499:. For instance, Conti-Ramsden and Botting (2004) found that 64% of a sample of 11-year-olds with SLI scored above a clinical threshold on a questionnaire for psychiatric difficulties, and 36% were regularly bullied, compared with 12% of comparison children. In the longer-term, studies of adult outcomes of children with SLI find elevated rates of unemployment, social isolation and psychiatric disorder. However, most studies focused on children with severe problems, where comprehension as well as expressive language was affected. Better outcomes are found for children who have milder difficulties and do not require special educational provision.
479:, that involves prolonged and intensive training on specific components of language and auditory processing. The theory underlying this approach maintains that language difficulties are caused by a failure to make fine-grained auditory discriminations in the temporal dimension, and the computerised training materials are designed to sharpen perceptual acuity.
257:β the child speaks in fluent and well-formed utterances with adequate articulation; content of language is unusual; comprehension may be over-literal and language use is odd. The child may chatter incessantly and be poor at turn-taking in conversation and maintaining a topic. There has been a great deal of controversy about this category, which is termed
411:(therapists or SALTs in the UK, speech-language pathologists, SLPs, in the US and Australia). A commonly used test battery for diagnosis of SLI is the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF). Assessments that can be completed by a parent or teacher can be useful to identify children who may require more in-depth evaluation.
482:
For all these types of intervention, there are few adequately controlled trials that allow one to assess clinical efficacy. In general, where studies have been done, results have been disappointing, though some more positive outcomes have been reported. In 2010, a systematic review of clinical trials
162:
reject this kind of medical label, and argue that there is not a clear dividing line between SLI and normal variation. Also, although most experts would agree that children with characteristics of the Rapin subtypes can be identified, there are many cases who are less easy to categorise, and there is
114:
The terminology for children's language disorders is extremely wide-ranging and confusing, with many labels that have overlapping but not necessarily identical meanings. In part this confusion reflects uncertainty about the boundaries of SLI, and the existence of different subtypes. Historically, the
370:
Overall, genetic mutation, hereditary influences, and environmental factors may all have a role in the development and manifestation of SLI. It is important, therefore, to not associate the development to a single factor, but recognize that it is oftentimes the result of complex interactions between
105:
Although difficulties with use and understanding of complex sentences are a common feature of SLI, the diagnostic criteria encompass a wide range of problems, and for some children other aspects of language are problematic (see below). In general, the term SLI is reserved for children whose language
414:
The
Grammar and Phonology Screening (GAPS) test is a quick (ten minute) simple and accurate screening test developed and standardized in the UK. It is suitable for children from 3;4 to 6;8 years;months and can be administered by professionals and non-professionals (including parents) alike, and has
397:
There is considerable variation in how this last criterion is implemented. Tombin et al. (1996) proposed the EpiSLI criterion, based on five composite scores representing performance in three domains of language (vocabulary, grammar, and narration) and two modalities (comprehension and production).
89:
Specific language impairment (SLI) is diagnosed when a child has delayed or disordered language development for no apparent reason. Usually the first indication of SLI is that the child is later than usual in starting to speak and subsequently is delayed in putting words together to form sentences.
347:
growing up together are exposed to the same home environment, yet may differ radically in their language skills. Such different outcomes are, however, seen almost exclusively in fraternal (non-identical) twins, who are genetically different. Identical twins share the same genes and tend to be much
359:
in a single gene. Current evidence suggests that there are many different genes that can influence language learning, and SLI results when a child inherits a particularly detrimental combination of risk factors, each of which may have only a small effect. It has been hypothesized, however, that a
418:
The
Children's Communication Checklist (CCCβ2) is a parent questionnaire suitable for testing language skills in school-aged children. Informal assessments, such as language samples, may also be used. This procedure is useful when the normative sample of a given test is inappropriate for a given
430:
Language samples are typically transcribed using computer software such as the systematic analysis of language software (SALT, Miller et al. 2012), and then analyzed. For example, the SLP might look for whether the child introduces characters to their story or jumps right in, whether the events
448:
methods, but such methods fell into disuse when it became apparent that there was little generalisation to everyday situations. Contemporary approaches to enhancing development of language structure are more likely to adopt 'milieu' methods, in which the intervention is interwoven into natural
491:
Longitudinal studies indicate that problems are largely resolved by five years in around 40% of 4-year-olds with SLI. However, for children who still have significant language difficulties at school entry low levels of literacy are common, even for children who receive specialist help, and
406:
Assessment will usually include an interview with the child's caregiver, observation of the child in an unstructured setting, a hearing test, and standardized tests of language and nonverbal ability. There is a wide range of language assessments in
English. Some are restricted for use by
523:
Much research has focused on trying to identify what makes language learning so hard for some children. A major divide is between theories that attribute the difficulties to a low-level problem with auditory temporal processing, and those that propose there is a deficit in a specialised
208:β in the child with DVD, comprehension is adequate; the onset of speech is very delayed and extremely limited with impaired production of speech sounds and short utterances. The poor speech production cannot be explained in terms of structural or neurological damage of the
528:. It can be difficult to choose between theories because they do not always make distinctive predictions, and there is considerable heterogeneity among children with SLI. It has also been suggested that SLI may only arise when more than one underlying deficit is present.
422:
To complete a language sample, the SLP will spend about 15 minutes talking with the child. The sample may be of a conversation (Hadley, 1998), or narrative retell. In a narrative language sample, the SLP will tell the child a story using a wordless picture book (e.g.
80:
influence. Although language impairment can result from a single-gene mutation, this is unusual. More commonly SLI results from the combined influence of multiple genetic variants, each of which is found in the general population, as well as environmental influences.
492:
educational attainments are typically poor. Poor outcomes are most common in cases where comprehension as well as expressive language is affected. There is also evidence that the nonverbal IQ of children with SLI decreases over the course of development.
351:
There can be some variation in the severity and persistence of SLI in identical twins, indicating that environmental factors affect the course of disorder, but it is unusual to find a child with SLI who has an identical twin with normal language.
250:
Lexical deficit disorder β the child has word finding problems and difficulty putting ideas into words. There is poor comprehension for connected speech. Again, there is little research on this subtype, which is not widely recognised.
212:. There is much disagreement about diagnostic criteria, but the label most often used for children whose intelligibility declines markedly when they attempt complex utterances, compared to when they are producing individual sounds or
439:
Intervention is usually carried out by speech and language therapists, who use a wide range of techniques to stimulate language learning. In the past, there was a vogue for drilling children in grammatical exercises, using
115:
terms "developmental dysphasia" or "developmental aphasia" were used to describe children with the clinical picture of SLI. These terms have, however, largely been abandoned, as they suggest parallels with adult acquired
3075:
2456:
Johnson CJ, Beitchman JH, Young A, Escobar M, Atkinson L, Wilson B, et al. (June 1999). "Fourteen-year follow-up of children with and without speech/language impairments: speech/language stability and outcomes".
157:
features of language impairment, which was subsequently updated by Rapin. Rapin is a child neurologist, and she refers to different subtypes as "syndromes"; many of those coming from the perspective of education or
174:
Receptive/expressive phonologic/syntactic deficit syndrome is the most common form of SLI, in which the child's most obvious problems are a tendency to speak in short, simplified sentences, with omission of some
1772:
Gardner H, Froud K, McClelland A, van der Lely HK (2006). "Development of the
Grammar and Phonology Screening (GAPS) test to assess key markers of specific language and literacy difficulties in young children".
415:
been demonstrated to be highly accurate (98% accuracy) in identifying impaired children who need specialist help vs non-impaired children. This makes it potentially a feasible test for widespread screening.
59:
is preferred by some) is diagnosed when a child's language does not develop normally and the difficulties cannot be accounted for by generally slow development, physical abnormality of the speech apparatus,
419:
child, for instance, if the child is bilingual and the sample was of monolingual children. It is also an ecologically valid measure of all aspects of language (e.g. semantics, syntax, pragmatics, etc.).
294:
Males are more affected by SLI than females. In clinical samples, the sex ratio of affected males: females is around 3 or 4:1. The reason for this association is not known: no linkage has been found to
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449:
episodes of communication, and the therapist builds on the child's utterances, rather than dictating what will be talked about. In addition, there has been a move away from a focus solely on
273:
Although textbooks draw clear boundaries between different neurodevelopmental disorders, there is much debate about overlaps between them. Many children with SLI meet diagnostic criteria for
122:
Some synonyms currently in use for specific language impairment are language impairment, developmental language delay (DLD), language disorder, and language-learning disability. Researcher
507:
Epidemiological surveys, in the US and Canada, estimated the prevalence of SLI in five-year-olds at around 7%. However, neither study adopted the stringent "discrepancy" criteria of the
149:
Although most experts agree that children with SLI are quite variable, there is little agreement on how best to subtype them. There is no widely accepted classification system. In 1983
3061:
2807:
Montgomery JW, Magimairaj BM, Finney MC (February 2010). "Working memory and specific language impairment: an update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment".
2372:
Snowling MJ, Bishop DV, Stothard SE, Chipchase B, Kaplan C (August 2006). "Psychosocial outcomes at 15 years of children with a preschool history of speech-language impairment".
508:
126:
argues that the term "specific language impairment" is misleading because the disorder does not only affect language, but also affects reading, writing, and social/pragmatics.
106:
difficulties persist into school age, and so it would not be applied to toddlers who are late to start talking, most of whom catch up with their peer group after a late start.
913:
Fujiki M, Spackman MP, Brinton B, Hall A (June 2004). "The relationship of language and emotion regulation skills to reticence in children with specific language impairment".
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Clegg J, Hollis C, Mawhood L, Rutter M (February 2005). "Developmental language disorders--a follow-up in later adult life. Cognitive, language and psychosocial outcomes".
187:
may be reduced, so that "string" is pronounced as "ting". Vocabulary is often limited, with a tendency to use "general all-purpose" terms, rather than more specific words.
141:(SLCN) is currently the term of choice, but this is far broader than SLI, and includes children with speech and language difficulties arising from a wide range of causes.
468:
Another way in which modern approaches to remediation differ from the past is that parents are more likely to be directly involved, particularly with preschool children.
327:" for SLI has been found. Differences in the brains of children with SLI vs typically developing children are subtle and may overlap with atypical patterns seen in other
360:
mutation of the FOXP2 gene may have an influence on the development on SLI to a certain degree, as it regulates genes pertinent to neural pathways related to language.
311:
do not usually reveal any obvious abnormalities in children with SLI, although quantitative comparisons have found differences in brain size or relative proportions of
1369:
Bishop DV (2008). "Specific language impairment, dyslexia, and autism: Using genetics to unravel their relationship.". In
Norbury CF, Tomblin JB, Bishop DV (eds.).
1311:
Bishop D, Rutter M (2008). "Neurodevelopmental disorders: conceptual approaches.". In Thapar A, Rutter M, Bishop D, Pine D, Scott SM, Stevenson J, Taylor E (eds.).
223:" suggests a pure output disorder, many β perhaps all β of these children have difficulty in doing tasks that involve mentally manipulating speech sounds, such as
1296:
Bishop DV (2000). "Pragmatic language impairment: a correlate of SLI, a distinct subgroup, or part of the autistic continuum?". In Bishop DV, Leonard LB (eds.).
515:; SLI was diagnosed if the child scored below cut-off on standardized language tests, but had a nonverbal IQ of 90 or above and no other exclusionary criteria.
261:
in the UK. Debate has centred over the question of whether it is a subtype of SLI, part of the autistic spectrum, or a separate condition. In DSM-5, the term
3141:
2156:
Snowling MJ, Adams JW, Bishop DV, Stothard SE (2001). "Educational attainments of school leavers with a preschool history of speech-language impairments".
133:
are often used, but this has the disadvantage of being wordy, and is also rejected by some people who think SLI should not be seen as a "disorder". In the
1922:
Law J, Garrett Z, Nye C (August 2004). "The efficacy of treatment for children with developmental speech and language delay/disorder: a meta-analysis".
657:
Lai CS, Fisher SE, Hurst JA, Vargha-Khadem F, Monaco AP (October 2001). "A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder".
1877:
Gallagher T (1996). "Social-interactional approaches to child language intervention.". In
Beitchman J, Cohen NJ, Konstantareas MM, Tannock R (eds.).
379:
SLI is defined purely in behavioural terms: there is no biological test for SLI. There are three points that need to be met for a diagnosis of SLI:
3339:
193:
is a very rare form of language impairment, in which the child appears unable to make sense of speech sounds. It typically occurs as a symptom of
2113:
Catts HW, Fey ME, Tomblin JB, Zhang X (December 2002). "A longitudinal investigation of reading outcomes in children with language impairments".
753:
Bishop D, Norbury CF (2008). "Speech and language impairments". In Thapar A, Rutter M, Bishop D, Pine D, Scott SM, Stevenson J, Taylor E (eds.).
3383:
543:
3283:
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2278:
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1466:
Jackson T, Plante E (June 1996). "Gyral morphology in the posterior
Sylvian region in families affected by developmental language disorder".
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1102:
957:
840:
799:
762:
1907:
Tallal P (2000). "Experimental studies of language learning impairments: From research to remediation.". In Bishop DV, Leonard LB (eds.).
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Tomblin JB, Records NL, Zhang X (December 1996). "A system for the diagnosis of specific language impairment in kindergarten children".
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Conti-Ramsden G, Botting N (October 1999). "Classification of children with specific language impairment: longitudinal considerations".
220:
610:"Phase 2 of CATALISE: a multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development: Terminology"
1820:"An investigation to validate the grammar and phonology screening (GAPS) test to identify children with specific language impairment"
1384:
Robinson RJ (November 1991). "Causes and associations of severe and persistent specific speech and language disorders in children".
2719:
Ullman MT, Pierpont EI (June 2005). "Specific language impairment is not specific to language: the procedural deficit hypothesis".
197:, in which case a diagnosis of SLI would not be appropriate, as there is a known neurological origin of the language difficulties.
2842:
Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD (1990). "Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection?".
238:
Phonologic programming deficit syndrome β the child speaks in long but poorly intelligible utterances, producing what sounds like
3368:
242:. Outside Rapin's group, little has been written about this subtype, which is not generally recognised in diagnostic frameworks.
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2191:
Simkin E, Conti-Ramsden G (2006). "Evidence of reading difficulty in subgroups of children with specific language impairment".
134:
56:
2014:
Bryne-Saricks MC (1987). "Treatment of language disorders in children: a review of experimental studies.". In Winitz H (ed.).
1223:"Non-specific nature of specific language impairment: a review of the literature with regard to concomitant motor impairments"
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Montgomery JW (2003). "Working memory and comprehension in children with specific language impairment: what we know so far".
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Conti-Ramsden G, Botting N (February 2004). "Social difficulties and victimization in children with SLI at 11 years of age".
205:
573:
254:
3126:
2078:
Bishop DV, Edmundson A (May 1987). "Language-impaired 4-year-olds: distinguishing transient from persistent impairment".
2031:"A systematic meta-analytic review of evidence for the effectiveness of the 'Fast ForWord' language intervention program"
3344:
3248:
3116:
2879:"Uses and interpretations of non-word repetition tasks in children with and without specific language impairments (SLI)"
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Rice ML, Wexler K, Cleave PL (August 1995). "Specific language impairment as a period of extended optional infinitive".
825:"Predicaments in early identification of specific language impairment : does the early bird always catch the worm?"
538:
328:
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Bishop DV, Snowling MJ (November 2004). "Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: same or different?".
1031:
Dale PS, Cole KN (April 1991). "What's normal? Specific language impairment in an individual differences perspective".
3373:
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1892:
Tannock R, Girolametto L (1992). "Reassessing parent-focused intervention programs.". In Warren SF, Reichle J (eds.).
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Other causes are excluded: the problems cannot be explained in terms of hearing loss, general developmental delay,
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assessing the FastForword approach was published, and reported no significant gains relative to a control group.
408:
219:
Another key feature is inconsistency of speech sound production from one occasion to another. Although the term "
159:
40:
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3298:
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Children scoring in the lowest 10% on two or more composite scores are identified as having language disorder.
194:
61:
948:
Bishop DV (2004). "Specific language impairment: diagnostic dilemma". In Van Balkom H, Verhoeven, LT (eds.).
190:
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465:, often working in small groups that may include typically developing as well as language-impaired peers.
224:
102:
language, is also impaired, though this may not be obvious unless the child is given a formal assessment.
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Rapin I, Allen D (1983). "Developmental language disorders: nosologic considerations.". In Kirk U (ed.).
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583:
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follow a logical order, and whether the narrative includes a main idea or theme and supporting details.
2494:"Spectral vs. temporal auditory processing in specific language impairment: a developmental ERP study"
996:
Rapin I (September 1996). "Practitioner review: developmental language disorders: a clinical update".
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van der Lely HK (February 2005). "Domain-specific cognitive systems: insight from
Grammatical-SLI".
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Rice ML, Bode JV (1993). "GAPS in the verb lexicons of children with specific language impairment".
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Performance on a standardized language test (see assessment, below) is significantly below age level
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1967:"Randomised controlled trial of community based speech and language therapy in preschool children"
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2928:"Grammatical Difficulties in Children with Specific Language Impairment: Is Learning Deficient?"
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Classification of developmental language disorders: theoretical issues and clinical implications
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Speech and
Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome
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Language, Learning and
Behavior Disorders: Developmental, Biological and Clinical Perspectives
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1429:"Cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging in language- and learning-impaired children"
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Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome
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2672:"Procedural and declarative memory in children with and without specific language impairment"
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Bishop DV (2002-07-01). "The role of genes in the etiology of specific language impairment".
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Herbert MR, Kenet T (June 2007). "Brain abnormalities in language disorders and in autism".
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in children. Later-born children in large families are at greater risk than earlier born.
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Assessment of Communication and Language (Communication and Language Intervention Series)
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Uncommon understanding: development and disorders of language comprehension in children
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The child has language difficulties that interfere with daily life or academic progress
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2977:"Developmental cognitive genetics: how psychology can inform genetics and vice versa"
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1991:
1966:
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and Allen proposed a classification of developmental language disorders based on the
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Botting N (March 2005). "Non-verbal cognitive development and language impairment".
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Tomblin JB, Records NL, Buckwalter P, Zhang X, Smith E, O'Brien M (December 1997).
1546:"Overlaps between autism and language impairment: phenomimicry or shared etiology?"
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language-learning system. Other accounts emphasise deficits in specific aspects of
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472:
312:
304:
209:
69:
3029:
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Tallal P (September 2004). "Improving language and literacy is a matter of time".
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1339:
563:
427:, Mayer, 1969), then ask the child to use the pictures and tell the story back.
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308:
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Ceponiene R, Cummings A, Wulfeck B, Ballantyne A, Townsend J (September 2009).
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Only a handful of non-genetic factors have been found selectively to impact on
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Language impairment and psychopathology in infants, children, and adolescents
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tasks. Children with DVD also typically have major literacy problems, and
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Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
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Children's speech and literacy difficulties: a psycholinguistic framework
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Speech retarded and deaf children : their psychological development
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Understanding developmental language disorders: from theory to practice
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features, such as past tense -ed. It is common also to see simplified
2409:"Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children"
678:
525:
512:
387:
278:
2554:
866:"Developmental aphasia observed in a department of child psychiatry"
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
2236:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
2035:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
1171:"Is expressive language disorder an accurate diagnostic category?"
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
614:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
608:
Bishop DV, Snowling MJ, Thompson PA, Greenhalgh T (October 2017).
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and colleagues, who have devised a computer-based intervention,
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3057:
2883:
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
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International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
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International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
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International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
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may be immature. In many children with SLI, understanding of
2029:
Strong GK, Torgerson CJ, Torgerson D, Hulme C (March 2011).
119:. This is misleading, as SLI is not caused by brain damage.
1427:
Jernigan TL, Hesselink JR, Sowell E, Tallal PA (May 1991).
1881:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 493β514.
163:
also evidence that categorisation can change over time.
1595:"What Causes Specific Language Impairment in Children?"
1216:
1214:
952:. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 309β326.
509:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
471:
A radically different approach has been developed by
343:. The best evidence comes from studies of twins. Two
339:
It is now generally accepted that SLI is a strongly
269:
Relationship with other neurodevelopmental disorders
201:
Expressive developmental language disorder syndromes
170:
Receptive/expressive developmental language disorder
166:
Rapin's subgroups fall into three broad categories:
3332:
3266:
3241:
3220:
3185:
3102:
3095:
2018:. Norwood, N.J: Ablex Publishing. pp. 167β201.
183:when the child is young. For instance, clusters of
36:
26:
21:
983:Neuropsychology of language, reading, and spelling
787:
319:in specific regions. In some cases, unusual brain
2459:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
2413:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
2304:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
2115:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1924:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1060:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1033:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
915:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
265:has been introduced; this is equivalent to PLI.
1911:. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. pp. 131β155.
1818:van der Lely HK, Payne E, McClelland A (2011).
1642:
1640:
1638:
1300:. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. pp. 99β113.
3069:
2809:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
1175:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
985:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 155β184.
757:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 782β801.
8:
3142:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
2981:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1896:. Baltimore MD: Paul Brooks. pp. 49β81.
2080:The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders
1599:Current Directions in Psychological Science
3099:
3076:
3062:
3054:
2670:Lum JA, Gelgic C, Conti-Ramsden G (2010).
1653:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1386:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1095:Children with specific language impairment
18:
3000:
2951:
2902:
2732:
2695:
2517:
2432:
2054:
1990:
1853:
1843:
1786:
1704:Garside RF, Fundudis T, Kolvin I (1979).
1680:
1618:
1569:
1373:. Hove: Psychology Press. pp. 67β78.
1267:. San Diego, Calif: Singular Pub. Group.
1194:
889:
686:
633:
307:are commonly found in children with SLI.
1313:Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
755:Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
139:speech, language and communication needs
131:specific developmental language disorder
831:. Brookes Publishing Company. pp.
827:. In Thal DJ, Cole KN, Dale PS (eds.).
600:
2586:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
1739:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
544:Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud
495:SLI is associated with a high rate of
461:that develop children's social use of
3284:Learning problems in childhood cancer
2016:Human Communication and its Disorders
7:
2273:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
1445:10.1001/archneur.1991.00530170103028
1315:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 32β41.
390:, or physical difficulty in speaking
206:Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD)
3228:Developmental coordination disorder
2193:Child Language Teaching and Therapy
323:are found. To date, no consistent "
259:pragmatic language impairment (PLI)
2926:Hsu HJ, Bishop DV (January 2011).
2774:Journal of Communication Disorders
1511:Pediatric Clinics of North America
1398:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14811.x
1097:. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.
1010:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01456.x
720:Journal of Communication Disorders
348:more similar in language ability.
129:In medical circles, terms such as
14:
794:. East Sussex: Psychology Press.
409:speech and language professionals
246:Higher order processing disorders
3089:specific developmental disorders
2386:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01631.x
2351:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00342.x
2248:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00355.x
2047:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02329.x
1673:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04419.x
1611:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00439.x
870:Archives of Disease in Childhood
864:Ingram TT, Reid JF (June 1956).
2821:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0028)
1187:10.1044/1058-0360(2008/08-0064)
355:SLI is not usually caused by a
231:levels may be poor on tests of
145:Subtypes (Rapin and Allen 1987)
57:developmental language disorder
3233:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
3210:Disorder of written expression
3152:Speech and language impairment
2844:Journal of Memory and Language
1263:Wells B, Stackhouse J (1997).
688:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CB9C-F
277:, and others have features of
1:
3384:Speech and language pathology
2786:10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00021-2
2743:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70276-4
732:10.1016/S0021-9924(02)00087-4
574:Pragmatic language impairment
371:any or all of these factors.
263:Social Communication Disorder
255:Pragmatic language impairment
3249:Auditory processing disorder
3147:Specific language impairment
3117:Expressive language disorder
2856:10.1016/0749-596X(90)90004-J
2629:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2543:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1845:10.1371/journal.pone.0022432
1544:Bishop DV (September 2010).
539:Auditory processing disorder
329:neurodevelopmental disorders
76:have shown that it is under
49:Specific language impairment
22:Specific language impairment
3254:Sensory processing disorder
2877:Coady JA, Evans JL (2008).
2510:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.04.003
2316:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/013)
2127:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/093)
1936:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/069)
1340:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.858
927:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/049)
68:, acquired brain damage or
3405:
3379:Developmental disabilities
2641:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.002
1708:. Boston: Academic Press.
1593:Bishop DV (October 2006).
1140:10.1177/014272379301303707
823:Thal DJ, Katich J (1996).
2993:10.1080/17470210500489372
2895:10.1080/13682820601116485
2688:10.3109/13682820902752285
2205:10.1191/0265659006ct310xx
1797:10.1080/13682820500442644
1562:10.1007/s10519-010-9381-x
1523:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.007
1242:10.1080/13682820010019874
1045:10.1044/0161-1461.2202.80
579:Speech-Language Pathology
41:Speech-language pathology
3299:Multisensory integration
3127:LandauβKleffner syndrome
1983:10.1136/bmj.321.7266.923
1647:Bishop DV (March 2009).
195:Landau-Kleffner syndrome
62:autism spectrum disorder
3369:Communication disorders
2975:Bishop DV (July 2006).
2425:10.1044/jslhr.4006.1245
1169:Leonard LB (May 2009).
1072:10.1044/jslhr.4205.1195
191:Verbal auditory agnosia
160:speech-language therapy
3294:Management of dyslexia
2471:10.1044/jslhr.4203.744
2170:10.1080/13682820120976
1751:10.1044/jshr.3906.1284
1468:Neuropsychology Review
1328:Psychological Bulletin
882:10.1136/adc.31.157.161
275:developmental dyslexia
225:phonological awareness
3167:Speech sound disorder
2598:10.1044/jshr.3804.850
2092:10.1044/jshd.5202.156
1433:Archives of Neurology
584:Speech sound disorder
135:UK educational system
3345:People with dyslexia
497:psychiatric disorder
365:language development
3340:Dyslexia in fiction
3314:Reading acquisition
3187:Learning disability
1836:2011PLoSO...622432V
1665:2009NYASA1156....1B
1093:Leonard LB (1998).
671:2001Natur.413..519L
559:Language processing
425:Frog Where Are You?
3374:Language disorders
3031:. Mosby Elsevier.
2498:Brain and Language
1517:(3): 563β83, vii.
1480:10.1007/bf01875369
626:10.1111/jcpp.12721
290:Associated factors
229:receptive language
3353:
3352:
3274:Dyslexia research
3262:
3261:
3177:Tip of the tongue
3132:Language disorder
3038:978-0-323-03685-6
2944:10.1159/000321289
2932:Human Development
2280:978-0-7619-2025-0
1715:978-0-12-270150-4
1550:Behavior Genetics
1274:978-1-86156-030-8
1104:978-0-585-27859-9
959:978-1-4106-0902-1
842:978-1-55766-193-7
801:978-0-86377-260-3
786:Bishop D (1997).
764:978-1-4051-4549-7
620:(10): 1068β1080.
589:Tip of the tongue
181:speech production
46:
45:
16:Medical condition
3396:
3122:Infantile speech
3104:Speech, language
3100:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3050:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2736:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2269:Cohen N (2001).
2266:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1790:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1644:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1227:
1221:Hill EL (2001).
1218:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1021:
993:
987:
986:
978:
972:
971:
945:
939:
938:
910:
904:
903:
893:
861:
855:
854:
820:
814:
813:
793:
783:
777:
776:
750:
744:
743:
715:
709:
708:
690:
679:10.1038/35097076
665:(6855): 519β23.
654:
648:
647:
637:
605:
569:Origin of speech
341:genetic disorder
325:neural signature
19:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3328:
3304:Neuropsychology
3258:
3237:
3216:
3181:
3157:Speech disorder
3107:
3091:
3082:
3039:
3027:Paul R (2007).
3026:
3023:
3021:Further reading
3018:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2734:10.1.1.211.8238
2718:
2717:
2713:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2555:10.1038/nrn1499
2540:
2539:
2535:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1977:(7266): 923β6.
1964:
1963:
1959:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1788:10.1.1.110.4964
1771:
1770:
1766:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1134:(37): 113β131.
1125:
1124:
1120:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1066:(5): 1195β204.
1057:
1056:
1052:
1030:
1029:
1025:
995:
994:
990:
980:
979:
975:
960:
947:
946:
942:
912:
911:
907:
876:(157): 161β72.
863:
862:
858:
843:
822:
821:
817:
802:
785:
784:
780:
765:
752:
751:
747:
717:
716:
712:
656:
655:
651:
607:
606:
602:
598:
593:
534:
521:
505:
489:
437:
404:
377:
337:
301:sex chromosomes
292:
287:
271:
248:
203:
172:
147:
112:
92:Spoken language
87:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3324:Writing system
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Neurodiversity
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3267:Related topics
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3037:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:
2987:(7): 1153β68.
2967:
2938:(5): 264β277.
2918:
2869:
2850:(3): 336β360.
2834:
2799:
2764:
2727:(3): 399β433.
2711:
2662:
2619:
2576:
2533:
2484:
2448:
2419:(6): 1245β60.
2399:
2364:
2329:
2294:
2279:
2261:
2226:
2199:(3): 315β331.
2183:
2148:
2121:(6): 1142β57.
2105:
2070:
2021:
2006:
1957:
1914:
1899:
1884:
1869:
1810:
1764:
1745:(6): 1284β94.
1729:
1714:
1696:
1634:
1605:(5): 217β221.
1585:
1536:
1501:
1458:
1419:
1392:(11): 943β62.
1376:
1361:
1318:
1303:
1288:
1273:
1255:
1210:
1161:
1128:First Language
1118:
1103:
1085:
1050:
1023:
988:
973:
958:
940:
905:
856:
841:
815:
800:
778:
763:
745:
710:
649:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
554:Language delay
551:
546:
541:
535:
533:
530:
520:
517:
504:
501:
488:
485:
436:
433:
403:
400:
395:
394:
391:
384:
376:
373:
336:
333:
291:
288:
286:
283:
270:
267:
247:
244:
202:
199:
171:
168:
146:
143:
124:Bonnie Brinton
111:
108:
86:
85:Classification
83:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3401:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Learning Ally
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3109:communication
3105:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:(3): 221β31.
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:(1): 96β107.
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:(4): 850β63.
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:(3): 107β20.
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:(3): 744β60.
2464:
2460:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:(8): 759β65.
2379:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:(2): 128β49.
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2310:(1): 145β61.
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:(3): 317β26.
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:(2): 173β83.
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:(2): 156β73.
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:(3): 224β35.
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:(4): 924β43.
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(7): e22432.
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1781:(5): 513β40.
1780:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:(5): 618β29.
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:(5): 539β45.
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:(6): 858β86.
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:(2): 149β71.
1235:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:(2): 115β23.
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:(6): 643β55.
1003:
999:
992:
989:
984:
977:
974:
969:
965:
961:
955:
951:
944:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:(3): 637β46.
920:
916:
909:
906:
901:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
852:
848:
844:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
816:
811:
807:
803:
797:
792:
791:
782:
779:
774:
770:
766:
760:
756:
749:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:(4): 311β28.
725:
721:
714:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
650:
645:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
601:
595:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
531:
529:
527:
518:
516:
514:
510:
502:
500:
498:
493:
486:
484:
480:
478:
474:
469:
466:
464:
460:
459:interventions
456:
452:
447:
443:
434:
432:
428:
426:
420:
416:
412:
410:
401:
399:
392:
389:
385:
382:
381:
380:
374:
372:
368:
366:
361:
358:
353:
349:
346:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
289:
284:
282:
280:
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
245:
243:
241:
236:
235:and grammar.
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
169:
167:
164:
161:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
120:
118:
109:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
84:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
42:
39:
35:
31:
29:
25:
20:
3355:
3162:Speech error
3146:
3087:and related
3028:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2815:(1): 78β94.
2812:
2808:
2802:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2549:(9): 721β8.
2546:
2542:
2536:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2270:
2264:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2015:
2009:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1705:
1699:
1656:
1652:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1474:(2): 81β94.
1471:
1467:
1461:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1264:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1094:
1088:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1039:(2): 80β83.
1036:
1032:
1026:
1001:
997:
991:
982:
976:
949:
943:
918:
914:
908:
873:
869:
859:
828:
818:
789:
781:
754:
748:
723:
719:
713:
662:
658:
652:
617:
613:
603:
522:
506:
494:
490:
481:
477:Fast ForWord
470:
467:
438:
435:Intervention
429:
424:
421:
417:
413:
405:
396:
378:
369:
362:
354:
350:
338:
305:motor skills
293:
285:Presentation
272:
262:
258:
253:
249:
237:
218:
210:articulators
204:
189:
173:
165:
148:
138:
130:
128:
121:
113:
104:
99:
88:
74:Twin studies
70:hearing loss
55:) (the term
52:
48:
47:
3200:Dyscalculia
2889:(1): 1β40.
2635:(2): 53β9.
1659:(1): 1β18.
564:Linguistics
446:elicitation
317:grey matter
309:Brain scans
177:grammatical
110:Terminology
3363:Categories
3205:Dysgraphia
3172:Stuttering
3096:Conditions
596:References
503:Prevalence
402:Assessment
233:vocabulary
185:consonants
155:linguistic
3047:487807750
2864:0749-596X
2729:CiteSeerX
2221:145300877
2213:0265-6590
1783:CiteSeerX
1283:246491090
1156:144261715
1148:0142-7237
810:776282908
773:473789535
455:phonology
442:imitation
375:Diagnosis
221:dyspraxia
214:syllables
100:receptive
37:Treatment
32:Neurology
28:Specialty
3389:Aphasias
3319:Spelling
3289:Literacy
3195:Dyslexia
3085:Dyslexia
3011:16769616
2962:22003258
2913:18176883
2829:19948760
2794:12742669
2751:15871604
2706:19900077
2657:54374098
2649:15668097
2614:14673508
2563:15322530
2528:19457549
2479:10391637
2394:16898989
2359:15679523
2324:15072535
2289:45749780
2256:15755307
2178:11344593
2143:27888843
2135:12546484
2065:20950285
2001:11030677
1952:10725720
1944:15324296
1864:21829461
1824:PLOS ONE
1805:17050469
1691:19338500
1629:19009045
1580:20640915
1531:17543910
1496:30948122
1348:15535741
1250:11344592
1205:19029534
1113:45728290
1080:10515515
968:53721852
935:15212574
900:13328151
851:34772171
740:12160351
697:11586359
644:28369935
549:Dyslexia
532:See also
519:Research
463:language
357:mutation
96:language
3242:Sensory
3002:2409179
2953:3191529
2904:5524521
2759:1027740
2697:2826154
2606:7474978
2571:1702681
2519:2731814
2443:9430746
2434:5075245
2100:3573746
2056:3061204
1855:3145645
1832:Bibcode
1759:8959613
1724:6308388
1682:2805335
1661:Bibcode
1620:2582396
1571:2921070
1488:8976499
1453:2021369
1414:7412606
1406:1720749
1356:5448296
1196:2718760
1018:8894945
891:2011959
705:4421562
667:Bibcode
635:5638113
487:Outcome
457:toward
451:grammar
335:Genetic
303:. Poor
299:on the
117:aphasia
78:genetic
66:apraxia
3106:, and
3045:
3035:
3009:
2999:
2960:
2950:
2911:
2901:
2862:
2827:
2792:
2757:
2749:
2731:
2704:
2694:
2655:
2647:
2612:
2604:
2569:
2561:
2526:
2516:
2477:
2441:
2431:
2392:
2357:
2322:
2287:
2277:
2254:
2219:
2211:
2176:
2141:
2133:
2098:
2063:
2053:
1999:
1989:
1950:
1942:
1862:
1852:
1803:
1785:
1757:
1722:
1712:
1689:
1679:
1627:
1617:
1578:
1568:
1529:
1494:
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1451:
1412:
1404:
1354:
1346:
1281:
1271:
1248:
1203:
1193:
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1146:
1111:
1101:
1078:
1016:
966:
956:
933:
898:
888:
849:
839:
808:
798:
771:
761:
738:
703:
695:
659:Nature
642:
632:
526:memory
513:ICD-10
473:Tallal
388:autism
279:autism
240:jargon
3333:Lists
3221:Motor
2755:S2CID
2653:S2CID
2610:S2CID
2567:S2CID
2217:S2CID
2139:S2CID
1992:27499
1948:S2CID
1492:S2CID
1410:S2CID
1352:S2CID
1226:(PDF)
1152:S2CID
701:S2CID
345:twins
313:white
297:genes
151:Rapin
98:, or
3137:Lisp
3043:OCLC
3033:ISBN
3007:PMID
2958:PMID
2909:PMID
2860:ISSN
2825:PMID
2790:PMID
2747:PMID
2702:PMID
2645:PMID
2602:PMID
2559:PMID
2524:PMID
2475:PMID
2439:PMID
2390:PMID
2355:PMID
2320:PMID
2285:OCLC
2275:ISBN
2252:PMID
2209:ISSN
2174:PMID
2131:PMID
2096:PMID
2061:PMID
1997:PMID
1940:PMID
1860:PMID
1801:PMID
1755:PMID
1720:OCLC
1710:ISBN
1687:PMID
1657:1156
1625:PMID
1576:PMID
1527:PMID
1484:PMID
1449:PMID
1402:PMID
1344:PMID
1279:OCLC
1269:ISBN
1246:PMID
1201:PMID
1144:ISSN
1109:OCLC
1099:ISBN
1076:PMID
1014:PMID
964:OCLC
954:ISBN
931:PMID
896:PMID
847:OCLC
837:ISBN
833:1β28
806:OCLC
796:ISBN
769:OCLC
759:ISBN
736:PMID
693:PMID
640:PMID
453:and
444:and
321:gyri
2997:PMC
2989:doi
2948:PMC
2940:doi
2899:PMC
2891:doi
2852:doi
2817:doi
2782:doi
2739:doi
2692:PMC
2684:doi
2637:doi
2594:doi
2551:doi
2514:PMC
2506:doi
2502:110
2467:doi
2429:PMC
2421:doi
2382:doi
2347:doi
2312:doi
2244:doi
2201:doi
2166:doi
2123:doi
2088:doi
2051:PMC
2043:doi
1987:PMC
1979:doi
1975:321
1971:BMJ
1932:doi
1850:PMC
1840:doi
1793:doi
1747:doi
1677:PMC
1669:doi
1615:PMC
1607:doi
1566:PMC
1558:doi
1519:doi
1476:doi
1441:doi
1394:doi
1336:doi
1332:130
1238:doi
1191:PMC
1183:doi
1136:doi
1068:doi
1041:doi
1006:doi
923:doi
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