1601:, the perfect and the imperfect. Both aorist and imperfect verbs can represent a past event: through contrast, the imperfect verb often implies a longer duration (e.g. 'they urged him' vs. 'they persuaded him'). The aorist participle represents the first event of a two-event sequence and the present participle represents an ongoing event at the time of another event. Perfect verbs stood for past actions if the result is still present (e.g. 'I have found it') or for present states resulting from a past event (e.g. 'I remember').
1140:, for example, events that occurred earlier on the day of speaking are marked with the same verb forms as events that happened in the far past, while events that happened yesterday (compared to the moment of speech) are marked with the same forms as events in the present. This can be thought of as a system where events are marked as prior or contemporaneous to points of reference on a timeline.
25:
3477:
does not have an explicit tense, but rather tense is conveyed by mood, aspect markers, and time phrases. Wuvulu speakers use a realis mood to convey past tense as speakers can be certain about events that have occurred. In some cases, realis mood is used to convey present tense — often to indicate a
1404:
by the grammar of the
Classical languages, since early grammarians, often monks, had no other reference point to describe their language. Latin terminology is often used to describe modern languages, sometimes with a change of meaning, as with the application of "perfect" to forms in English that do
2057:
particles. Of the markers there are three tense markers called: Imperfective, Progressive, and
Perfective. Which simply mean, Before, Currently, and After. However, specific TAM markers and the type of deictic or directional particle that follows determine and denote different types of meanings in
1941:
and some other languages in the group, perfective verbs have past and "future tenses", while imperfective verbs have past, present and "future", the imperfective "future" being a compound tense in most cases. The "future tense" of perfective verbs is formed in the same way as the present tense of
3622:
the semantic concept of time reference (absolute or relative), ... may be grammaticalized in a language, i.e. a language may have a grammatical category that expresses time reference, in which case we say that the language has tenses. Some languages lack tense, i.e. do not have grammatical time
1324:
The syntactic properties of tense have figured prominently in formal analyses of how tense-marking interacts with word order. Some languages (such as French) allow an adverb (Adv) to intervene between a tense-marked verb (V) and its direct object (O); in other words, they permit ordering. In
839:
means, places a state or action in time. Nonetheless, in many descriptions of languages, particularly in traditional
European grammar, the term "tense" is applied to verb forms or constructions that express not merely position in time, but also additional properties of the state or action –
1567:(active or passive). Most verbs can be built by selecting a verb stem and adapting them to endings. Endings may vary according to the speech role, the number and the gender of the subject or an object. Sometimes, verb groups function as a unit and supplement inflection for tense (see
1862:
of noun which the pronoun refers to and not the pronoun itself. The perfect past doubles as the perfective aspect participle and the imperfect past conjugations act as the copula to mark imperfect past when used with the aspectual participles. Hindi-Urdu has an overtly marked
1958:). However it doesn't have real future tense, because the future tense is formed by the shortened version of the present of the verb hteti (ще) and it just adds present tense forms of person suffixes: -m (I), -š (you), -ø (he,she,it), -me (we), -te (you, plural), -t (they).
3478:
state of being. Wuvulu speakers use an irrealis mood to convey future tense. Tense in Wuvulu-Aua may also be implied by using time adverbials and aspectual markings. Wuvulu contains three verbal markers to indicate sequence of events. The preverbal adverbial
1261:, time phrases, and so on. (The same is done in tensed languages, to supplement or reinforce the time information conveyed by the choice of tense.) Time information is also sometimes conveyed as a secondary feature by markers of other categories, as with the
1509:) (e.g. 'he was eating', 'he used to eat'). The perfect tense combines the meanings of a simple past ('he ate') with that of an English perfect tense ('he has eaten'), which in ancient Greek are two different tenses (aorist and perfect).
3465:
is a tenseless language. The language uses the same words for all three tenses; the phrase E liliu mai au i te Aho Tōnai literally translates to Come back / me / on
Saturday, but the translation becomes 'I am coming back on Saturday'.
1871:
Hindi-Urdu verb forms (aspectual verb forms) consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense-mood marker. Hindi-Urdu has 3 grammatical aspectsː
1064:, a past tense referring specifically to yesterday (although this name is also sometimes used to mean pre-hodiernal). A tense for after tomorrow is thus called post-crastinal, and one for before yesterday is called pre-hesternal.
1055:
served as a hodiernal past. Tenses that contrast with hodiernals, by referring to the past before today or the future after today, are called pre-hodiernal and post-hodiernal respectively. Some languages also have a
3109:
For a more polite form rather than a straightforward command imperative TAM a is used with adverbial kānei. Kānei is only shown to be used in imperative structures and was translated by the french as "please".
722:
have described the different ways in which tenseless languages nonetheless mark time. On the other hand, some languages make finer tense distinctions, such as remote vs recent past, or near vs remote future.
1799:
can be added to past tenses to indicate that an action is speculative or reported (e.g. "it seems that he was doing", "they say that he was doing"). A similar feature is found in
Turkish. (For details, see
1071:, is the persistive tense, used to indicate that a state or ongoing action is still the case (or, in the negative, is no longer the case). Luganda also has tenses meaning "so far" and "not yet".
1026:. Some languages have four or more tenses, making finer distinctions either in the past (e.g. remote vs. recent past) or in the future (e.g. near vs. remote future). The six-tense language
1795:, has past and non-past forms, with additional aspectual distinctions. Future can be expressed using an auxiliary, but almost never in non-formal context. Colloquially the perfect suffix
1713:
family have developed systems either with two morphological tenses (present or "non-past", and past) or with three (present, past and future). The tenses often form part of entangled
1129:
markers that encode that the action occurs in a recurrent temporal period of the day ("in the morning", "during the day", "at night", "until dawn" etc) or of the year ("in winter").
730:. In some contexts, however, their meaning may be relativized to a point in the past or future which is established in the discourse (the moment being spoken about). This is called
4554:
Afféú Fangani 'Join
Together': A Morphophonemic Analysis of Possessive Suffix Paradigms and A Discourse-Based Ethnography of the Elicitation Session in Pakin Lukunosh Mortlockese
2002:
have a variety of affixed forms which can be described as representing present, past and future tenses, although they can alternatively be considered to be aspectual. Similarly,
4002:
4111:
847:
expresses how a state or action relates to time – whether it is seen as a complete event, an ongoing or repeated situation, etc. Many languages make a distinction between
650:
1686:, various tense–aspect combinations are referred to loosely as tenses. Similarly, the term "future tense" is sometimes loosely applied to cases where modals such as
1724:(which include English) have present (non-past) and past tenses formed morphologically, with future and other additional forms made using auxiliaries. In standard
1282:, which in most cases place an action in past time. However, much time information is conveyed implicitly by context – it is therefore not always necessary, when
5546:
1030:
of
Australia has the remote past, the recent past, the today past, the present, the today/near future and the remote future. Some languages, like the Amazonian
2053:. Verbs in the indigenous Old Rapa occur with a marker known as TAM which stands for tense, aspect, or mood which can be followed by directional particles or
4727:
4268:
3636:
1822:, has indicative perfect past and indicative future forms, while the indicative present and indicative imperfect past conjugations exist only for the verb
6194:
1850:. The conjugations of the indicative perfect past and the indicative imperfect past are derived from participles (just like the past tense formation in
1785:
on the other hand only has past, non-past and 'indefinite', and, in the case of the verb 'be' (including its use as an auxiliary), also present tense.
6668:
3833:
1286:
from a tensed to a tenseless language, say, to express explicitly in the target language all of the information conveyed by the tenses in the source.
4561:
4526:
2033:, above. Fuller information on tense formation and usage in particular languages can be found in the articles on those languages and their grammars.
5875:
3588:
4308:
914:. Mood can be bound up with tense, aspect, or both, in particular verb forms. Hence, certain languages are sometimes analysed as having a single
1325:
contrast, other languages (such as
English) do not allow the adverb to intervene between the verb and its direct object, and require ordering.
5558:
1717:
conjugation systems. Additional tenses, tense–aspect combinations, etc. can be provided by compound constructions containing auxiliary verbs.
4652:
4458:
4278:
4145:
1950:, for example, has present, past (both "imperfect" and "aorist") and "future tenses", for both perfective and imperfective verbs, as well as
859:, denoting a state following a prior event. Some of the traditional "tenses" express time reference together with aspectual information. In
4253:
Daniel Couto-Vale, 'Report and Taxis in
Herodotus’s Histories: a systemic- functional approach to the description of Ancient Ionic Greek',
3813:
643:
1246:. It is consequently not always possible to identify elements that mark any specific category, such as tense, separately from the others.
3537:
for something that has not happened yet. Each of these markers is used in conjunction with the subject proclitics except for the markers
6536:
6203:
4887:
925:, then, particularly in less formal contexts, is sometimes used to denote any combination of tense proper, aspect, and mood. As regards
3916:
3891:
3615:
1885:
46:
3993:
3623:
reference, though probably all languages can lexicalize time reference, i.e. have temporal adverbials that locate situations in time.
763:, and since in many cases the three categories are not manifested separately, some languages may be described in terms of a combined
5961:
5541:
4623:
4173:
3866:
3681:
112:
4582:
4494:
1830:
conjugations (which used to be the indicative present conjugations in older forms of Hind-Urdu) by adding a future future suffix -
4720:
4102:
93:
6623:
636:
6277:
1743:(descendants of Latin) have past, present and future morphological tenses, with additional aspectual distinction in the past.
65:
6744:
6618:
6187:
4671:
50:
1218:
As has already been mentioned, indications of tense are often bound up with indications of other verbal categories, such as
3002:
The imperative is marked in Old Rapa by TAM a. A second person subject is implied by the direct command of the imperative.
6396:
6217:
5870:
5282:
72:
6895:
6139:
5424:
4101:
Nordlinger, Rachel; Sadler, Louisa (2000). "Tense as a
Nominal Category". In Butt, Miriam; King, Tracy Holloway (eds.).
1215:(in various surface forms) appears in conjunction with the affixed or ablaut-modified past tense form of the main verb.
6885:
6282:
4849:
4713:
3766:
3737:
1401:
731:
612:
1705:), imperfect and aorist forms – these can be considered as representing two tenses (present and past) with different
1136:
systems. This is a form of temporal marking where tense is given relative to a reference point or reference span. In
871:
denotes past time in combination with imperfective aspect, while other verb forms (the Latin perfect, and the French
6370:
2885:
TAM i marks past action. It is rarely used as a matrix TAM and is more frequently observed in past embedded clauses
1864:
1714:
915:
764:
347:
6764:
6426:
6247:
4844:
1910:
1506:
954:
948:
Particular tense forms need not always carry their basic time-referential meaning in every case. For instance, the
930:
79:
35:
6769:
6719:
6481:
6180:
5988:
5252:
3645:
1698:
1683:
938:
397:
284:
264:
1777:). The past contrasts perfective and imperfective aspect, and some verbs retain such a contrast in the present.
1041:; these can be either past or future. Apart from Kalaw Lagaw Ya, another language which features such tenses is
6890:
6824:
6688:
6267:
6161:
5356:
3608:
Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics)
1610:
1517:
1502:
759:) may in modern analysis be regarded as combinations of tense with aspect. Verbs are also often conjugated for
480:
423:
418:
236:
184:
3490:
are the respective intransitive and transitive suffixes indicating a repeated action. The postverbal morpheme
61:
6819:
6365:
5983:
5951:
5811:
5568:
5446:
4880:
1781:
had a three-way aspectual contrast of simple–perfective–imperfective in the past and present tenses. Modern
1710:
1227:
1223:
680:
590:
475:
428:
317:
3830:
6849:
6521:
6491:
6466:
6406:
6305:
6237:
6057:
5956:
5946:
5682:
5496:
4552:
4517:
3951:. Arlington, TX: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. p. 45.
1943:
1340:
is a language that does not have a grammatical category of tense. Tenseless languages can and do refer to
740:) tense. Some languages have different verb forms or constructions which manifest relative tense, such as
595:
567:
528:
508:
463:
458:
327:
42:
6749:
6643:
6608:
6496:
6471:
6315:
6232:
5791:
5786:
5766:
5667:
5120:
4762:
4297:
1792:
468:
231:
6734:
6541:
6320:
6042:
5865:
5491:
5204:
5088:
5016:
3263:
It is also used in a more impersonal form. For example, how you would speak toward a pesky neighbor.
2015:
1819:
1385:
1361:
1182:
1122:
1011:
959:
707:
672:
402:
392:
128:
2877:
In Old Rapa there are also other types of tense markers known as Past, Imperative, and Subjunctive.
6814:
6729:
6673:
6576:
6561:
6531:
6511:
6486:
6355:
6340:
6129:
5971:
5921:
5889:
5828:
5781:
5553:
5536:
5531:
5524:
5484:
5436:
5344:
5247:
5229:
5100:
3474:
2204:, and denotes actions that was just witnessed but still currently happening when used with deictic
1594:
1588:
1498:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1254:
895:
852:
560:
488:
152:
4449:
1758:
1328:
Tense in syntax is represented by the category label T, which is the head of a TP (tense phrase).
1199:
1133:
1051:
937:
and/or perfect aspect, and with indicative, subjunctive or conditional mood. Particularly in some
874:
6859:
6784:
6759:
6724:
6704:
6633:
6613:
6551:
6546:
6456:
6446:
6431:
6375:
6107:
6102:
6092:
6032:
5978:
5746:
5736:
5510:
5479:
5466:
5277:
5262:
5219:
5179:
5105:
5056:
4873:
4831:
4379:
4371:
4236:
3805:
3742:
3558:
3462:
2026:, although they often have aspect markers which convey certain information about time reference.
2023:
1970:
1947:
1934:
1859:
1855:
1839:
1835:
1807:
1721:
1706:
1652:
1349:
1345:
1309:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1118:
1111:
1095:
971:
949:
844:
832:
752:
745:
727:
352:
332:
277:
253:
226:
3782:
2200:
Also expressed by TAM e and denotes actions that are currently happening when used with deictic
2006:
are described as having present and past tenses, although they may be analysed as aspects. Some
1434:
is traditionally described as having six verb paradigms for tense (the Latin for "tense" being
86:
6839:
6794:
6779:
6739:
6678:
6648:
6628:
6421:
6350:
6112:
5916:
5882:
5806:
5776:
5741:
5711:
5456:
5414:
5409:
5339:
5334:
5306:
5272:
5237:
4947:
4677:
4667:
4648:
4619:
4363:
4274:
4169:
4141:
4027:
3912:
3887:
3862:
3720:
3677:
3611:
2019:
1879:
1774:
1740:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1472:
1231:
1219:
1015:
1003:
934:
848:
814:
555:
548:
538:
503:
493:
433:
307:
289:
177:
4700:
1501:, that is, they often stand for an ongoing past action or state at a past point in time (see
675:
that expresses time reference. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of
6844:
6774:
6663:
6441:
6052:
5894:
5796:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5731:
5635:
5451:
5441:
5399:
5189:
5154:
5143:
5073:
5041:
4957:
4932:
4904:
4779:
4640:
4355:
4228:
4216:
4198:
4076:
4068:
4043:
3797:
3710:
3517:
to denote a present tense state that an object has changed to from a different, past state,
1974:
1966:
1938:
1930:
1904:
1898:
1851:
1827:
1788:
1560:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1313:
1250:
1137:
1007:
979:
975:
926:
911:
907:
891:
760:
719:
498:
362:
147:
4634:
3909:
A Form-Function Description of the Grammar of the Modern English Language: Book 2 (Level 8)
3884:
A Form-Function Description of the Grammar of the Modern English Language: Book 1 (Level 7)
3715:
3698:
3313:
The subjunctive in Old Rapa is marked by kia and can also be used in expressions of desire
1344:, but they do so using lexical items such as adverbs or verbs, or by using combinations of
1106:
Relative tense forms are also sometimes analysed as combinations of tense with aspect: the
6653:
6556:
6451:
6416:
6097:
6047:
6037:
5904:
5860:
5843:
5751:
5094:
5021:
5006:
4952:
4816:
4801:
4789:
4769:
4757:
4752:
3837:
3747:
1987:
1978:
1955:
1916:
1873:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1747:
is an example of a language where, as in German, the simple morphological perfective past
1744:
1725:
1643:. The non-past usually references the present, but sometimes references the future (as in
1294:
A few languages have been shown to mark tense information (as well as aspect and mood) on
1262:
1204:
1094:
tenses refer to the future relative to the time under consideration, as with the English "
1061:
1060:, a future tense referring specifically to tomorrow (found in some Bantu languages); or a
1057:
1038:
1023:
1019:
903:
711:
703:
543:
412:
374:
214:
196:
172:
167:
1750:
882:
4590:
4483:
1655:
it can talk about the past as well. These morphological tenses are marked either with a
1597:
are similar to the ones in Latin, but with a three-way aspect contrast in the past: the
6834:
6829:
6754:
6638:
6516:
6411:
6252:
6085:
6064:
5850:
5838:
5706:
5677:
5429:
5267:
5184:
5169:
4927:
4854:
4826:
4161:
3854:
3498:
are the respective intransitive and transitive suffixes indicating a completed action.
2022:
and many other East Asian languages generally lack inflection and are considered to be
2003:
1951:
1766:
1618:
1513:
1480:
1369:
1190:
1126:
1107:
1087:
1075:
1046:
1042:
1031:
1027:
864:
856:
607:
438:
357:
241:
162:
6172:
3932:
Nedialkov, Vladimir P.; Otaina, G. A.; Geniushene, E. S.; Gruzdeva, Ekaterina (2013).
6879:
6526:
6501:
6335:
6146:
6011:
5899:
5855:
5801:
5721:
5691:
5630:
5588:
5371:
5349:
5296:
5136:
5115:
5110:
4962:
4942:
4922:
4784:
4774:
4383:
3635:
Huang, Nick (2015). "On syntactic tense in Mandarin Chinese". In Tao, Hongyin (ed.).
3563:
2638:
denotes actions that have already occurred or have finished and is marked by TAM ka.
2046:
1801:
1614:
1446:
1377:
1208:
1186:
1170:
987:
899:
860:
751:
Expressions of tense are often closely connected with expressions of the category of
715:
691:
322:
4240:
3809:
1078:. Tenses that refer to the past relative to the time under consideration are called
6789:
6714:
6581:
6461:
6345:
6325:
6151:
6016:
5389:
5125:
5066:
5011:
4984:
4747:
4219:, Judith (2011). "Temporal reference in Paraguayan Guaraní, a tenseless language".
3964:
The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World
2011:
1999:
1993:
1731:
1702:
1598:
1572:
1454:
1426:
1414:
991:
855:(denoting ongoing or repeated situations); some also have other aspects, such as a
695:
572:
407:
221:
189:
157:
3586:
Fabricius-Hansen, Catherine (2006). "Tense". In Brown, E.K.; Anderson, A. (eds.).
2064:
denotes actions that have not occurred yet but will occur and expressed by TAM e.
3352:
6709:
6683:
6566:
6330:
6257:
6156:
6122:
6117:
5726:
5716:
5662:
5640:
5474:
5361:
5174:
5159:
5130:
5083:
5026:
5001:
4989:
3506:
1922:
1892:
1868:
1304:
1283:
1158:
24:
4359:
2029:
For examples of languages with a greater variety of tenses, see the section on
1352:, and words that establish time reference. Examples of tenseless languages are
941:
materials, some or all of these forms can be referred to simply as tenses (see
831:
In modern linguistic theory, tense is understood as a category that expresses (
6854:
6506:
6272:
6227:
6222:
6006:
5911:
5603:
5519:
5514:
5194:
5164:
4912:
4821:
4796:
4644:
4232:
2007:
1629:
1488:
1154:
1083:
983:
780:
741:
687:
622:
617:
602:
533:
342:
248:
204:
4367:
3724:
1990:
conjugate for past, present and future, with a variety of aspects and moods.
1153:
Tense is normally indicated by the use of a particular verb form – either an
6658:
6476:
6401:
6380:
6310:
6262:
6242:
5966:
5933:
5696:
5618:
5419:
5319:
5242:
5199:
5149:
5061:
4996:
4937:
4917:
4896:
3801:
3482:'first' indicates the verb occurs before any other. The postverbal morpheme
1977:
language family, have morphological present (non-past) and past tenses. The
1633:
1462:
1258:
1174:
868:
312:
209:
5078:
4681:
4072:
4047:
4639:. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Vol. 43. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
4031:
6571:
6360:
6134:
5941:
5625:
5593:
5505:
5500:
5379:
5324:
5257:
5214:
4979:
4968:
4695:
4412:
Tenses and Aspects? Old Shanghainese as Found in the Book Huyu Bian Shang
4202:
3761:
3219:
3081:
2960:
2050:
1417:
that mostly lack any relationship to the aspects implied by those terms.
1034:, have a historical past tense, used for events perceived as historical.
958:
is common crosslinguistically as a means of marking counterfactuality in
952:
is a use of the present tense to refer to past events. The phenomenon of
337:
4375:
3638:
Proceedings of the 27th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics
3398:
3342:
2805:
2617:
2413:
2327:
2247:
1197:. Examples which combine both types of tense marking include the French
6069:
5833:
5701:
5657:
5652:
5582:
5404:
5394:
5209:
5031:
4493:(1st ed.). New Zealand: Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs. 2017.
4343:
4104:
Proceedings of the LFG 00 Conference University of California, Berkeley
4080:
1497:
Imperfect tense verbs represent a past process combined with so called
1194:
1068:
995:
836:
755:; sometimes what are traditionally called tenses (in languages such as
699:
664:
142:
2914:
1846:
are derived from the perfective participle forms of the verb "to go,"
1516:, standing for events that are past at the time of another event (see
918:(TAM) system, without separate manifestation of the three categories.
6073:
5823:
5608:
5384:
5291:
5050:
4705:
3440:
3380:
2942:
2579:
2491:
2385:
2299:
2219:
2143:
2075:
2054:
1668:
1656:
1178:
999:
269:
4062:
1512:
The pluperfect, the perfect and the future perfect may also realise
4451:
The Language of Rapa Iti: Description of a Language In Change. Diss
4189:
Bittner, Maria (2005). "Future discourse in a tenseless language".
4032:"Periodic tense markers in the world's languages and their sources"
3099:
3077:
2777:
2699:
2649:
1049:
of Tanzania. It is also suggested that in 17th-century French, the
6436:
6080:
5647:
5598:
5576:
5329:
5314:
3644:. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: UCLA. pp. 406–423. Archived from
3422:
3324:
2918:
1811:
1431:
1162:
795:
756:
4607:
Temps et Verbe : théorie des aspects, des modes et des temps
3274:
3191:
3121:
3055:
3013:
2815:
2735:
2537:
2423:
2337:
2257:
1074:
Some languages have special tense forms that are used to express
998:
tenses, the latter covering both present and future times (as in
698:. Some languages have only two distinct tenses, such as past and
5818:
5613:
4974:
3292:
3209:
3149:
1815:
1341:
1295:
676:
6176:
4869:
4709:
4001:. Washington, DC: U.S. Foreign Service Institute. p. 302.
783:
3979:
The Fyem language of northern Nigeria (Languages of the world)
3947:
Morse, Nancy L.; Maxwell, Michael B. (1999). "Cubeo grammar".
18:
3886:. Illinois: Rock Pickle Publishing. pp. 80–88, 258–268.
3139:
3031:
2597:
2093:
1996:
have past and non-past; future can be indicated by a prefix.
1736:
has replaced the simple morphological past in most contexts.
1559:
Latin verbs are inflected for tense and aspect together with
4865:
3362:
3073:
2970:
2896:
2851:
2825:
2745:
2667:
2547:
2519:
2459:
2433:
2267:
2103:
1161:, or both in combination. Inflection may involve the use of
2980:
1249:
Languages that do not have grammatical tense, such as most
887:) are used for past time reference with perfective aspect.
3533:
to denote a possible action or state in future tense, and
3229:
3159:
2717:
2161:
1563:(indicative, subjunctive, infinitive, and imperative) and
1203:, which has an auxiliary verb together with the inflected
4267:
Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (15 April 2002).
3247:
2795:
2607:
2509:
2403:
2317:
2237:
2179:
902:, and obligation. Commonly encountered moods include the
714:
system typical of Sino-Tibetan languages. In recent work
3962:
Bybee, Joan; Perkins, Revere; Pagliuca, William (1994).
1826:(to be). The indicative future is constructed using the
794:
in modern French through deliberate archaization), from
3521:
to describe something that has already been completed,
706:. There are also tenseless languages, like most of the
4416:. Shanghai: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
3407:
SBJV come 1S PREP INDEF house IPFV eat.continuously 1S
2564:
IPFV eat.continuously DEIC INDEF dog ACC INDEF chicken
1405:
not necessarily have perfective meaning, or the words
4666:. Syntax and Semantics 14. New York: Academic Press.
4273:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
1090:(for the past relative to a future time). Similarly,
1037:
Tenses that refer specifically to "today" are called
3966:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 101.
3911:. Illinois: Rock Pickle Publishing. pp. 21–25.
3610:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
3513:
and to denote the present tense state of a subject,
1842:
of the noun that the pronoun refes to. The forms of
686:
The main tenses found in many languages include the
6807:
6697:
6601:
6594:
6389:
6298:
6291:
6210:
6025:
5997:
5932:
5676:
5567:
5465:
5370:
5305:
5228:
5040:
4903:
3592:(2nd ed.). Boston: Elsevier. pp. 566–573.
2049:is the French Polynesian language of the island of
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3783:"The grammatical ingredients of counterfactuality"
3581:
3579:
2476:IPFV cook DEIC 1S ACC INDEF taro all INDEF morning
1380:, Maya (linguistic nomenclature: "Yukatek Maya"),
994:), while others have only two: some have past and
982:. Some languages have all three basic tenses (the
4110:. Berkeley: CSLI Publications. pp. 196–214.
2868:PFV cook DEIC 1S ACC INDEF taro all INDEF morning
1067:Another tense found in some languages, including
898:, which includes such properties as uncertainty,
6669:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
4696:Combinations of Tense, Aspect, and Mood in Greek
3549:can be used with any type of intransitive verb.
4832:Future in the past / Future perfect in the past
4329:A Concise Grammar for English Language Teachers
4298:"The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language"
1189:. Multi-word tense constructions often involve
1086:(for the past relative to a past time) and the
4616:Tense–Aspect: Between Semantics and Pragmatics
4560:. University of Hawaii at Manoa Dissertation.
3934:Syntax of the Nivkh language: The Amur dialect
1690:are used to talk about future points in time.
726:Tenses generally express time relative to the
6188:
4881:
4721:
4662:Tedeschi, Philip; Zaenen, Anne, eds. (1981).
4405:
4398:
4270:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1551:
1545:
1539:
1274:
1265:
803:, "time". It is not related to the adjective
644:
8:
4443:
4067:. Canberra: Australian National University.
4064:A sketch grammar of Burarra (Honours thesis)
1946:, there may be a greater variety of forms –
1492:(plūs quam perfectum, praeteritum perfectum)
1185:in English and other Germanic languages, or
880:
872:
840:particularly aspectual or modal properties.
789:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4344:"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb"
2284:IPFV learn DEIC 3S ACC INDEF child/children
1773:, has past, present and future tenses (see
1533:
1527:
1521:
818:
808:
798:
6598:
6295:
6195:
6181:
6173:
4888:
4874:
4866:
4728:
4714:
4706:
4511:
4509:
4507:
3907:Kosur, Heather Marie (November 18, 2021).
3882:Kosur, Heather Marie (November 18, 2021).
3829:von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine (2020).
2865:ka tunu na ou i te mīkaka tonga te pōpongi
835:) time reference; namely one which, using
651:
637:
124:
4589:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3936:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Company.
3714:
3667:
3665:
3259:'Please dress yourself in those clothes.'
2473:e tunu na ou i te mīkaka tonga te pōpongi
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
3601:
3599:
3589:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1755:has mostly given way to a compound form
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3740:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
3575:
1400:The study of modern languages has been
710:, though they can possess a future and
127:
16:Expression of time reference in grammar
5559:Types of fiction with multiple endings
3949:Studies in the languages of Colombia 5
3716:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124923
3410:'When I get to the house, I will eat.'
1571:). For details on verb structure, see
6624:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
4138:Temporality: Universals and Variation
3995:Adapting and writing language lessons
3699:"Cross-Linguistic Temporal Reference"
3674:Temporality: Universals and Variation
1505:) or represent habitual actions (see
1226:patterns of verbs often also reflect
7:
3831:Prolegomena to a Theory of X-Marking
2128:IPFV come DIR INDEF teacher tomorrow
2030:
1253:, express time reference chiefly by
1169:ending that marks the past tense of
51:adding citations to reliable sources
6537:Quantificational variability effect
6204:Formal semantics (natural language)
3256:IMP dress PREC 2S DEF clothing DEIC
2871:'I used to cook taro every morning'
2370:IPFV eat DEIC 1S ACC one small fish
4551:Odango, Emerson Lopez (May 2015).
4457:. Honolulu: U of Hawaii at Manoa.
3977:Nettle, Daniel (January 1, 1998).
3697:Tonhauser, Judith (January 2015).
1984:("to be") also has a future form.
1954:forms made with an auxiliary (see
1682:In some contexts, particularly in
1308:which includes nominal marking of
1230:with categories pertaining to the
933:which combine time reference with
14:
5962:Third-person omniscient narrative
3404:kia naku ou i te 'are e kaikai ou
2367:e kai na ou i kota'i kororio eika
2131:'The teacher is coming tomorrow.'
4567:from the original on 2015-08-25.
4500:from the original on 2017-03-03.
4314:from the original on 2006-01-01.
3819:from the original on 2018-07-24.
2762:PFV kill DEF man ACC INDEF shark
1942:imperfective verbs. However, in
1854:) and hence they agree with the
278:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
23:
4532:from the original on 2017-02-11
4464:from the original on 2015-08-25
4117:from the original on 2017-02-16
4008:from the original on 2021-07-17
2759:ka tākave tō tangata i te mango
2287:'He is teaching some children.'
2281:e 'āikete na 'ōna i te tamariki
1937:perfective or imperfective. In
1651:). In special uses such as the
1207:form of the main verb; and the
851:(denoting complete events) and
34:needs additional citations for
6619:Combinatory categorial grammar
5350:Conflict between good and evil
4701:Grammatical Features Inventory
4331:. TP Publications. p. 17.
4168:. Cambridge University Press.
3861:. Cambridge University Press.
2567:'The dog is eating a chicken.'
970:Not all languages have tense:
242:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
1:
6872:DEIC:deictic DIR:directional
6397:Antecedent-contained deletion
4614:Hopper, Paul J., ed. (1982).
4519:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary
4257:, v. 11, n. 1, p. 33-62, 2015
2125:e naku mai te 'āikete anana'i
1694:Other Indo-European languages
1110:in the anterior case, or the
3703:Annual Review of Linguistics
3253:a omono kānei koe tō ka'u ra
2561:e kaikai ra te kurī i te moa
2479:'I cook taro every morning.'
1538:may stand for respectively '
1157:form of the main verb, or a
942:
931:verb forms and constructions
4605:Guillaume, Gustave (1929).
4342:VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975).
3767:Online Etymology Dictionary
3545:. Additionally, the marker
3509:uses tense markers such as
3176:IMP take DIR PREC DEF thing
2990:IPFV what 2S PST CAUS-ready
2765:'The man killed the shark.'
2373:'I am eating a small fish.'
2018:to mark some tenses. Other
1890:; and 5 grammatical moodsː
358:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
6912:
6278:Syntax–semantics interface
4633:Smith, Carlota S. (1997).
4587:Oxford Living Dictionaries
4448:Walworth, Mary E. (2015).
4360:10.1163/000000075791615397
4221:Linguistics and Philosophy
2191:'That woman is beautiful.'
2188:IPFV pretty DEF woman DEIC
1586:
1507:Latin tenses with modality
1424:
1010:), whereas others such as
815:perfect passive participle
744:("past-in-the-past") and "
6770:Question under discussion
6720:Conversational scoreboard
6497:Intersective modification
6482:Homogeneity (linguistics)
5989:Stream of unconsciousness
5520:Falling action/Catastasis
4840:
4812:
4743:
4645:10.1007/978-94-011-5606-6
4516:Hafford, James A (2014).
4406:
4399:
4233:10.1007/s10988-011-9097-2
4140:. John Wiley & Sons.
3992:Stevick, Earl W. (1971).
3781:Iatridou, Sabine (2000).
1699:Proto-Indo-European verbs
1684:English language teaching
1552:
1546:
1540:
1466:(praeteritum imperfectum)
1275:
1266:
1006:, and, in some analyses,
939:English language teaching
807:, which comes from Latin
6825:Distributional semantics
5357:Self-fulfilling prophecy
4618:. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
3606:Comrie, Bernard (1976).
3529:to denote future tense,
3179:'Please take the thing.'
1709:. Most languages in the
1117:Some languages, such as
679:, particularly in their
481:Serial verb construction
6820:Computational semantics
6562:Subsective modification
6366:Propositional attitudes
5984:Stream of consciousness
5447:Suspension of disbelief
4636:The Parameter of Aspect
4583:"What Are Verb Tenses?"
4136:Bittner, Maria (2014).
4061:Green, Rebecca (1987).
3802:10.1162/002438900554352
3672:Bittner, Maria (2014).
3452:'May you two be happy.'
3173:a rave mai kānei tō mea
2993:'What did you prepare?'
2987:e a'a koe i 'aka-ineine
1595:tenses in Ancient Greek
1415:German past tense forms
1396:In particular languages
1177:modifications, such as
1159:multi-word construction
1114:in the posterior case.
784:
419:Honorifics (politeness)
6850:Philosophy of language
6492:Inalienable possession
6472:Free choice inferences
6467:Faultless disagreement
6238:Generalized quantifier
5525:Denouement/Catastrophe
5506:Rising action/Epitasis
4491:www.learntokelau.co.nz
4327:Penston, Tony (2005).
4073:10.25911/5d778709e1631
4048:10.1515/flin-2023-2013
2037:Austronesian languages
1973:, both members of the
1944:South Slavic languages
1701:had present, perfect (
1534:
1528:
1522:
1211:, where the proclitic
1173:, but can also entail
881:
873:
819:
809:
799:
790:
596:Polypersonal agreement
6750:Plural quantification
6644:Inquisitive semantics
6609:Alternative semantics
5871:Utopian and dystopian
4850:Relative and absolute
4609:. Paris: H. Champion.
4305:Ohio State University
2681:ka ngurunguru te kurī
2016:grammatical particles
1793:Indo-Iranian language
1609:English has only two
1384:and in some analyses
1298:. This may be called
1181:, as found as in the
1171:English regular verbs
232:Genitive construction
6735:Function application
6542:Responsive predicate
6532:Privative adjectives
5425:Narrative techniques
5205:Story within a story
5017:Supporting character
4348:Indo-Iranian Journal
4296:Peter W. Culicover.
4191:Journal of Semantics
2629:'She has just died.'
2626:IPFV die DIR DEIC 3S
1728:, the compound past
1476:(praesēns perfectum)
1132:Some languages have
1082:; these include the
485:Traditional grammar
453:Syntax relationships
129:Grammatical features
47:improve this article
6896:Time in linguistics
6815:Cognitive semantics
6730:Existential closure
6674:Situation semantics
6577:Temperature paradox
6547:Rising declaratives
6512:Modal subordination
6487:Hurford disjunction
6447:Discourse relations
6130:Political narrative
5972:Unreliable narrator
5829:Speculative fiction
5537:Nonlinear narrative
5485:Three-act structure
5345:Deal with the Devil
4593:on October 23, 2016
3676:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3304:'Please leave now!'
2684:PFV growl INDEF dog
2024:tenseless languages
2010:languages, such as
1820:Indo-Aryan language
1589:Ancient Greek verbs
1499:imperfective aspect
1484:(futūrum perfectum)
1149:Morphology of tense
972:tenseless languages
894:is used to express
867:, for example, the
853:imperfective aspect
403:Comparison (degree)
153:Dative construction
62:"Grammatical tense"
6886:Grammatical tenses
6860:Semantics of logic
6785:Strict conditional
6760:Quantifier raising
6725:Downward entailing
6705:Autonomy of syntax
6634:Generative grammar
6614:Categorial grammar
6552:Scalar implicature
6457:Epistemic modality
6432:De dicto and de re
6108:Narrative paradigm
6103:Narrative identity
6033:Dominant narrative
5979:Multiple narrators
5263:Fictional location
5106:Dramatic structure
4737:Grammatical tenses
4484:"Tau Gana Tokelau"
4407:《從〈滬語便商〉所見的老上海話時態》
4203:10.1093/jos/ffh029
3836:2020-07-15 at the
3790:Linguistic Inquiry
3743:A Latin Dictionary
3559:Sequence of tenses
3463:Tokelauan language
3446:kia rekareka kōrua
2927:PST sleep 1PL.EXCL
2623:e mate atu ra 'ōna
2185:e mānea tō pē'ā ra
1856:grammatical number
1834:that declines for
1828:future subjunctive
1722:Germanic languages
1653:historical present
1593:The paradigms for
1402:greatly influenced
1388:(Kalaallisut) and
1338:tenseless language
1336:In linguistics, a
1332:Tenseless language
1302:, or more broadly
1112:prospective aspect
1100:(he said that) he
1096:future-in-the-past
950:historical present
746:future-in-the-past
728:moment of speaking
353:Grammatical aspect
6868:
6867:
6840:Logic translation
6803:
6802:
6795:Universal grinder
6780:Squiggle operator
6740:Meaning postulate
6679:Supervaluationism
6649:Intensional logic
6629:Dynamic semantics
6590:
6589:
6422:Crossover effects
6371:Tense–aspect–mood
6351:Lexical semantics
6170:
6169:
6113:Narrative therapy
5547:television series
5492:Freytag's Pyramid
5335:Moral development
5238:Alternate history
4948:False protagonist
4863:
4862:
4654:978-0-7923-4659-3
4280:978-0-521-43146-0
4147:978-1-4051-9040-4
4036:Folia Linguistica
4028:Guillaume Jacques
3760:Harper, Douglas.
3095:a kai tā-koe eika
2058:terms of tenses.
2020:Chinese languages
1865:tense-aspect-mood
1775:Irish conjugation
1741:Romance languages
1715:tense–aspect–mood
1577:Latin conjugation
1569:Latin periphrases
1553:he will have died
1520:): for instance,
1503:secondary present
1251:Sinitic languages
929:, there are many
916:tense–aspect–mood
849:perfective aspect
775:The English noun
765:tense–aspect–mood
708:Chinese languages
661:
660:
556:Topic and Comment
539:Thematic relation
434:Reflexive pronoun
348:Tense–aspect–mood
308:Associated motion
290:Universal grinder
123:
122:
115:
97:
6903:
6845:Linguistics wars
6775:Semantic parsing
6664:Montague grammar
6599:
6442:Deontic modality
6296:
6283:Truth conditions
6218:Compositionality
6211:Central concepts
6197:
6190:
6183:
6174:
6093:Literary science
5636:Narrative poetry
5532:Linear narrative
5442:Stylistic device
5437:Show, don't tell
5400:Figure of speech
5190:Shaggy dog story
4933:Characterization
4890:
4883:
4876:
4867:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4707:
4685:
4664:Tense and Aspect
4658:
4629:
4610:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4559:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4513:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4445:
4418:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4302:
4294:Lay summary in:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4264:
4258:
4255:Nuntius Antiquus
4251:
4245:
4244:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4109:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4000:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3981:. LINCOM Europa.
3974:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3851:
3845:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3787:
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3772:
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3757:
3751:
3735:
3729:
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3718:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3442:
3424:
3400:
3390:eat.continuously
3382:
3364:
3354:
3344:
3326:
3294:
3276:
3249:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3193:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3123:
3105:'Eat your fish.'
3101:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3057:
3033:
3015:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2944:
2920:
2916:
2898:
2853:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2779:
2747:
2737:
2719:
2701:
2687:'A dog growled.'
2669:
2651:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2581:
2549:
2539:
2521:
2511:
2501:eat.continuously
2493:
2461:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2387:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2301:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2221:
2181:
2163:
2145:
2105:
2095:
2077:
1931:Slavic languages
1852:Slavic languages
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1257:means – through
1209:Irish past tense
1039:hodiernal tenses
1022:have future and
890:The category of
886:
878:
843:The category of
827:Uses of the term
822:
812:
802:
793:
788:"time" (spelled
787:
720:Judith Tonhauser
702:, or future and
653:
646:
639:
387:General features
302:Related to verbs
137:Related to nouns
125:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
27:
19:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6891:English grammar
6876:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6799:
6693:
6654:Lambda calculus
6586:
6557:Sloppy identity
6517:Opaque contexts
6452:Donkey anaphora
6417:Counterfactuals
6385:
6287:
6206:
6201:
6171:
6166:
6098:Literary theory
6038:Fiction writing
6021:
5993:
5928:
5680:
5672:
5563:
5461:
5366:
5301:
5224:
5095:Deus ex machina
5036:
5022:Title character
5007:Stock character
4953:Focal character
4899:
4894:
4864:
4859:
4836:
4817:Present perfect
4808:
4739:
4734:
4692:
4674:
4661:
4655:
4632:
4626:
4613:
4604:
4596:
4594:
4581:
4578:
4576:Further reading
4573:
4572:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4505:
4497:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4421:
4397:Qian, Nairong (
4396:
4395:
4391:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4248:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4162:Comrie, Bernard
4160:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3855:Comrie, Bernard
3853:
3852:
3848:
3838:Wayback Machine
3828:
3824:
3816:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3748:Perseus Project
3736:
3732:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3555:
3504:
3472:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3434:
3426:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3384:
3374:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3336:
3328:
3318:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3278:
3268:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3195:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3125:
3115:
3107:
3093:
3085:
3067:
3059:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3017:
3007:
2995:
2985:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2946:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2908:
2900:
2890:
2873:
2863:
2855:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2799:
2789:
2781:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2721:
2711:
2703:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2671:
2661:
2653:
2643:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2583:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2463:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2389:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2303:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2241:
2231:
2223:
2213:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2155:
2147:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2079:
2069:
2044:
2039:
2031:possible tenses
1964:
1962:Other languages
1956:Bulgarian verbs
1783:Scottish Gaelic
1779:Classical Irish
1771:Celtic language
1696:
1607:
1591:
1585:
1514:relative tenses
1429:
1423:
1398:
1334:
1322:
1320:Syntax of tense
1292:
1220:aspect and mood
1205:past participle
1191:auxiliary verbs
1151:
1146:
1062:hesternal tense
1058:crastinal tense
968:
966:Possible tenses
833:grammaticalizes
829:
773:
736:(as opposed to
657:
628:
627:
586:
578:
577:
524:
516:
515:
454:
446:
445:
415:(verbal number)
413:Pluractionality
388:
380:
379:
303:
295:
294:
274:
215:Collective noun
197:Construct state
138:
119:
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6909:
6907:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6835:Inferentialism
6832:
6830:Formal grammar
6827:
6822:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6755:Possible world
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6639:Glue semantics
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6602:Formal systems
6596:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6527:Polarity items
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6412:Conservativity
6409:
6404:
6399:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6376:Quantification
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6253:Presupposition
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6162:Verisimilitude
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6067:
6065:Parallel novel
6062:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5836:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5707:Action fiction
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5591:
5586:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5508:
5503:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5270:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5185:Self-insertion
5182:
5177:
5172:
5170:Poetic justice
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5054:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4928:Character flaw
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4855:Periodic tense
4852:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4827:Future perfect
4824:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4690:External links
4688:
4687:
4686:
4672:
4659:
4653:
4630:
4624:
4611:
4602:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4543:
4503:
4475:
4419:
4389:
4354:(4): 284–301.
4334:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4279:
4259:
4246:
4227:(3): 257–303.
4208:
4197:(4): 339–388.
4181:
4174:
4153:
4146:
4128:
4093:
4053:
4042:(3): 539–562.
4019:
3984:
3969:
3954:
3939:
3924:
3918:979-8769826191
3917:
3899:
3893:979-8769812316
3892:
3874:
3867:
3846:
3822:
3796:(2): 231–270.
3773:
3752:
3730:
3709:(1): 129–154.
3689:
3682:
3661:
3627:
3617:978-0521290456
3616:
3595:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3503:
3500:
3471:
3468:
3458:
3455:
3449:SBJV happy 2DU
3435:
3427:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3393:
3385:
3375:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3337:
3329:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3287:
3279:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3242:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3196:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3126:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3098:IMP eat INDEF.
3086:
3068:
3060:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3026:
3018:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2909:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2856:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2782:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2722:
2712:
2704:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2672:
2662:
2654:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2584:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2496:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2464:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2390:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2312:
2304:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2277:child/children
2272:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2224:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2174:
2166:
2156:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2116:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2080:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2004:Japanese verbs
1979:Hungarian verb
1963:
1960:
1695:
1692:
1606:
1603:
1587:Main article:
1584:
1581:
1518:secondary past
1495:
1494:
1486:
1481:Future perfect
1478:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1425:Main article:
1422:
1419:
1397:
1394:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1291:
1288:
1263:aspect markers
1165:, such as the
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1127:periodic tense
1108:perfect aspect
1088:future perfect
1076:relative tense
1047:Bantu language
1032:Cubeo language
1028:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
967:
964:
857:perfect aspect
828:
825:
772:
769:
767:(TAM) system.
659:
658:
656:
655:
648:
641:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
608:Empty category
605:
600:
599:
598:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
565:
564:
563:
553:
552:
551:
546:
536:
531:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
483:
478:
473:
472:
471:
466:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
439:Reflexive verb
436:
426:
421:
416:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
282:
281:
280:
275:
273:
272:
267:
262:
258:
251:
246:
245:
244:
239:
229:
224:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
199:
194:
193:
192:
182:
181:
180:
175:
170:
165:
163:Quirky subject
160:
155:
145:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
121:
120:
45:. Please help
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6908:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6873:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6522:Performatives
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:Logophoricity
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6336:Evidentiality
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6147:Screenwriting
6145:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:Second-person
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:Magic realism
5854:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:Psychological
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:Philosophical
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:Autobiography
5690:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5631:Narrative art
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:Flash fiction
5587:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:Act structure
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5297:Worldbuilding
5295:
5293:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5144:Kishōtenketsu
5141:
5139:
5138:
5137:In medias res
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Foreshadowing
5114:
5112:
5111:Eucatastrophe
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:Chekhov's gun
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4963:Gothic double
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:Deuteragonist
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Character arc
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4879:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4625:9789027228659
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4563:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4544:
4528:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4460:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4175:0-521-28138-5
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4113:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4094:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3868:0-521-28138-5
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3683:9781405190404
3679:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3651:on 2017-10-11
3647:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3564:Spatial tense
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2062:Imperfective:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:Turkish verbs
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1935:intrinsically
1932:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:Contrafactual
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:Persian verbs
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1759:passé composé
1754:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:Indo-European
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:morphological
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1583:Ancient Greek
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:nominal tense
1297:
1290:Nominal Tense
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1200:passé composé
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:reduplication
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:Tense marking
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:passé composé
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
956:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:evidentiality
897:
893:
888:
885:
884:
877:
876:
875:passé composé
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
838:
834:
826:
824:
823:, "stretch".
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
797:
792:
786:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
724:
721:
717:
716:Maria Bittner
713:
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621:
619:
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613:Incorporation
611:
609:
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323:Evidentiality
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201:Countability
200:
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117:
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106:
95:
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78:
74:
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67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
6871:
6790:Type shifter
6765:Quantization
6715:Continuation
6582:Veridicality
6462:Exhaustivity
6427:Cumulativity
6346:Indexicality
6326:Definiteness
6321:Conditionals
6248:Logical form
6152:Storytelling
5998:
5967:Subjectivity
5957:Third-person
5947:First-person
5581:
5390:Comic relief
5142:
5135:
5126:Flashforward
5093:
5067:Origin story
5049:
5012:Straight man
4967:
4736:
4663:
4635:
4615:
4606:
4595:. Retrieved
4591:the original
4586:
4553:
4546:
4534:. Retrieved
4518:
4490:
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4450:
4413:
4404:
4392:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4328:
4322:
4304:
4284:. Retrieved
4269:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4224:
4220:
4211:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4165:
4156:
4137:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4103:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4063:
4056:
4039:
4035:
4022:
4010:. Retrieved
3994:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3963:
3957:
3948:
3942:
3933:
3927:
3908:
3902:
3883:
3877:
3858:
3849:
3841:
3825:
3793:
3789:
3776:
3765:
3755:
3741:
3733:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3673:
3653:. Retrieved
3646:the original
3637:
3630:
3621:
3607:
3587:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
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3473:
3460:
3451:
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3445:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:a naku kānei
3297:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3043:'Come here.'
3042:
3040:IMP come DIR
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2929:
2926:
2924:i komo mātou
2923:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
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2834:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2635:
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2628:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
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2578:
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2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
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2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2478:
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2468:
2465:
2458:
2455:
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2432:
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2412:
2409:
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2372:
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2326:
2323:
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2308:
2305:
2298:
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2280:
2276:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2198:Progressive:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2045:
2028:
2012:Shanghainese
2000:Korean verbs
1998:
1994:Arabic verbs
1992:
1986:
1981:
1965:
1933:, verbs are
1928:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1869:Periphrastic
1847:
1843:
1831:
1823:
1806:
1796:
1787:
1765:
1756:
1751:passé simple
1748:
1738:
1729:
1719:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1624:
1622:
1613:tenses: the
1608:
1592:
1573:Latin tenses
1558:
1535:mortuus erit
1523:mortuus erat
1511:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:Latin tenses
1410:
1406:
1399:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1279:
1270:
1248:
1217:
1212:
1198:
1183:strong verbs
1166:
1152:
1134:cyclic tense
1131:
1116:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1050:
1036:
969:
962:and wishes.
960:conditionals
953:
947:
922:
920:
889:
883:passé simple
842:
830:
804:
776:
774:
750:
737:
732:
725:
685:
668:
662:
573:Veridicality
464:Transitivity
408:Egophoricity
367:
222:Definiteness
190:Measure word
178:Instrumental
158:Dative shift
109:
103:October 2016
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
36:verification
33:
6710:Context set
6684:Type theory
6567:Subtrigging
6331:Disjunction
6258:Proposition
6157:Tellability
6123:Metafiction
6118:Narratology
5890:Theological
5782:Pop culture
5663:Short story
5641:Epic poetry
5362:Time travel
5175:Red herring
5160:Plot device
5131:Frame story
5084:Cliffhanger
5027:Tritagonist
5002:Protagonist
4286:10 February
4081:1885/109283
3507:Mortlockese
3502:Mortlockese
3309:Subjunctive
3301:IMP go PREC
2977:'aka-ineine
2930:'We slept.'
2636:Perfective:
1923:Hindi verbs
1905:Subjunctive
1899:Presumptive
1887:Progressive
1547:he has died
1541:he had died
1529:mortuus est
1386:Greenlandic
1372:(including
1305:nominal TAM
1284:translating
1224:conjugation
1012:Greenlandic
912:conditional
908:subjunctive
837:grammatical
779:comes from
681:conjugation
509:Predicative
429:Reciprocity
398:Boundedness
318:Conjugation
285:Specificity
6880:Categories
6855:Pragmatics
6507:Mirativity
6273:Speech act
6228:Entailment
6223:Denotation
6043:Continuity
5912:Nonfiction
5876:Underwater
5772:Picaresque
5747:Historical
5732:Epistolary
5604:Fairy tale
5515:Peripeteia
5497:Exposition
5253:Dreamworld
5195:Stereotype
5165:Plot twist
4913:Antagonist
4822:Pluperfect
4780:Nonpresent
4673:0126135142
4597:2017-01-25
4403:) (2010).
4307:(Review).
3842:Manuscript
3655:2017-01-08
3570:References
3475:Wuvulu-Aua
3470:Wuvulu-Aua
3037:a naku mai
2998:Imperative
2656:ngurunguru
2008:Wu Chinese
1917:Imperative
1893:Indicative
1881:Perfective
1808:Hindustani
1667:) or with
1628:, and the
1489:Pluperfect
1450:(praesēns)
1382:Vietnamese
1374:Indonesian
1259:adverbials
1234:, such as
1125:also have
1084:pluperfect
955:fake tense
935:continuous
904:indicative
781:Old French
742:pluperfect
683:patterns.
623:Markedness
618:Inflection
603:Declension
534:Mirativity
343:Mirativity
249:Noun class
237:Possession
205:Count noun
185:Classifier
173:Comitative
168:Nominative
73:newspapers
6659:Mereology
6595:Formalism
6477:Givenness
6402:Cataphora
6390:Phenomena
6381:Vagueness
6311:Ambiguity
6263:Reference
6243:Intension
6233:Extension
5934:Narration
5883:Superhero
5807:Chivalric
5792:Religious
5777:Political
5712:Adventure
5697:Biography
5619:Tall tale
5467:Structure
5452:Symbolism
5420:Narration
5320:Leitmotif
5248:Crossover
5243:Backstory
5200:Story arc
5150:MacGuffin
5121:Flashback
5062:Backstory
4938:Confidant
4918:Archenemy
4905:Character
4897:Narrative
4802:Hesternal
4790:Hodiernal
4770:Nonfuture
4753:Crastinal
4384:161530848
4368:0019-7246
4217:Tonhauser
3725:2333-9683
1971:Hungarian
1948:Bulgarian
1636:), as in
1634:preterite
1621:), as in
1463:Imperfect
1458:(futūrum)
1438:, plural
1407:Imperfekt
1362:varieties
1316:as well.
1228:agreement
1155:inflected
1119:Nez perce
1092:posterior
1024:nonfuture
921:The term
869:imperfect
771:Etymology
712:nonfuture
704:nonfuture
591:Agreement
585:Phenomena
523:Semantics
489:Predicate
476:Branching
313:Clusivity
210:Mass noun
43:talk page
6808:See also
6698:Concepts
6572:Telicity
6407:Coercion
6361:Negation
6356:Modality
6306:Anaphora
6140:Glossary
6135:Rhetoric
5942:Diegesis
5922:Creative
5895:Thriller
5844:Southern
5762:Paranoid
5757:Nautical
5668:Vignette
5626:Gamebook
5594:Folklore
5501:Protasis
5380:Allegory
5325:Metaphor
5283:parallel
5278:universe
5258:Dystopia
5215:Suspense
5101:Dialogue
5089:Conflict
4997:Narrator
4969:Hamartia
4758:Going-to
4562:Archived
4527:Archived
4495:Archived
4459:Archived
4376:24651488
4309:Archived
4241:62125736
4164:(1985).
4112:Archived
4030:(2023).
4003:Archived
3857:(1985).
3834:Archived
3814:Archived
3810:57570935
3553:See also
3429:rekareka
3239:clothing
3102:-2S fish
2274:tamariki
2121:tomorrow
2051:Rapa Iti
1920:. (Seeː
1875:Habitual
1867:system.
1858:and the
1838:and the
1649:tomorrow
1645:the bus
1619:non-past
1123:Cavineña
1102:would go
1080:anterior
1004:Japanese
974:include
896:modality
738:absolute
733:relative
673:category
568:Volition
529:Contrast
459:Argument
424:Polarity
338:Telicity
328:Modality
261:Singular
6316:Binding
6070:Prequel
6026:Related
6012:Present
5905:Western
5861:Science
5834:Fantasy
5802:Romance
5752:Mystery
5737:Ergodic
5702:Fiction
5658:Parable
5653:Novella
5583:Fabliau
5554:Premise
5405:Imagery
5395:Diction
5273:country
5230:Setting
5210:Subplot
5032:Villain
4985:Byronic
4785:Present
4775:Nonpast
4682:7709091
4536:6 March
4468:17 July
4121:17 July
4086:17 July
4012:17 July
3762:"tense"
3535:sæn/mwo
3457:Tokelau
2861:morning
2858:pōpongi
2724:tangata
2557:chicken
2469:morning
2466:pōpongi
2352:kororio
2226:'āikete
2118:anana'i
2113:teacher
2110:'āikete
2055:deictic
1967:Finnish
1952:perfect
1939:Russian
1929:In the
1789:Persian
1732:Perfekt
1707:aspects
1703:stative
1673:sing(s)
1661:walk(s)
1615:present
1605:English
1550:' and '
1473:Perfect
1447:Present
1440:tempora
1411:Perfekt
1390:Guaraní
1366:Chinese
1360:, most
1358:Dyirbal
1354:Burmese
1255:lexical
1232:subject
1195:clitics
1163:affixes
1138:Burarra
1069:Luganda
1016:Quechua
1008:English
996:nonpast
988:present
980:Dyirbal
976:Chinese
927:English
820:tendere
700:nonpast
692:present
665:grammar
549:Patient
504:Adjunct
494:Subject
469:Valency
143:Animacy
87:scholar
6745:Monads
6292:Topics
6074:Sequel
6058:Retcon
6053:Reboot
6017:Future
5851:Horror
5839:Gothic
5824:Satire
5742:Erotic
5609:Legend
5511:Climax
5385:Bathos
5292:Utopia
5180:Reveal
5079:Cliché
5057:Action
5051:Ab ovo
4990:Tragic
4748:Future
4680:
4670:
4651:
4622:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4277:
4239:
4172:
4144:
3915:
3890:
3865:
3808:
3738:tempus
3723:
3680:
3614:
3387:kaikai
3070:tā-koe
2983:-ready
2832:mīkaka
2706:tākave
2498:kaikai
2440:mīkaka
2344:kota'i
2153:pretty
2014:, use
1975:Uralic
1914:, and
1884:, and
1860:gender
1840:number
1836:gender
1818:), an
1745:French
1726:German
1669:ablaut
1665:walked
1657:suffix
1647:leaves
1599:aorist
1455:Future
1436:tempus
1346:aspect
1310:aspect
1244:gender
1240:number
1236:person
1222:. The
1179:ablaut
1018:, and
1000:Arabic
992:future
990:, and
910:, and
865:French
845:aspect
813:, the
810:tensus
800:tempus
753:aspect
696:future
694:, and
499:Object
393:Affect
333:Person
270:Plural
254:Number
227:Gender
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
6437:De se
6341:Focus
6299:Areas
6268:Scope
6081:Genre
6048:Canon
5999:Tense
5917:Novel
5900:Urban
5812:Prose
5797:Rogue
5722:Crime
5717:Comic
5678:Genre
5648:Novel
5599:Fable
5577:Drama
5542:films
5372:Style
5340:Motif
5330:Moral
5315:Irony
5307:Theme
5220:Trope
4565:(PDF)
4558:(PDF)
4530:(PDF)
4523:(PDF)
4498:(PDF)
4487:(PDF)
4462:(PDF)
4455:(PDF)
4380:S2CID
4372:JSTOR
4312:(PDF)
4301:(PDF)
4237:S2CID
4166:Tense
4115:(PDF)
4108:(PDF)
4006:(PDF)
3999:(PDF)
3859:Tense
3817:(PDF)
3806:S2CID
3786:(PDF)
3649:(PDF)
3642:(PDF)
3531:pʷapʷ
3496:liria
3488:linia
3437:kōrua
3432:happy
3372:house
3363:INDEF
3289:kānei
3206:kānei
3201:dress
3198:omono
3169:thing
3146:kānei
3100:PossA
3078:PossA
3074:INDEF
2911:mātou
2906:sleep
2852:INDEF
2840:tonga
2826:INDEF
2755:shark
2752:mango
2746:INDEF
2668:INDEF
2659:growl
2548:INDEF
2520:INDEF
2460:INDEF
2448:tonga
2434:INDEF
2355:small
2268:INDEF
2229:learn
2171:woman
2150:mānea
2104:INDEF
1812:Hindi
1791:, an
1767:Irish
1565:voice
1432:Latin
1421:Latin
1370:Malay
1296:nouns
1043:Mwera
1020:Nivkh
943:below
923:tense
861:Latin
805:tense
796:Latin
791:temps
777:tense
757:Latin
677:verbs
671:is a
669:tense
561:Focus
544:Agent
375:Voice
368:Tense
94:JSTOR
80:books
6086:List
6007:Past
5866:Hard
5819:Saga
5727:Docu
5683:List
5614:Myth
5569:Form
5457:Tone
5430:Hook
5415:Mood
5410:Mode
5268:city
5155:Pace
5042:Plot
4980:Anti
4975:Hero
4958:Foil
4845:Fake
4797:Past
4763:Near
4678:OCLC
4668:ISBN
4649:ISBN
4620:ISBN
4538:2017
4470:2021
4364:ISSN
4288:2015
4275:ISBN
4170:ISBN
4142:ISBN
4123:2021
4088:2021
4014:2021
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