
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Specific language impairments are often secondary characteristics of other disorders such as
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1378:"The distinct and overlapping phenotypic spectra of FOXP1 and FOXP2 in cognitive disorders"
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Neligan A, Adan G, Nevitt SJ, Pullen A, Sander JW, Bonnett L, et al. (January 2023).
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114:. Transition to the ICD-11 will take place at a different time in different countries.
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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522:"Developmental expressive language disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
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in which there are difficulties with verbal and written expression. It is a
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Cortex; A Journal
Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
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725:"Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure"
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624:"Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder: Signs and Help: 2024 UPDATE"
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547:"Speech and language delay in children: Prevalence and risk factors"
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gene have been found to be the cause of severe speech impairments.
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648:"Expressive Language Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments"
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International
Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
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such as from injury or disease. Physical abnormalities such as
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In 1990, it was reported that the several generations of the
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Current educational interventions for students with an SLI
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that is markedly below the appropriate level for the
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802:"Spoken word production: a theory of lexical access"
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1289:Whitehouse AJ, Watt HJ, Line EA, Bishop DV (2009).
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1161:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
276:Some of the earliest discoveries in the field of
339:Neuroimaging techniques, such as structural and
1342:. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
473:"Expressive language disorder - developmental"
125:characterized by an ability to use expressive
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347:studies have allowed researchers to identify
8:
1669:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
1338:Hans Van Balkom, Verhoeven, Ludo Th (2004).
400:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
729:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
551:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
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1027:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
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272:Scientific studies of speech and language
49:Struggle to describe or explain something
378:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
108:International Classification of Diseases
492:"Speech and language delay in children"
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1811:Learning problems in childhood cancer
1376:Bacon C, Rappold GA (November 2012).
545:Sunderajan T, Kanhere SV (May 2019).
446:
444:
7:
1458:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
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452:"F80.1 Expressive language disorder"
1755:Developmental coordination disorder
1039:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16948.x
765:"Expressive language difficulties"
254:Association with language networks
14:
313:that were inherited in a typical
1893:Specific developmental disorders
1616:specific developmental disorders
783:"Language Disorders in Children"
600:"Language Disorders in Children"
477:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
195:speech and language pathologists
424:The Better Health Channel (BHC)
112:developmental language disorder
1760:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
1737:Disorder of written expression
1679:Speech and language impairment
1511:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5996-10.2012
420:"Expressive language disorder"
307:developmental verbal dyspraxia
297:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
1:
918:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70276-4
865:10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01186-3
236:Models of language production
212:speech and language therapies
1776:Auditory processing disorder
1674:Specific language impairment
1644:Expressive language disorder
1075:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
853:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
390:Auditory processing disorder
335:Specific language impairment
329:Specific language impairment
123:specific language impairment
104:Expressive language disorder
24:Expressive language disorder
1781:Sensory processing disorder
1499:The Journal of Neuroscience
1433:10.2466/pms.104.4.1355-1366
1421:Perceptual and Motor Skills
800:Levelt WJ (November 2001).
229:speech language pathologist
179:Receptive Language Disorder
97:Speech and Language Therapy
1914:
1245:Journal of Child Neurology
564:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_162_19
490:McLaughlin MR (May 2011).
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165:are risk factors as well.
1394:10.1007/s00439-012-1193-z
1307:10.1080/13682820802708098
741:10.1002/14651858.CD015268
604:www.stanfordchildrens.org
496:American Family Physician
395:Speech-Language Pathology
38:Speech-Language Pathology
1826:Multisensory integration
1654:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
1257:10.1177/0883073808315620
691:10.3390/brainsci11030407
374:autism spectrum disorder
1898:Communication disorders
1173:10.1044/jslhr.4006.1272
345:voxel-based morphometry
1821:Management of dyslexia
961:10.1093/brain/123.1.74
819:10.1073/pnas.231459498
135:language comprehension
119:communication disorder
1694:Speech sound disorder
1427:(3 Pt 2): 1355–1366.
996:10.1212/WNL.52.5.1038
1872:People with dyslexia
1212:10.1093/brain/awr141
1206:(Pt 10): 3044–3058.
156:, and damage to the
1867:Dyslexia in fiction
1841:Reading acquisition
1714:Learning disability
1118:Nature Neuroscience
812:(23): 13464–13471.
456:ICD-10 Version:2010
117:The condition is a
1470:10.1007/bf00913793
315:autosomal dominant
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1801:Dyslexia research
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1704:Tip of the tongue
1659:Language disorder
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242:Speech production
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406:References
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131:mental age
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