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371:. Visually it is shown as a high frequency sine wave growing and decaying within the longer-lived envelope of the double-exponential curve. A damped sinewave typically has much lower energy and a narrower frequency spread than the original pulse, due to the transfer characteristic of the coupling mode. In practice, EMP test equipment often injects these damped sinewaves directly rather than attempting to recreate the high-energy threat pulses.
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within the weapon, while nuclear weapons generate EMP as a secondary effect. These facts limit the range of NNEMP weapons, but allow finer target discrimination. The effect of small e-bombs has proven to be sufficient for certain terrorist or military operations. Examples of such operations include the destruction of electronic control systems critical to the operation of many ground vehicles and aircraft.
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Electronic devices such as vacuum tubes or valves, transistors, and diodes can also switch on and off very quickly, causing similar issues. One-off pulses may be caused by solid-state switches and other devices used only occasionally. However, the many millions of transistors in a modern computer may
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At the top end of the scale, large outdoor test facilities incorporating high-energy EMP simulators have been built by several countries. The largest facilities are able to test whole vehicles including ships and aircraft for their susceptibility to EMP. Nearly all of these large EMP simulators used
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Simple electrical sources include inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, and brush contacts in electric motors. These typically send a pulse down any electrical connections present, as well as radiating a pulse of energy. The amplitude is usually small and the signal may be treated as "noise" or
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but not a nationwide grid failure and that recovery times would be similar to those of other large-scale outages. It is not known how long these electrical blackouts would last, or what extent of damage would occur across the country. It is possible that neighboring countries of the U.S. could also
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The range of NNEMP weapons is much less than nuclear EMP. Nearly all NNEMP devices used as weapons require chemical explosives as their initial energy source, producing only one millionth the energy of nuclear explosives of similar weight. The electromagnetic pulse from NNEMP weapons must come from
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Most electromagnetic pulses have a very sharp leading edge, building up quickly to their maximum level. The classic model is a double-exponential curve which climbs steeply, quickly reaches a peak and then decays more slowly. However, pulses from a controlled switching circuit often approximate the
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An ESD event can damage electronic circuitry by injecting a high-voltage pulse, besides giving people an unpleasant shock. Such an ESD event can also create sparks, which may in turn ignite fires or fuel-vapour explosions. For this reason, before refueling an aircraft or exposing any fuel vapor to
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A very large EMP event, such as a lightning strike or an air bursted nuclear weapon, is also capable of damaging objects such as trees, buildings and aircraft directly, either through heating effects or the disruptive effects of the very large magnetic field generated by the current. An indirect
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Minor EMP events, and especially pulse trains, cause low levels of electrical noise or interference which can affect the operation of susceptible devices. For example, a common problem in the mid-twentieth century was interference emitted by the ignition systems of gasoline engines, which caused
533:"interference". The switching off or "opening" of a circuit causes an abrupt change in the current flowing. This can in turn cause a large pulse in the electric field across the open contacts, causing arcing and damage. It is often necessary to incorporate design features to limit such effects.
853:. EMP has been subsequently used in a wide variety of fiction and other aspects of popular culture. Popular media often depict EMP effects incorrectly, causing misunderstandings among the public and even professionals. Official efforts have been made in the U.S. to remedy these misconceptions.
786:, along with more general information about electromagnetic pulses, are now in the care of the SUMMA Foundation, which is hosted at the University of New Mexico. The US Navy also has a large facility called the Electro Magnetic Pulse Radiation Environmental Simulator for Ships I (EMPRESS I).
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ESD events are characterized by high voltages of many kV, but small currents sometimes cause visible sparks. ESD is treated as a small, localized phenomenon, although technically a lightning flash is a very large ESD event. ESD can also be man-made, as in the shock received from a
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The waveform of a pulse describes how its instantaneous amplitude (field strength or current) changes over time. Real pulses tend to be quite complicated, so simplified models are often used. Such a model is typically described either in a diagram or as a mathematical equation.
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Sometimes the threat pulse itself is simulated in a repeatable way. The pulse may be reproduced at low energy in order to characterise the subject's response prior to damped sinewave injection, or at high energy to recreate the actual threat conditions. A small-scale
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effect can be electrical fires caused by heating. Most engineered structures and systems require some form of protection against lightning to be designed in. A good means of protection is a
Faraday shield designed to protect certain items from being destroyed.
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A pulse of electromagnetic energy typically comprises many frequencies from very low to some upper limit depending on the source. The range defined as EMP, sometimes referred to as "DC to daylight", excludes the highest frequencies comprising the optical
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According to an article from
Naureen Malik, with North Korea's increasingly successful missile and warhead tests in mind, Congress moved to renew funding for the Commission to Assess the Threat to the U.S. from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack as part of the
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At a high voltage level an EMP can induce a spark, for example from an electrostatic discharge when fuelling a gasoline-engined vehicle. Such sparks have been known to cause fuel-air explosions and precautions must be taken to prevent them.
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In modern warfare, weapons delivering a high energy EMP are designed to disrupt communications equipment, the computers needed to operate modern warplanes, or even put the entire electrical network of a target country out of commission.
583:, which ionizes as a secondary effect and the resultant energetic free electrons interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a much stronger EMP than is normally produced in the denser air at lower altitudes.
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portrait the story of a fictional character named John
Matherson and his community in Black Mountain, North Carolina that after the US loses a war and an EMP attack "sends our nation back to the Dark Ages".
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in reverse, to inject a range of damped sine wave signals into a cable connected to the equipment under test. The damped sine wave generator is able to reproduce the range of induced signals likely to occur.
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Very high electric field strengths can cause breakdown of the air and a potentially lethal arc current similar to lightning to flow, but electric field strengths of up to 200 kV/m are regarded as safe.
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or other highly charged object, care must be taken to release the object and then discharge the body through a high resistance, in order to avoid the risk of a harmful shock pulse when stepping away.
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EMP events usually induce a corresponding signal in the surrounding environment or material. Coupling usually occurs most strongly over a relatively narrow frequency band, leading to a characteristic
271:, a pulse of electric energy will always be accompanied by a pulse of magnetic energy. In a typical pulse, either the electric or the magnetic form will dominate. It can be shown that the non-linear
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In a pulse train, such as from a digital clock circuit, the waveform is repeated at regular intervals. A single complete pulse cycle is sufficient to characterise such a regular, repetitive train.
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Lightning is unusual in that it typically has a preliminary "leader" discharge of low energy building up to the main pulse, which in turn may be followed at intervals by several smaller bursts.
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Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) is a weapon-generated electromagnetic pulse without use of nuclear technology. Devices that can achieve this objective include a large low-inductance
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High-level EMP signals can pose a threat to human safety. In such circumstances, direct contact with a live electrical conductor should be avoided. Where this occurs, such as when touching a
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An electromagnetic pulse is a short surge of electromagnetic energy. Its short duration means that it will be spread over a range of frequencies. Pulses are typically characterized by:
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A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) weapon is a NEMP warhead designed to be detonated far above the Earth's surface. The explosion releases a blast of gamma rays into the mid-
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Some types of EMP events can leave an optical trail, such as lightning and sparks, but these are side effects of the current flow through the air and are not part of the EMP itself.
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476:(NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude nuclear EMP (HEMP), which produces a secondary pulse due to particle interactions with the
782:, New Mexico, which was at one time the world's largest EMP simulator. Papers on this and other large EMP simulators used by the United States during the latter part of the
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weapons are designed to maximize such EMP effects as the primary damage mechanism, and some are capable of destroying susceptible electronic equipment over a wide area.
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Induced pulses are of much lower energy than threat pulses and so are more practicable to create, but they are less predictable. A common test technique is to use a
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An EMP arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band
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In general, only radiation acts over long distances, with the magnetic and electric fields acting over short distances. There are a few exceptions, such as a
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or protecting it from harm. Man-made sources, other than weapons, are also subject to control measures in order to limit the amount of pulse energy emitted.
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A large and energetic EMP can induce high currents and voltages in the victim unit, temporarily disrupting its function or even permanently damaging it.
829:-based nonprofit organization Center for Information and Security Trade Control, Onizuka warned that a high-altitude EMP attack would damage or destroy
1986:
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The concept of the explosively pumped flux compression generator for generating a non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse was conceived as early as 1951 by
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The discipline of ensuring correct equipment operation in the presence of EMP and other RF threats is known as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
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radio sets to crackle and TV sets to show stripes on the screen. Laws were introduced to make vehicle manufacturers fit interference suppressors.
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emitted can also ionize the surrounding air, creating a secondary EMP as the atoms of air first lose their electrons and then regain them.
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may be hand-held. Bench- or room-sized simulators come in a range of designs, depending on the type and level of threat to be generated.
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The switching action of an electrical circuit creates a sharp change in the flow of electricity. This sharp change is a form of EMP.
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179:. The electromagnetic interference caused by an EMP can disrupt communications and damage electronic equipment. An EMP such as a
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in the Soviet Union, but nations kept work on non-nuclear EMP classified until similar ideas emerged in other nations.
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surges. These can be up to several kilovolts, enough to damage electronic equipment that is insufficiently protected.
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can create a train of pulses as the internal electrical contacts make and break connections as the armature rotates.
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electromagnetic shock wave solutions where the electric and the magnetic field components have a discontinuity.
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1390:"Scientific Collaborations Between Los Alamos and Arzamas-16 Using Explosive-Driven Flux Compression Generators"
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722:, the threat from EMP is subject to control measures. This is true whether the threat is natural or man-made.
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1795:", January 2010. Written by Metatech Corporation for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Appendix: E1 HEMP Myths.
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can physically damage objects such as buildings and aircraft. The management of EMP effects is a branch of
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Protecting
Electrical Equipment: Good Practices for Preventing High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Impacts
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The first recorded damage from an electromagnetic pulse came with the solar storm of August 1859, or the
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1996:
1616:"SUMMA Foundation – Carl Baum, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico"
1598:"SUMMA Foundation – Carl Baum, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico"
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A powerful EMP can also directly affect magnetic materials and corrupt the data stored on media such as
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switch repeatedly at frequencies above 1 GHz, causing interference that appears to be continuous.
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Gasoline engine ignition systems can create a train of pulses as the spark plugs are energized or fired.
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electromagnetic pulse (LEMP). The discharge is typically an initial current flow of perhaps millions of
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Burnham, David. 28 June 1983. "U.S. Fears One Bomb Could
Cripple the Nation." New York Times, p. C1.
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The Early-Time (E1) High-Altitude
Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and Its Impact on the U.S. Power Grid
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809:, which is funded by utility companies, found that a large EMP attack would probably cause regional
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1991:
1445:"Fundamentals of Electrostatic Discharge", Compliance Magazine, 1 May 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
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and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and
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A nuclear electromagnetic pulse is the abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation resulting from a
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with a spacecraft or the explosive breakup of a meteoroid passing through the Earth's atmosphere.
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are vacuum tubes that are particularly suitable for microwave conversion of high-energy pulses.
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Raloff, Janet. 9 May 1981. "EMP: A Sleeping
Electronic Dragon." Science News. Vol. 119, p. 300.
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To test the effects of EMP on engineered systems and equipment, an EMP simulator may be used.
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Therefore, most control measures focus on the susceptibility of equipment to EMP effects, and
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Royal Air Force Common Core and
Deployment Skills Aide-Memoire AP 3242B VOL 5, ABBREVIATIONS
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the air, the fuel nozzle is first connected to the aircraft to safely discharge any static.
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Switching action of electrical circuitry, whether isolated or repetitive (as a pulse train).
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Meteoric EMP. The discharge of electromagnetic energy resulting from either the impact of a
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response in the surrounding environment. Some types are generated as repetitive and regular
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service providers and computer recyclers use a controlled EMP to wipe such magnetic media.
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Raloff, Janet. 16 May 1981. "EMP: Defensive
Strategies." Science News. Vol. 119, p. 314.
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833:'s power, communications and transport systems as well as disable banks, hospitals and
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607:-shaping circuits or microwave generators are added between the pulse source and the
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and accompanying magnetic field, ejected from the solar corona and released into the
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which describes how component waveforms may sum to the observed frequency spectrum.
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1421:"What is EMI & RFI? And How Can You Stop Electric & Ignition Interference?"
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Broad, William J. 1983 January/February. "The Chaos Factor" Science 83, pp. 41–49.
1651:"US Air Force is guarding against electromagnetic pulse attacks. Should we worry?"
1206:
Howard, J.; Uman, M. A.; Biagi, C.; Hill, D.; Rakov, V. A.; Jordan, D. M. (2011).
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418:(ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into proximity or even contact.
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energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an
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This article is about the phenomenon in general. For nuclear EMP weapons, see
1810:, Manitou Motion Picture Company, 2009 (not available to the general public).
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2013:
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822:. At the moment, the United States lacks preparation against an EMP attack.
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599:. To achieve the frequency characteristics of the pulse needed for optimal
1208:"Measured close lightning leader step electric field derivative waveforms"
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be affected by such an attack, depending on the targeted area and people.
595:
bank discharged into a single-loop antenna, a microwave generator, and an
398:
Different types of EMP arise from natural, man-made, and weapons effects.
17:
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1981:
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The mode of energy transfer (radiated, electric, magnetic or conducted).
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The frequency spectrum and the pulse waveform are interrelated via the
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1597:
1069:"Self-similar shock wave solutions of the nonlinear Maxwell equations"
926:
that describes how to test equipment for electromagnetic compatibility
3282:
3208:
1568:
1118:"Electromagnetic pulses generated by meteoroid impacts on spacecraft"
409:
1314:"The Electromagnetic Bomb - A Weapon of Electrical Mass Destruction"
825:
According to research from
Yoshida Reiji, in a 2016 article for the
1639:, US Department of Defense Instruction No. 6055.11, 19 August 2009.
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826:
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Iliffe Books Ltd. Dorset House, Stanford Street, London, England
668:. Hard drives are usually shielded by heavy metal casings. Some
1888:
1542:"From the Electromagnetic Pulse to High-Power Electromagnetics"
1116:
Close, S.; Colestock, P.; Cox, L.; Kelley, M.; Lee, N. (2010).
1283:"America's utilities prepare for a nuclear threat to the grid"
845:
By 1981, a number of articles on electromagnetic pulse in the
40:
1703:"Can America's Power Grid Survive an Electromagnetic Attack?"
459:
Continual switching actions of digital electronic circuitry.
1730:"Threat of North Korean EMP attack leaves Japan vulnerable"
1881:, a short documentary film on the SUMMA Foundation website
1001:"DHS Combats Potential Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack"
805:
According to research from Edd Gent, a 2019 report by the
431:(CME), sometimes referred to as a solar EMP. A burst of
618:
NNEMP generators can be carried as a payload of bombs,
2116:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
1028:"An Assessment of Threats to the American Power Grid"
412:, followed by a train of pulses of decreasing energy.
2042:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
1251:"A Basic Primer in Lightning Effects and Protection"
242:
EMP energy may be transferred in any of four forms:
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2424:
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1947:
1649:Edd Gent-Live Science Contributor 11 (March 2021).
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1637:"Protecting Personnel from Electromagnetic Fields"
483:Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.
1369:"Aircraft could be brought down by DIY 'E-bombs'"
3170:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
1584:"The Atlas-I Trestle at Kirtland Air Force Base"
849:spread knowledge of the EMP phenomenon into the
3068:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
1853:Energy Research and Development Administration
1493:"Reminiscences of High-Power Electromagnetics"
1354:
1342:
774:. Examples include the huge wooden-structured
443:Types of (civil) man-made EMP events include:
220:Pulse waveform: shape, duration and amplitude.
2073:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
1900:
1026:Weiss, Matthew; Weiss, Martin (29 May 2019).
597:explosively pumped flux compression generator
8:
2121:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
2421:
2224:Climate change and civilizational collapse
2184:
1907:
1893:
1885:
706:EMPRESS I (antennas along shoreline) with
34:. For Earth magnetosphere pulsations, see
1234:
1141:
1084:
1043:
587:Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP)
364:form of a rectangular or "square" pulse.
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
3227:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
3165:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
1687:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1532:
1530:
1483:
1481:
1159:"Meteoric Airbursts: General Principles"
957:
1677:
1667:
1388:Younger, Stephen; et al. (1996).
1256:. weighing-systems.com. Archived from
778:simulator (also known as TRESTLE) at
714:moored in the foreground for testing.
401:Types of natural EMP events include:
153:transient electromagnetic disturbance
7:
2244:Tipping points in the climate system
541:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)
69:adding citations to reliable sources
2239:Extinction risk from climate change
2138:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
1849:United States Department of Defense
1728:Yoshida, Reiji (8 September 2017).
1462:. Newtech Recycling. Archived from
1324:from the original on 5 October 2013
976:"Electromagnetic pulses in history"
3199:List of fictional doomsday devices
1181:"EMPACT America, Inc. – Solar EMP"
1032:Energy, Sustainability and Society
820:National Defense Authorization Act
25:
2219:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
1878:TRESTLE: Landmark of the Cold War
1187:from the original on 26 July 2011
974:Gutteridge, Nick (30 July 2020).
807:Electric Power Research Institute
555:. The resulting rapidly changing
3335:
3334:
3322:
2480:Decline in amphibian populations
1501:IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.
694:EMP simulator HAGII-C testing a
351:
342:
333:
329:
45:
2831:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
2328:Land surface effects on climate
2301:Human impact on the environment
1932:Future of an expanding universe
1586:. The University of New Mexico.
1215:Journal of Geophysical Research
1122:Journal of Geophysical Research
1005:Department of Homeland Security
924:United States Military Standard
469:Types of military EMP include:
56:needs additional citations for
27:Burst of electromagnetic energy
1844:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
1618:. Ece.unm.edu. 17 January 2013
1:
3386:Electromagnetic compatibility
2777:Interpretations of Revelation
2579:Cosmological phase transition
2485:Decline in insect populations
1937:Ultimate fate of the universe
1103:10.1088/1054-660X/24/8/086002
895:Electromagnetic compatibility
686:Electromagnetic compatibility
547:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
502:Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
474:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
185:electromagnetic compatibility
32:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
3232:Future of Humanity Institute
2629:Potentially hazardous object
2529:Interplanetary contamination
1367:Marks, Paul (1 April 2009).
1357:, Chapter 11, section 11.73.
720:electromagnetic interference
3112:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
2261:Global terrestrial stilling
1860:Gurevich, Vladimir (2019).
1825:Electromagnetic Shock Waves
900:Electromagnetic environment
770:a specialized version of a
3432:
2624:Asteroid impact prediction
2599:Heat death of the universe
2009:Mutual assured destruction
1355:Glasstone & Dolan 1977
1343:Glasstone & Dolan 1977
910:Faraday's law of induction
683:
544:
505:
491:
235:
29:
3391:Electromagnetic radiation
3316:
3242:Nuclear Threat Initiative
3175:List of apocalyptic films
3018:2011 end times prediction
2750:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
2745:Abomination of desolation
2619:Asteroid impact avoidance
2449:List of extinction events
2291:Environmental degradation
2078:Technological singularity
1922:
1916:Global catastrophic risks
1804:Air Force Space Command,
1318:USAF CADRE Air Chronicles
1045:10.1186/s13705-019-0199-y
348:Double exponential pulse
257:Electromagnetic radiation
151:), also referred to as a
3237:Future of Life Institute
3139:Resurrection of the dead
3132:Post-tribulation rapture
2514:Colony collapse disorder
1513:10.1109/temc.2007.897147
866:and the following books
744:Induced pulse simulation
275:can have time-dependent
2063:Artificial intelligence
1549:Proceedings of the IEEE
935:Transient (oscillation)
796:Van de Graaff generator
757:Threat pulse simulation
515:Van de Graaff generator
508:Electrostatic discharge
416:Electrostatic discharge
217:of frequencies present.
202:General characteristics
159:), is a brief burst of
80:"Electromagnetic pulse"
3192:List of disaster films
3033:Apocalyptic literature
2133:Malthusian catastrophe
2059:Synthetic intelligence
1823:Katayev, I.G. (1966).
890:Directed-energy weapon
715:
699:
357:Damped sinewave pulse
2574:Coronal mass ejection
2036:Electromagnetic pulse
1997:Kinetic energy weapon
1864:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1067:Barna, I. F. (2014).
705:
693:
429:Coronal mass ejection
262:Electrical conduction
165:electromagnetic field
145:electromagnetic pulse
2976:War of Gog and Magog
2653:Near-Earth supernova
2403:Human overpopulation
2207:Mass mortality event
2101:Anthropogenic hazard
1791:Report Meta-R-320: "
1602:ece-research.unm.edu
1460:newtechrecycling.com
1236:10.1029/2010JD015249
1143:10.1029/2010JA015921
864:William R. Forstchen
835:nuclear power plants
780:Sandia National Labs
284:solar magnetic flare
175:, or as a conducted
65:improve this article
3048:Blood moon prophecy
2841:Number of the Beast
2439:Holocene extinction
2385:Earth Overshoot Day
2333:Ocean acidification
2296:Habitat destruction
2286:Ecological collapse
1992:Kinetic bombardment
1927:Future of the Earth
1561:1992IEEEP..80..789B
1263:on 15 November 2015
1227:2011JGRD..116.8201H
1157:Chandler, Charles.
1134:2010JGRA..11512328C
1095:2014LaPhy..24h6002B
480:and magnetic field.
273:Maxwell's equations
269:Maxwell's equations
187:(EMC) engineering.
36:Magnetic pulsations
3396:Electronic warfare
3363:Doomsday scenarios
2929:Beast of the Earth
2821:Book of Revelation
2609:Virtual black hole
2589:False vacuum decay
2539:Pollinator decline
2502:Biological warfare
2492:Biotechnology risk
2343:Resource depletion
1709:. 22 December 2017
1680:has generic name (
1398:Los Alamos Science
1320:. DTIC:ADA332511.
1007:. 3 September 2020
905:Electronic warfare
841:In popular culture
716:
700:
478:Earth's atmosphere
339:Rectangular pulse
3373:
3372:
3204:Zombie apocalypse
3105:Postmillennialism
2900:Great Tribulation
2673:Stellar collision
2634:Near-Earth object
2584:Geomagnetic storm
2552:
2551:
2475:Biodiversity loss
2459:Genetic pollution
2413:
2412:
2202:Biodiversity loss
2165:Societal collapse
2143:Nuclear holocaust
2128:Economic collapse
2111:Doomsday argument
2029:Antimatter weapon
1835:Glasstone, Samuel
1807:Hollywood vs. EMP
1582:Reuben, Charles.
1377:. pp. 16–17.
915:Geomagnetic storm
670:IT asset disposal
603:into the target,
553:nuclear explosion
361:
360:
226:Fourier transform
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
3423:
3338:
3337:
3329:World portal
3327:
3326:
3288:Financial crisis
3117:Nibiru cataclysm
3095:Premillennialism
2939:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
2907:Son of perdition
2895:Olivet Discourse
2871:Whore of Babylon
2497:Biological agent
2444:Human extinction
2434:Extinction event
2422:
2393:Overexploitation
2323:Land consumption
2318:Land degradation
2185:
2047:Micro black hole
1955:Chemical warfare
1909:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1865:
1856:
1839:Dolan, Philip J.
1811:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:10.1109/5.149443
1546:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1497:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1312:(October 1996).
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1183:. 26 July 2011.
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
971:
965:
962:
940:Ultrashort pulse
876:Five Years After
859:One Second After
525:Switching pulses
385:damped sine wave
369:damped sine wave
355:
346:
337:
330:
307:) and ionizing (
290:Frequency ranges
238:Electromagnetism
192:Carrington Event
181:lightning strike
177:electric current
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3416:Nuclear warfare
3406:Nuclear weapons
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3348:Future problems
3321:
3312:
3246:
3215:
3182:Climate fiction
3148:
3023:2012 phenomenon
3006:
2912:Sheep and Goats
2799:2 Thessalonians
2677:
2594:Gamma-ray burst
2548:
2463:
2454:Genetic erosion
2409:
2379:
2370:Water pollution
2338:Ozone depletion
2234:Desertification
2174:
2089:
2024:Doomsday device
2004:Nuclear warfare
1943:
1918:
1913:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1833:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1734:The Japan Times
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1655:livescience.com
1648:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1466:on 12 June 2018
1456:"EMP Data Wipe"
1454:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1427:. 14 April 2022
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1353:
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1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1128:(A12): A12328.
1115:
1114:
1110:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
999:
998:
994:
984:
982:
973:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
949:
944:
885:
851:popular culture
843:
792:
759:
746:
738:
736:Test simulation
688:
682:
647:
639:Andrei Sakharov
620:cruise missiles
589:
568:gamma radiation
557:electric fields
549:
543:
527:
510:
504:
496:
490:
451:Electric motors
380:
356:
347:
338:
324:
322:Pulse waveforms
292:
240:
234:
232:Types of energy
204:
161:electromagnetic
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:Energy weapons
3398:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Apocalypticism
3332:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3187:Disaster films
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3160:Alien invasion
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3100:Amillennialism
3097:
3087:
3085:Millenarianism
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Apocalypticism
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2934:Dhu al-Qarnayn
2931:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Great Apostasy
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2725:Last Judgement
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2683:Eschatological
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2398:Overpopulation
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2375:Water scarcity
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2348:Sea level rise
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:on marine life
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Global warming
2263:
2258:
2256:Global dimming
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Cascade effect
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2189:Climate change
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Doomsday Clock
2016:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1970:Cyberterrorism
1967:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1871:External links
1869:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1797:
1784:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1720:
1707:BloombergQuint
1694:
1641:
1629:
1607:
1589:
1574:
1555:(6): 789–817.
1526:
1477:
1447:
1438:
1425:OnAllCylinders
1412:
1380:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1301:
1274:
1242:
1221:(D8): D08201.
1198:
1172:
1149:
1108:
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1018:
992:
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956:
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886:
884:
881:
868:One Year After
842:
839:
791:
788:
772:Marx generator
758:
755:
745:
742:
737:
734:
712: (FFG-15)
684:Main article:
681:
678:
646:
643:
588:
585:
561:voltage surges
545:Main article:
542:
539:
526:
523:
506:Main article:
503:
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492:Main article:
489:
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252:Magnetic field
249:
247:Electric field
236:Main article:
233:
230:
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173:magnetic field
169:electric field
139:
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2:
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3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
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3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Risk analysis
3356:
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3351:
3349:
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3344:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3331:
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3325:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Social crisis
3301:
3299:
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3289:
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3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
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3259:
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3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:Organizations
3218:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
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3188:
3185:
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3161:
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3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3144:World to come
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:Millennialism
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:Messianic Age
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Gog and Magog
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Earth Changes
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
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2935:
2932:
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2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:New Jerusalem
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:War in Heaven
2864:
2862:
2861:Two witnesses
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
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2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:Second Coming
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
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2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
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2647:
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2500:
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1538:Baum, Carl E.
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1073:Laser Physics
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82: –
81:
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76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3411:Pulsed power
3320:
3263:Cyberwarfare
2981:Third Temple
2836:Lake of fire
2646:Rogue planet
2614:Impact event
2604:Proton decay
2557:Astronomical
2507:Bioterrorism
2353:Supervolcano
2251:Flood basalt
2197:Anoxic event
2106:Collapsology
2094:Sociological
2035:
1965:Cyberwarfare
1877:
1861:
1843:
1824:
1806:
1800:
1787:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1610:
1601:
1592:
1577:
1552:
1548:
1507:(2): 211–8.
1504:
1499:
1491:(May 2007).
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1459:
1450:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1396:
1383:
1372:
1362:
1350:
1345:, Chapter 1.
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1317:
1304:
1294:21 September
1292:. Retrieved
1286:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1245:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1152:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
983:. Retrieved
979:
969:
960:
930:Pulsed power
875:
871:
867:
857:
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824:
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581:stratosphere
578:
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566:The intense
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127:
118:
108:
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87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
3339:Categories
3308:Survivalism
2995:Zoroastrian
2851:Seven seals
2846:Seven bowls
2772:Historicism
2668:Solar flare
2544:Overfishing
2519:Defaunation
2306:coral reefs
2068:AI takeover
1987:Nanoweapons
1975:Cybergeddon
1960:Cyberattack
1401:(24): 48–71
1310:Kopp, Carlo
1267:8 September
1191:23 November
1165:30 December
985:12 February
920:MIL-STD-461
666:hard drives
305:ultraviolet
3380:Categories
3268:Depression
3258:Ransomware
3073:Messianism
3043:Armageddon
3028:Apocalypse
2816:Antichrist
2804:Man of sin
2701:Three Ages
2564:Big Crunch
2426:Extinction
2418:Biological
2180:Ecological
2052:Strangelet
1405:24 October
1328:12 January
1161:. QDL blog
947:References
856:The novel
696:Boeing E-4
463:Power line
437:solar wind
315:) ranges.
313:gamma rays
91:newspapers
18:EMP weapon
3153:Fictional
3000:Saoshyant
2885:New Earth
2856:The Beast
2789:Preterism
2762:Christian
2718:Kali Yuga
2663:Micronova
2658:Hypernova
2524:Dysgenics
2365:Verneshot
2271:Hypercane
2014:Dead Hand
1086:1303.7084
1054:2192-0567
1038:(1): 18.
952:Citations
811:blackouts
727:hardening
718:Like any
708:USS
698:aircraft.
613:Vircators
593:capacitor
494:Lightning
488:Lightning
423:meteoroid
406:Lightning
121:July 2023
3293:Pandemic
3278:Epidemic
3273:Droughts
3127:Prewrath
3058:End time
2924:Al-Qa'im
2809:Katechon
2794:2 Esdras
2784:Idealism
2767:Futurism
2696:Maitreya
2691:Buddhist
2534:Pandemic
1982:Gray goo
1851:and the
1841:(1977).
1670:cite web
1521:22495327
1431:9 August
1322:Archived
1185:Archived
883:See also
784:Cold War
601:coupling
297:infrared
215:spectrum
167:, as an
3353:Hazards
3251:General
3122:Rapture
2971:Messiah
2959:Sufyani
2949:Israfil
2919:Islamic
2757:Messiah
2735:1 Enoch
2569:Big Rip
2281:Ecocide
2276:Ice age
1818:Sources
1622:18 June
1557:Bibcode
1470:12 June
1223:Bibcode
1130:Bibcode
1091:Bibcode
776:ATLAS-I
710:Estocin
680:Control
645:Effects
609:antenna
301:visible
171:, as a
105:scholar
3283:Famine
3209:Zombie
3011:Others
2966:Jewish
2944:Dajjal
2826:Events
2740:Daniel
2641:winter
2468:Others
2358:winter
2158:winter
2153:famine
2148:cobalt
1519:
1052:
790:Safety
628:drones
433:plasma
393:trains
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
3298:Riots
2990:Norse
2954:Mahdi
2713:Kalki
2708:Hindu
2038:(EMP)
1739:3 May
1713:3 May
1660:2 May
1545:(PDF)
1517:S2CID
1496:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
1261:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1211:(PDF)
1081:arXiv
1011:3 May
831:Japan
827:Tokyo
624:CHAMP
391:pulse
378:Types
112:JSTOR
98:books
1741:2021
1715:2021
1689:link
1682:help
1662:2021
1624:2013
1472:2018
1433:2024
1407:2009
1330:2012
1296:2017
1269:2015
1193:2015
1167:2014
1050:ISSN
1013:2021
987:2023
922:, a
874:and
605:wave
574:NEMP
410:amps
311:and
84:news
1565:doi
1509:doi
1231:doi
1219:116
1138:doi
1126:115
1099:doi
1040:doi
862:by
157:TED
149:EMP
143:An
67:by
3382::
2061:/
1847:.
1837:;
1732:.
1705:.
1674::
1672:}}
1668:{{
1653:.
1600:.
1563:.
1553:80
1551:.
1547:.
1529:^
1515:.
1505:49
1498:.
1480:^
1458:.
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1213:.
1136:.
1124:.
1120:.
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1077:24
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978:.
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1036:9
1015:.
989:.
439:.
309:X
295:(
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128:(
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119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
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