1702:
EPUB's internal structural markup (the OPF specification mentioned above) or directly to files through the ZIP's file structure. The lack of a standardized way to annotate EPUB books led to difficulty in sharing and transferring annotations and therefore limited the use scenarios of EPUB, particularly in educational settings, because it cannot provide a level of interactivity comparable to the web.
34:
2951:
and page layout application. Free from Apple. Can export .ibooks format, which is a proprietary format based on EPUB. There are restrictions on the commercial distribution of works created with iBooks in the .ibooks format. These restrictions apply to the .ibooks format only and it can be argued that
2009:
An OCF (Open
Container Format) Abstract Container defines a file system model for the contents of the container. The file system model uses a single common root directory for all contents in the container. All (non-remote) resources for publications are in the directory tree headed by the container's
1736:
EPUB 3.2 was announced in 2018, and the final specification was released in 2019. A notable change is the removal of a specialized subset of CSS, enabling the use of non-epub-prefixed properties. The references to HTML and SVG standards are also updated to "newest version available", as opposed to a
1701:
Other criticisms of EPUB were the specification's lack of detail on linking within or between EPUB books, and its lack of a specification for annotation. Such linking is hindered by the use of a ZIP file as the container for EPUB. Furthermore, it was unclear if it would be better to link by using
2030:
There must be a META-INF directory containing container.xml. This file points to the file defining the contents of the book, the OPF file, though additional alternative rootfile elements are allowed. Apart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images
1826:
An EPUB file can optionally contain DRM as an additional layer, but it is not required by the specifications. In addition, the specification does not name any particular DRM system to use, so publishers can choose a DRM scheme to their liking. However, future versions of EPUB (specifically OCF)
1984:
Authors need to be aware that scripting in an EPUB Publication can create security considerations that are different from scripting within a Web browser. For example, typical same-origin policies are not applicable to content that has been downloaded to a user's local system. Therefore, it is
3148:
Desktop publishing program that can export to the EPUB 2 and EPUB 3 format. Comes with built-in output conversion profiles for targeting specific devices, as well as generic devices. Also includes pre-tested blank eBook templates, or can open and edit existing PDF files and publish as EPUB.
479:
encoding. This is to support international and multilingual books. However, reading systems are not required to provide the fonts necessary to display every
Unicode character, though they are required to display at least a placeholder for characters that cannot be displayed fully.
2149:
Books with synchronized audio narration are created in EPUB 3 by using media overlay documents to describe the timing for the pre-recorded audio narration and how it relates to the EPUB Content
Document markup. The file format for Media Overlays is defined as a subset of
656:
The OPF specification's purpose is to " the mechanism by which the various components of an OPS publication are tied together and provides additional structure and semantics to the electronic publication". This is accomplished by two XML files with the extensions
291:
The EPUB 3.0 specification became effective in
October 2011, superseded by a minor maintenance update (3.0.1) in June 2014. New major features include support for precise layout or specialized formatting (Fixed Layout Documents), such as for comic books, and
2010:
root directory, though EPUB mandates no specific file system structure for this. The file system model includes a mandatory directory named META-INF that is a direct child of the container's root directory. META-INF stores container.xml.
1838:
and the portability of purchased e-books. Consequently, such DRM incompatibility may segment the EPUB format along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of a single standard format and confusing the consumer.
332:
EPUB 2.0 was approved in
October 2007, with a maintenance update (2.0.1) intended to clarify and correct errata in the specifications being approved in September 2010. EPUB version 2.0.1 consists of three specifications:
3891:
1531:
An EPUB file is a group of files that conform to the OPS/OPF standards and are wrapped in a ZIP file. The OCF specifies how to organize these files in the ZIP, and defines two additional files that must be included.
2882:
The eLesson Markup
Language is a platform-independent XML-based open-source framework to create eLearning content. It supports various output formats like SCORM, HTML, PDF and also eBooks based on the EPUB format.
296:
support. The current version of EPUB is 3.2, effective May 8, 2019. The (text of) format specification underwent reorganization and clean-up; format supports remotely hosted resources and new font formats
4252:
1646:
The EPUB 3.0 Recommended
Specification was approved on 11 October 2011. On June 26, 2014, EPUB 3.0.1 was approved as a minor maintenance update to EPUB 3.0. EPUB 3.0 supersedes the previous release 2.0.1.
2794:
Exports to EPUB format. Versions prior to 5.5 create EPUBs that require significant editing to pass ePubCheck or ePubPreFlight. As from InDesign CC 2014, InDesign can export in ePub3 fixed-layout format.
1882:'s e-readers, but not by associated apps for other platforms. iBooks also supports the proprietary iBook format, which is based on the EPUB format but depends upon code from the iBooks app to function.
260:
endorses EPUB 3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the global book publishing industry should rally around a single standard. Technically, a file in the EPUB format is a
1994:
An EPUB file is an archive that contains, in effect, a website. It includes HTML files, images, CSS style sheets, and other assets. It also contains metadata. EPUB 3.3 is the latest version. By using
2583:
Ebook reader add-on with annotations for
Firefox. Supports open standard ebooks in EPUB 3- and EPUB 2 format and retrieval of books from OPDS book catalogues. (Development discontinued January 2017)
818:
element lists all the XHTML content documents in their linear reading order. Also, any content document that can be reached through linking or the table of contents must be listed as well. The
1543:. It must also be uncompressed, unencrypted, and the first file in the ZIP archive. This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the
4306:
3899:
1771:
Fixed-layout content: pre-paginated content can be useful for certain kinds of highly designed content, such as illustrated books intended only for larger screens, such as tablets.
2021:
file that contains the string "application/epub+zip". This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the .epub extension.
2141:
documents, scripted content documents, and fixed layout documents. Contents also include CSS and PLS documents. Navigation documents supersede the NCX grammar used in EPUB 2.
4434:
5620:
4260:
4275:
2868:
Conversion software and e-book organizer. Allows plugins, including for editing EPUB files; there is for instance a plugin to merge several EPUB files into one.
1698:
images, precluding proper handling by screen readers and interaction with computer algebra systems. Support for MathML is included in the EPUB 3.0 specification.
5630:
2993:
Text processor with a functionality to export as EPUB3 format since version 6.0. Also allowed to export as EPUB format via installing extension, such as eLaix.
2850:
Book production platform that outputs to many formats, including EPUB. The platform can import content in various formats and supports collaborative editing.
2151:
415:. This specialized syntax requires that reading systems support only a portion of CSS properties and adds a few custom properties. Custom properties include
2105:. It contains metadata, a manifest, fallback chains, bindings, and a spine. This is an ordered sequence of ID references defining the default reading order.
1683:
While good for text-centric books, EPUB was rather unsuitable for publications that require precise layout or specialized formatting, such as comic books.
2027:--ZIP Container-- mimetype META-INF/ container.xml OEBPS/ content.opf chapter1.xhtml ch1-pic.png css/ style.css myfont.otf toc.ncx
1725:
1714:
461:. Other media types are allowed, but creators must include alternative renditions using supported types. For a table of all required mimetypes, see
3183:
Can open and edit EPUB books, instead of just converting from other formats to EPUB. Since version 0.7, supports embedding video or audio in EPUB.
5554:
2214:
2525:
eBook
Readers for PDF, ePUB/2 and ePUB3 providing uniform experience across different platforms - iOS, Android, Windows PC, Mac Desktop and Web.
5574:
1889:
because it can be an open format and is based on HTML, as opposed to Amazon's proprietary format for Kindle readers. Popular EPUB producers of
317:
246:
1834:
The EPUB specification does not enforce or suggest a particular DRM scheme. This could affect the level of support for various DRM systems on
1583:--ZIP Container-- mimetype META-INF/ container.xml OEBPS/ content.opf chapter1.xhtml ch1-pic.png css/ style.css myfont.otf
716:
element contains all the metadata information for a particular EPUB file. Three metadata tags are required (though many more are available):
4314:
5640:
5584:
1721:
1710:
4483:
2178:
on
Android and iOS, and Apple Books on macOS and iOS. There is also cross-platform editor software for creating EPUB files, including the
2006:
An EPUB publication is delivered as a single file. This file is an unencrypted zipped archive containing a set of interrelated resources.
396:
An EPUB file uses XHTML 1.1 (or DTBook) to construct the content of a book as of version 2.0.1. This is different from previous versions (
5549:
4337:
2118:
1669:, which defines a file format and processing model for encapsulating a set of related resources into a single-file (ZIP) EPUB Container.
4402:
3044:
oXygen XML editor is the first tool that supports creating, transforming, and validating the documents that comprise the EPUB package.
5650:
5529:
1299:
799:. All XHTML (content documents), stylesheets, images or other media, embedded fonts, and the NCX file should be listed here. Only the
2985:
2535:
4426:
3788:
4927:
1745:
The W3C announced version 3.3 on May 25, 2023. Changes included stricter security and privacy standards; and the adoption of the
4020:
3872:
3842:
372:
Consortium) to represent the text and structure of the content document, and a subset of CSS to provide layout and formatting.
268:
files carrying the content, along with images and other supporting files. EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent
5625:
4748:
4469:
2017:
file. It must be unencrypted and uncompressed so that non-ZIP utilities can read the mimetype. The mimetype file must be an
4214:
1686:
A major issue hindering the use of EPUB for most technical publications was the lack of support for equations formatted as
491:<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
1558:. This XML file points to the file defining the contents of the book. This is the OPF file, though additional alternative
4283:
3969:
5492:
4944:
4633:
1886:
108:
4368:
3408:
4658:
4120:
3892:"'Social annotation and the marketplace of ideas': Time for an IDPF annotation standard for books and other e-pubs!"
3193:
3175:
3091:
2860:
2842:
2767:
2676:
2593:
2572:
2510:
2482:
2404:
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2351:
1863:
1237:
369:
2362:
Primarily for library management, conversion, and transferring to devices, it includes an EPUB reader and editor.
849:
element is an optional element for the purpose of identifying fundamental structural components of the book. Each
4387:
3455:
3416:
1960:
1814:
439:
321:
257:
400:
1.2 and earlier), which used a subset of XHTML. There are, however, a few restrictions on certain elements. The
5569:
5497:
5369:
5067:
2346:
2167:
2138:
1695:
451:
4253:"Adobe-DRMed ePub isn't 'open': Why the New York Times urgently needs to clarify its Sony eBook Store article"
4511:
1287:
element points to a content document listed in the manifest and can also include an element identifier (e.g.
1279:'s content is the text that appears in the table of contents generated by reading systems that use the .ncx.
5544:
5266:
5206:
4171:
3667:"World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF) Explore Plans to Combine"
3165:
Program for writers. Includes organization capabilities for fiction writers. Publishes to multiple formats.
2816:
2625:
Supports downloading purchased books as EPUB and/or PDF. Supports PDF, ePUB2 and ePUB3 standard of e-books.
5339:
5108:
5017:
3487:
3065:
2981:
2249:
2163:
1657:, which defines publication-level semantics and overarching conformance requirements for EPUB Publications
179:
4497:
3009:
Converts .doc, .docx, or PDF manuscripts to an EPUB so that they may be sold on the Website in question.
677:, houses the EPUB book's metadata, file manifest, and linear reading order. This file has a root element
5645:
5564:
4891:
3945:
3534:
2218:
1977:
Security researchers also identified attacks leading to local files and other user data being uploaded.
1971:
4233:
1951:
Such formats are associated with various types of security issues and privacy-breaching behaviors e.g.
288:, EPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update (2.0.1) approved in September 2010.
3648:
1241:
5349:
4920:
3501:
3154:
3104:
2273:
2113:
1573:, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a directory named
5599:
5589:
5354:
3170:
2707:
2698:
2198:
2187:
2179:
1765:
1750:
455:
428:
401:
272:-based e-book format; it is supported by almost all hardware readers and many software readers and
4455:
3390:
5276:
5151:
5141:
4967:
4962:
2976:
2968:
2948:
2855:
2567:
2399:
2183:
1925:
242:
41:
20:
4525:
3600:
2101:
One package document listing all publication resources. This file should use the file extension
1998:, publications can contain video, audio, and interactivity, just like websites in web browsers.
1295:
462:
3993:
3576:
2832:
Converts any document to EPUB; supports multilevel TOCs, font embedding, and batch conversion.
241:, and compatible software is available for most smartphones, tablets, and computers. EPUB is a
5487:
5399:
5394:
5329:
5309:
5261:
5176:
5156:
5126:
3624:
3318:
3294:
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3254:
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2420:
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1898:
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1233:
745:
737:
385:
377:
357:
261:
149:
74:
4345:
3201:
Can be used to create educational interactive Web content, HTML5, IMS, SCORM and EPUB3 books
5482:
5286:
5241:
5191:
4722:
4610:
2743:
1917:
249:(IDPF). It became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007, superseding the older
190:
4566:
4193:
4145:
5635:
5594:
5504:
5436:
5324:
5136:
5087:
4913:
4895:
4588:
3025:
2913:
2630:
2549:
2506:
2327:
1902:
1783:
1779:
1663:, which defines profiles of XHTML, SVG and CSS for use in the context of EPUB Publications
4498:"This book reads you – exploiting services and readers that support the ePub book format"
3441:
4049:
5559:
5539:
5256:
5251:
5037:
5032:
3792:
2800:
2783:
2202:
1906:
226:
3921:
1706:
On June 26, 2014, the IDPF published EPUB 3.0.1 as a final Recommended Specification.
5614:
5579:
5304:
5103:
5062:
5012:
4987:
4814:
4704:
4028:
3252:
For a table of the required XHTML modules and a description of the restrictions, see
3049:
2937:
1921:
1890:
1879:
1835:
1675:, which defines a format and a processing model for synchronization of text and audio
783:
element lists all the files contained in the package. Each file is represented by an
3850:
869:
must be listed in the manifest, and are allowed to have an element identifier (e.g.
427:
property, as well as including the font file in the OPF's manifest (see below). The
5467:
5429:
5389:
5072:
5052:
5047:
5027:
4544:
3763:
3732:
3695:
3338:
3131:
Desktop publishing tool, page layout application. Exports also to the EPUB format.
3014:
2827:
2458:
2031:
files) are traditionally put in a directory named OEBPS. An example container.xml:
1967:
1894:
1294:
A description of certain exceptions to the NCX specification as used in EPUB is in
5446:
5424:
5384:
5359:
5344:
5319:
5291:
5221:
5216:
5118:
4957:
4218:
3222:
3188:
3120:
2899:
Free cloud service for downloading public domain works and for self-publishing.
2666:
2648:
2514:
2302:
2194:
1985:
strongly encouraged that scripting be limited to container constrained contexts.
1867:
324:(W3C) merger, "to fully align the publishing industry and core Web technology".
222:
138:
65:
4094:
3336:
Detailed descriptions of the differences between 3.0 and 2.0.1 can be found on
5509:
5477:
5472:
5451:
5409:
5161:
5082:
4972:
3115:
Native EPUB-based word processor. Native to EPUB 3 with EPUB 2 compatibility.
3033:
2264:
1952:
1941:
1244:, and is not a part of the EPUB specification. The NCX file has a mimetype of
397:
285:
273:
250:
160:
53:
33:
1350:<!-- The following four metadata items are required for all NCX documents,
5441:
5414:
5404:
5211:
5171:
5057:
4982:
3666:
2888:
2821:
2751:
2619:
2607:
2257:
1798:
411:
Styling and layout are performed using a subset of CSS 2.0, referred to as
4690:
3420:
5334:
5299:
5281:
5271:
5146:
5077:
5004:
4883:
3137:
2998:
2921:
2837:
2377:
2313:
2267:
2014:
1353:
including those that conform to the relaxed constraints of OPS 2.0 -->
1298:
of the specification. The complete specification for NCX can be found in
381:
238:
4307:"iPad adds to the DRM mess? Apple ebook DRM exclusive to Apple hardware"
5246:
5186:
5022:
4792:
4770:
3552:
3442:"The Different Ebook Formats Explained: EPUB, MOBI, AZW, IBA, and More"
2772:
2762:
2260:
2162:
EPUB reader software exists for all major computing platforms, such as
468:
206:
3463:
2916:
tool that generates EPUB amongst several other documentation formats.
2036:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
1948:
formats, making EPUB readers use the same technology as web browsers.
1679:
The EPUB 3.0 format was intended to address the following criticisms:
1591:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
488:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
5419:
5201:
5166:
5113:
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3206:
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2175:
2134:
1910:
1805:
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1687:
476:
365:
293:
219:
172:
135:
3696:"Open Publication Structure (OPS) 2.0.1 – Recommended Specification"
4899:
1275:
elements can be nested to create a hierarchical table of contents.
5314:
5196:
5181:
4936:
4545:"EPUB Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0 – Recommended Specification"
3535:"The ePub torture test: Starring 'Three Shadows,' a graphic novel"
3272:
For a table of supported properties and detailed information, see
2952:
a file renamed to .epub is not distributed in the .ibooks format.
2670:
2530:
2520:
2498:
2205:
browser had EPUB reader capability built in until September 2019.
2018:
1995:
1937:
1875:
472:
265:
164:
4068:
3873:"Links, pointers, bookmarks, highlights: How should .epub do it?"
3365:
3081:
Word processor for mobile devices that can export to EPUB format
2932:
Help authoring tool that generates EPUB files and other formats.
2364:
5534:
5131:
5042:
1956:
1775:
1746:
1314:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
753:
443:
306:
302:
298:
4909:
4833:
4676:
4403:"Amazon Kindle Will Support EPUB Books, Abandoning MOBI Format"
3764:"Open Container Format (OCF) 2.0.1 – Recommended Specification"
3733:"Open Packaging Format (OPF) 2.0.1 – Recommended Specification"
1539:
file must be a text document in ASCII that contains the string
1317:<!DOCTYPE ncx PUBLIC "-//NISO//DTD ncx 2005-1//EN"
1263:
elements should match their analogs in the OPF file. Also, the
1236:
for the EPUB file. The specification for NCX was developed for
483:
An example skeleton of an XHTML file for EPUB looks like this:
4977:
3075:
2811:
Online documentation tool that supports export to EPUB format
1980:
The "EPUB 3.1 Overview" document provides a security warning:
1945:
1871:
1320:"http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx-2005-1.dtd">
757:
447:
373:
310:
269:
168:
4888:
3217:
Word processor application, can export its documents to EPUB
4749:"How Apple is sabotaging an open standard for digital books"
2051:"urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container"
1606:"urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container"
3509:
2466:
Windows, OS X, Android, Apple iOS, Kobo eReader Software,
1586:
An example container.xml, given the above file structure:
4905:
4849:
4659:"Apple to wrap digital books in FairPlay copy protection"
2562:
Free app for eBooks and audiobooks from local libraries.
2434:
Supports downloading purchased books as EPUB and/or PDF.
4884:
ISO/IEC TS 30135-1:2014 - EPUB3 — Part 1: EPUB3 Overview
2223:
The following software can read and display EPUB files.
752:
contains a unique identifier for the book, such as its
19:
For publications that are accessed electronically, see
4427:"Learn About Sending Documents to Your Kindle Library"
4140:
4138:
2493:
Supports also Mobi, AZW(3/4), CBR/CBZ, PDF, DjVu, FB2
4865:
4276:"Does the Nook use its own incompatible DRM scheme?"
3528:
3526:
2278:
Requires online activation for EPUB files with DRM.
340:(OPS) 2.0.1, contains the formatting of its content.
5522:
5460:
5377:
5368:
5234:
5096:
5003:
4996:
4943:
4484:"Hacker finds holes in Amazon Google EPUB services"
2778:Support EPUB 2.0 format export since 2.9.1 release
2737:
2243:
1810:
Better analytical support with compatible platforms
1761:The format and many readers support the following:
471:is required, and content producers must use either
201:
188:
178:
156:
144:
131:
107:
89:
81:
64:
52:
40:
4194:"Top 9 Reasons To Convert Your PDF eBook To ePUB3"
1850:directory at the root level of the ZIP container.
3971:New and Emerging Specs and Standards (March 2020)
3947:EPUB 3.0 Published as ISO Technical Specification
3482:
3480:
2643:Free app for eBooks and audiobooks from schools.
1720:In January 2020, EPUB 3.0.1 was published by the
1650:EPUB 3 consists of a set of four specifications:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
2322:readable directly on computers other than Macs.
1858:EPUB is widely used on software readers such as
1801:fonts, and changeable text and background colors
1709:In November 2014, EPUB 3.0 was published by the
1341:"http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx/"
736:contains the language of the book's contents in
551:"application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8"
2661:Supports many documents format including EPUB.
1982:
1795:A library that stores books and can be searched
459:image/png, image/jpeg, image/gif, image/svg+xml
423:. Font-embedding can be accomplished using the
4539:
4537:
4535:
3099:Can convert to and from EPUB versions 2 and 3
3060:Word processor that can export to EPUB format
2720:The following software can create EPUB files.
1966:Such vulnerabilities can be used to implement
4921:
4634:"How to read epub files on your laptop or PC"
3789:"Specifications for the Digital Talking Book"
2926:Free for personal use, commercial otherwise.
830:of the NCX file listed in the manifest. Each
85:International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)
8:
3391:"OPS 2.0 Elevated to Official IDPF Standard"
1842:DRMed EPUB files must contain a file called
914:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
346:(OPF) 2.0.1, describes the structure of the
26:
5555:Comparison of Android ebook reader software
4388:"New iBooks not technically in epub format"
4209:
4207:
4067:Garrish, Matt; Herman, Ivan; Cramer, Dave.
3812:
3810:
3783:
3781:
2638:Windows, Android, Apple macOS, iOS, iPadOS
2557:Windows, Android, Apple macOS, iOS, iPadOS
2341:Supports EPUB for Android and iOS devices.
1304:Specifications for the Digital Talking Book
5374:
5000:
4928:
4914:
4906:
3233:Cloud word processor, can export to EPUB.
2722:
2225:
2013:The first file in the archive must be the
4369:"EPUB, iPad and Content Interoperability"
4217:. IDPF. November 20, 2006. Archived from
2708:reMarkable and reMarkable 2 Paper Tablets
2072:"application/oebps-package+xml"
1963:due to their complexity and flexibility.
1627:"application/oebps-package+xml"
1267:element is set equal to the depth of the
376:is used to create the document manifest,
4152:. International Digital Publishing Forum
4123:. International Digital Publishing Forum
1768:: optimize text for a particular display
1251:Of note here is that the values for the
920:"http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf"
896:"http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf"
506:"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
5550:Comparison of iOS ebook reader software
3849:. IDPF. 11 October 2011. Archived from
3357:
3245:
2215:Comparison of Android e-reader software
1104:"application/x-font-opentype"
705:attribute. The .opf file's mimetype is
5621:Computer-related introductions in 2007
5575:International Digital Publishing Forum
3791:. NISO. April 21, 2005. Archived from
3506:International Digital Publishing Forum
3460:International Digital Publishing Forum
3028:tool that can export content as EPUB.
1813:Digital rights management—can contain
384:. Finally, the files are bundled in a
247:International Digital Publishing Forum
25:
4437:from the original on January 25, 2022
2615:All Web browsers, Apple iOS, Android
2453:Supports ePub3, ePub2, fixed layout.
1936:EPUB requires readers to support the
1778:web site, the format supports inline
881:<?xml version="1.0"?>
356:(OCF) 2.0.1, collects all files as a
7:
5631:Document-centric XML-based standards
4512:"Is your ePub reader secure enough?"
4336:Kendrick, James (January 28, 2010).
3292:For a full listing of metadata, see
2428:Web application, Android, Apple iOS
1667:EPUB Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0
1128:"application/x-dtbncx+xml"
842:of its respective content document.
3890:Rothman, David (November 5, 2007).
2757:Version 11 exports to EPUB format.
2297:Supports EPUB for Android devices.
2119:Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
1554:, which contains the required file
1550:Also, there must be a folder named
5530:Academic journal publishing reform
4367:Dickson, Dave (January 27, 2010).
4251:Rothman, David (August 13, 2009).
4232:Gelles, David (January 29, 2010).
3625:"EPUB 3.1 Changes from EPUB 3.0.1"
3601:"EPUB 3.1 Changes from EPUB 3.0.1"
3577:"EPUB 3.1 Changes from EPUB 3.0.1"
2318:Supports EPUB 2 and EPUB 3. Books
1786:images, metadata, and CSS styling.
1197:"appendix.xhtml#figures"
744:its successors, such as the newer
673:The OPF file, traditionally named
14:
4234:"Walls close in on e-book garden"
3649:"IDPF Members Approve W3C Merger"
2986:GNU Lesser General Public License
2540:Unix-like, Windows, Android, iOS
2091:The ePUB container must contain:
1717:as ISO/IEC TS 30135 (parts 1–7).
1191:"List Of Illustrations"
1032:"application/xhtml+xml"
1008:"application/xhtml+xml"
368:(an XML standard provided by the
4657:Pham, Alex (February 15, 2010).
4311:TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home
4280:TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home
4274:Biba, Paul (December 21, 2009).
4257:TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home
3896:TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home
3539:TeleRead: Bring the E-Books Home
3533:Rothman, David (July 27, 2008).
2250:Adobe Digital Editions
2109:The ePUB container may contain:
787:element, and has the attributes
732:contains the title of the book,
392:Open Publication Structure 2.0.1
286:Open eBook Publication Structure
32:
4401:Michael Cavacini (2022-05-04).
4386:Arnold Kim (January 19, 2012).
4305:Biba, Paul (January 28, 2010).
3557:World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
2137:content, navigation documents,
404:for XHTML documents in EPUB is
4470:"How to detect malicious EPUB"
3879:. BookGlutton. March 29, 2008.
3312:A list of possible values for
3180:Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, OS X
3041:OS X, Windows, FreeBSD, Linux
2879:Windows, OS X, FreeBSD, Linux
2865:Windows, OS X, FreeBSD, Linux
2095:At least one content document.
1792:Passage highlighting and notes
1728:as ISO/IEC 23736 (parts 1–6).
1500:</text></navLabel>
1404:"dtb:totalPageCount"
1374:<!-- same as in .opf -->
811:files should not be included.
454:images be supported using the
364:EPUB internally uses XHTML or
1:
4747:Bott, Ed (January 22, 2012).
4215:"Digital Book Standards FAQs"
4101:. Creative Publishing Network
2971:and page layout application.
2227:Reading systems and software
2066:"OEBPS/content.opf"
1932:Security and privacy concerns
1885:EPUB is a popular format for
1621:"OEBPS/content.opf"
1425:"dtb:maxPageNumber"
707:application/oebps-package+xml
431:for CSS documents in EPUB is
417:oeb-page-head, oeb-page-foot,
233:and is sometimes stylized as
148:OEBPS Container Format (OCF;
27:Electronic Publication (EPUB)
3419:. 2012-08-06. Archived from
2472:Supports EPUB 2 and EPUB 3.
1924:removed support for its own
1496:<navLabel><text>
1240:(DTB), is maintained by the
1232:, contains the hierarchical
388:file as a packaging format.
237:. EPUB is supported by many
5641:Electronic paper technology
5545:Comparison of ebook readers
4338:"Who Really Needs an iPad?"
3488:"1.1 EPUB Revision History"
3325:(specification draft), IDPF
3301:(specification draft), IDPF
3281:(specification draft), IDPF
3261:(specification draft), IDPF
2687:Supports EPUB for devices.
2415:Supports also Mobi, AZW(3)
2024:An example file structure:
1887:electronic data interchange
1580:An example file structure:
1527:Open Container Format 2.0.1
853:element has the attributes
768:attribute should equal the
652:Open Packaging Format 2.0.1
95:; 17 years ago
5667:
4691:"reMarkable Wiki: xochitl"
4456:"EPUB javascript security"
2212:
2133:Content documents include
1831:specify a format for DRM.
1817:(DRM) as an optional layer
1661:EPUB Content Documents 3.0
1509:"chapter1.xhtml"
1395:<!-- 1 or higher -->
1098:"css/myfont.otf"
1026:"appendix.xhtml"
1002:"chapter1.xhtml"
338:Open Publication Structure
18:
5651:World Wide Web Consortium
4793:"Apple iBooks Author FAQ"
4121:"Fixed-Layout Properties"
3766:. IDPF. September 4, 2010
3735:. IDPF. September 4, 2010
3698:. IDPF. September 4, 2010
3417:Book Industry Study Group
3397:. eBooklyn. Oct 15, 2007.
3221:
3205:
3187:
3169:
3153:
3135:
3119:
3103:
3085:
3064:
3048:
3032:
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2936:
2920:
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2887:
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2629:
2606:
2587:
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2548:
2529:
2497:
2476:
2457:
2438:
2419:
2398:
2385:Windows, Linux, Android,
2376:
2345:
2326:
2301:
2282:
2248:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2197:also support EPUB reader
1822:Digital rights management
1815:digital rights management
1228:ML), traditionally named
681:and four child elements:
322:World Wide Web Consortium
258:Book Industry Study Group
31:
5570:iBooks Author Conference
4589:"EPUB Content Documents"
3490:. IDPF. 11 October 2011.
3456:"Older Versions of EPUB"
3366:"EPUB 3.3 specification"
3026:Single source publishing
2914:Single source publishing
2098:One navigation document.
2033:
1804:Support for a subset of
1690:. They were included as
1588:
1437:<!-- must be 0 -->
1416:<!-- must be 0 -->
1311:
1246:application/x-dtbncx+xml
968:"Austen, Jane"
878:
597:"css/main.css"
542:"Content-Type"
485:
438:EPUB also requires that
229:. The term is short for
54:Internet media type
5267:Atlantis Word Processor
5207:OverDrive Media Console
5018:Barnes & Noble Nook
4795:. Apple. March 23, 2012
4773:. Apple. March 23, 2012
4723:"GUI Plugin: EpubMerge"
3843:"EPUB 3 Overview Draft"
3653:Publishing Perspectives
3409:"Endorsement of EPUB 3"
2817:Atlantis Word Processor
2124:Media overlay documents
1737:fixed version in time.
1673:EPUB Media Overlays 3.0
1074:"ch1-pic.png"
118:; 15 months ago
5109:Adobe Digital Editions
4677:"FBReader for Android"
4146:"Understanding EPUB 3"
2982:Mozilla Public License
2241:DRM formats supported
2170:on desktop platforms,
2164:Adobe Digital Editions
1987:
1922:Send to Kindle service
1571:META-INF/container.xml
1562:elements are allowed.
1368:"123456789X"
1309:An example .ncx file:
1044:"stylesheet"
959:</dc:identifier>
865:. Files referenced in
588:"stylesheet"
465:of the specification.
231:electronic publication
225:that uses the ".epub"
5626:Computer file formats
5565:Electronic publishing
4663:The Los Angeles Times
4611:"EPUB Media Overlays"
3340:ePub 3.0 spec changes
3198:Windows, Linux, OS X
2990:Windows, OS X, Linux
2684:Adobe Content Server
2618:Adobe Content Server
2598:Windows, OS X, Linux
2577:Windows, OS X, Linux
2469:Adobe Content Server
2356:Windows, OS X, Linux
2338:Adobe Content Server
2294:Adobe Content Server
2219:Category:EPUB readers
1972:cross-device tracking
1655:EPUB Publications 3.0
1383:"dtb:depth"
1265:meta name="dtb:depth"
1080:"image/png"
1050:"style.css"
876:An example OPF file:
406:application/xhtml+xml
354:Open Container Format
344:Open Packaging Format
305:) and uses more pure
5063:Plastic Logic Reader
4286:on December 28, 2009
4263:on October 14, 2009.
3994:"EPUB 3.2 Rationale"
3847:EPUB 3 Working Group
3823:. eBook Technologies
2274:Adobe Content Server
1541:application/epub+zip
1484:"chapter1"
1238:Digital Talking Book
1167:"appendix"
1155:"chapter1"
1056:"text/css"
1020:"appendix"
996:"chapter1"
937:</dc:language>
606:"text/css"
59:application/epub+zip
5600:Semantic publishing
5590:Reflowable document
5390:Amazon Kindle Store
4889:IDPF EPUB Validator
4771:"iBooks Author FAQ"
4706:2.9.1 release notes
4567:"EPUB Publications"
4407:michaelcavacini.com
4317:on February 2, 2010
4238:The Financial Times
4095:"EPUB 3.3 is here!"
3902:on January 13, 2013
3096:Unix-like, Windows
2725:
2335:Apple iOS, Android
2228:
1766:Reflowable document
1478:"chapter"
1362:"dtb:uid"
1261:meta name="dtb:uid"
1122:"toc.ncx"
1068:"ch1-pic"
981:</dc:creator>
933:<dc:language>
772:attribute from the
701:node must have the
697:. Furthermore, the
565:Pride and Prejudice
284:A successor to the
264:file consisting of
93:September 2007
28:
5400:Barnes & Noble
5068:PocketBook eReader
4968:Kindle File Format
4894:2017-05-05 at the
4632:Casserly, Martyn.
4050:"EPUB 3.2 Changes"
3923:EPUB 3.0.1 Changes
3795:on August 31, 2009
3655:. 9 November 2016.
2977:LibreOffice Writer
2969:Desktop publishing
2949:Desktop publishing
2904:Help & Manual
2724:Creation software
2723:
2226:
2081:</container>
2078:</rootfiles>
1928:in favor of EPUB.
1926:Kindle File Format
1636:</container>
1633:</rootfiles>
1466:</docAuthor>
1329:"2005-1"
1092:"myfont"
946:"BookId"
902:"BookId"
899:unique-identifier=
243:technical standard
157:Extended from
42:Filename extension
21:Electronic article
5608:
5607:
5518:
5517:
5488:Project Gutenberg
5447:Sony Reader Store
5395:Baen Free Library
5385:Apple Books Store
5330:Oxygen XML Editor
5310:iStudio Publisher
5296:Help & Manual
5230:
5229:
5157:Google Play Books
5123:
4900:Github-repository
4727:MobileRead Forums
4348:on August 5, 2010
4200:. 7 January 2021.
4172:"Embedded MathML"
3237:
3236:
3034:oXygen XML Editor
2958:iStudio Publisher
2775:, Linux, Windows
2716:Creation software
2713:
2712:
2421:Google Play Books
2172:Google Play Books
2057:<rootfiles>
1899:Project Gutenberg
1860:Google Play Books
1612:<rootfiles>
1515:</navPoint>
1456:<docAuthor>
1453:</docTitle>
1448:PrideandPrejudice
1234:table of contents
1134:</manifest>
984:</metadata>
940:<dc:identifier
930:</dc:title>
928:PrideandPrejudice
873:in the example).
826:must contain the
803:file itself, the
770:unique-identifier
703:unique-identifier
421:oeb-column-number
378:table of contents
320:members approved
245:published by the
213:
212:
145:Contained by
116:May 25, 2023
82:Developed by
5658:
5483:Internet Archive
5375:
5287:Collabora Online
5242:ABBYY FineReader
5192:Microsoft Reader
5121:
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4819:Extension center
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4376:
4373:Digital Editions
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4344:. Archived from
4333:
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4324:
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4313:. Archived from
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4027:. Archived from
4017:
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3887:
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3853:on 15 April 2012
3839:
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5505:Standard Ebooks
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5137:Bluefire Reader
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4693:. 9 April 2023.
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4679:. 10 July 2011.
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4526:"EPUB overview"
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4002:. 11 April 2020
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3323:ePub OPDF 2.0.1
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3253:
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2718:
2507:Web application
2363:
2328:Bluefire Reader
2270:, Android, iOS
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2121:(PLS) documents
2089:
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2045:"1.0"
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2004:
1992:
1974:on EPUB files.
1934:
1903:Standard Ebooks
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1143:"ncx"
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90:Initial release
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5560:E-book lending
5557:
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5540:Braille e-book
5537:
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5442:Kobo Bookstore
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5257:Adobe RoboHelp
5254:
5252:Adobe InDesign
5249:
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5038:Hanlin eReader
5035:
5033:enTourage eDGe
5030:
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5015:
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4879:
4878:External links
4876:
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4857:
4841:
4825:
4821:, Libre Office
4806:
4784:
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4696:
4682:
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4649:
4624:
4602:
4580:
4558:
4531:
4517:
4514:. 16 May 2017.
4503:
4489:
4475:
4461:
4447:
4418:
4393:
4378:
4359:
4328:
4297:
4266:
4243:
4224:
4221:on 2009-09-03.
4203:
4185:
4163:
4134:
4112:
4093:Brady, Laura.
4085:
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4012:
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3400:
3382:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3329:
3305:
3299:ePub OPF 2.0.1
3285:
3279:ePub OPS 2.0.1
3265:
3259:ePub OPS 2.0.1
3244:
3243:
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3167:
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3162:Windows, OS X
3160:
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3128:OS X, Windows
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2809:
2806:
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2801:Adobe RoboHelp
2797:
2796:
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2791:Windows, OS X
2789:
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2784:Adobe InDesign
2780:
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2622:SnappSafe DRM
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2203:Microsoft Edge
2159:
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2145:Media overlays
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2003:
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1991:
1990:Implementation
1988:
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1907:PubMed Central
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1528:
1525:
1469:<navMap>
1335:"en"
1312:
1216:The NCX file (
1214:
1213:
1203:</guide>
1173:</spine>
962:<dc:creator
879:
838:is set to the
671:
670:
653:
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515:"en"
486:
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5580:Kindle single
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5461:Noncommercial
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5305:iBooks Author
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4031:on 2020-05-11
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3512:on 2012-04-17
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3477:
3466:on 2017-08-31
3465:
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3423:on 2016-04-17
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3319:"Section 2.6"
3309:
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3295:"Section 2.2"
3289:
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3275:"Section 3.0"
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3255:"Section 2.2"
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2039:<container
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1895:open licensed
1892:
1891:public domain
1888:
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1880:Amazon Kindle
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1642:Version 3.0.1
1641:
1594:<container
1587:
1581:
1578:
1563:
1556:container.xml
1548:
1533:
1526:
1490:"1"
1463:</text>
1450:</text>
1440:</head>
1431:"0"
1410:"0"
1389:"1"
1310:
1307:
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1301:
1297:
1296:Section 2.4.1
1292:
1249:
1243:
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1235:
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1219:
1211:
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1179:<reference
1176:<guide>
877:
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777:
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463:Section 1.3.7
457:
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328:Version 2.0.1
327:
325:
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299:WOFF 2.0
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63:
57:
55:
51:
45:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
16:E-book format
5646:Open formats
5468:Aozora Bunko
5430:Google Books
5325:MadCap Flare
5073:Rocket eBook
5053:Kobo eReader
5048:iRiver Story
5028:Elonex ebook
4952:
4866:
4860:
4850:
4844:
4834:
4828:
4818:
4809:
4797:. Retrieved
4787:
4775:. Retrieved
4765:
4753:. Retrieved
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4726:
4716:
4709:, Abi source
4705:
4699:
4685:
4671:
4662:
4652:
4641:. Retrieved
4638:Tech Advisor
4637:
4627:
4617:12 September
4615:. Retrieved
4605:
4595:12 September
4593:. Retrieved
4583:
4573:12 September
4571:. Retrieved
4561:
4551:11 September
4549:. Retrieved
4520:
4506:
4492:
4478:
4464:
4450:
4439:. Retrieved
4430:
4421:
4410:. Retrieved
4406:
4396:
4390:. MacRumors.
4381:
4372:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:the original
4341:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4315:the original
4310:
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4284:the original
4279:
4269:
4261:the original
4256:
4246:
4237:
4227:
4219:the original
4197:
4188:
4178:12 September
4176:. Retrieved
4166:
4156:11 September
4154:. Retrieved
4149:
4127:11 September
4125:. Retrieved
4115:
4103:. Retrieved
4098:
4088:
4076:. Retrieved
4072:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4033:. Retrieved
4029:the original
4024:
4015:
4004:. Retrieved
3997:
3988:
3976:, retrieved
3970:
3964:
3952:, retrieved
3946:
3940:
3928:, retrieved
3922:
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3900:the original
3895:
3885:
3877:FrontMatters
3876:
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3851:the original
3846:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3797:. Retrieved
3793:the original
3770:February 21,
3768:. Retrieved
3739:February 21,
3737:. Retrieved
3702:February 21,
3700:. Retrieved
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3632:. Retrieved
3628:
3619:
3608:. Retrieved
3604:
3595:
3584:. Retrieved
3580:
3571:
3560:. Retrieved
3556:
3547:
3538:
3514:. Retrieved
3510:the original
3505:
3496:
3468:. Retrieved
3464:the original
3459:
3450:
3436:
3425:. Retrieved
3421:the original
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:
3360:
3339:
3332:
3322:
3308:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3227:Proprietary
3211:Proprietary
3159:Proprietary
3142:Proprietary
3125:Proprietary
3109:Proprietary
3070:Proprietary
3054:Proprietary
3038:Proprietary
3019:Proprietary
3015:Madcap Flare
3003:Proprietary
2962:Proprietary
2942:Proprietary
2907:Proprietary
2828:Portable app
2788:Proprietary
2748:Proprietary
2719:
2706:GUI for the
2695:Proprietary
2635:Proprietary
2612:Proprietary
2554:Proprietary
2503:Proprietary
2463:Proprietary
2444:Proprietary
2425:Proprietary
2382:Proprietary
2368:
2332:Proprietary
2319:
2307:Proprietary
2288:Proprietary
2254:Proprietary
2222:
2195:web browsers
2193:Most modern
2192:
2161:
2148:
2132:
2114:Style sheets
2108:
2102:
2090:
2060:<rootfile
2029:
2023:
2012:
2008:
2005:
1993:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1968:web tracking
1965:
1950:
1935:
1915:
1913:and others.
1884:
1857:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1760:
1744:
1735:
1719:
1708:
1705:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1615:<rootfile
1585:
1579:
1564:
1549:
1534:
1530:
1521:</ncx>
1472:<navPoint
1459:<text>
1446:<text>
1347:<head>
1308:
1303:
1293:
1250:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
965:opf:file-as=
908:<metadata
875:
844:
813:
778:
741:
711:
672:
655:
482:
467:
437:
412:
410:
395:
363:
353:
350:file in XML.
343:
337:
331:
316:In May 2016
315:
290:
283:
255:
234:
230:
215:
214:
207:w3.org/epub3
66:Magic number
5425:Google Play
5360:Writer2epub
5345:QuarkXPress
5320:LibreOffice
5292:eXeLearning
5222:Sumatra PDF
5217:STDU Viewer
5119:Apple Books
5083:Smartphones
4958:FictionBook
4851:eXeLearning
4755:January 30,
4732:24 February
4352:January 29,
4321:January 29,
4290:January 29,
4099:EPUBSecrets
3223:Google Docs
3189:eXeLearning
3121:QuarkXPress
2667:Sumatra PDF
2649:STDU Viewer
2303:Apple Books
2180:open source
2087:Publication
2069:media-type=
1953:Web beacons
1868:Apple Books
1846:within the
1741:Version 3.3
1732:Version 3.2
1624:media-type=
1565:Apart from
1547:extension.
1503:<content
1461:Austen,Jane
1161:<itemref
1149:<itemref
1125:media-type=
1101:media-type=
1077:media-type=
1053:media-type=
1029:media-type=
1005:media-type=
949:opf:scheme=
884:<package
675:content.opf
380:, and EPUB
274:mobile apps
262:ZIP archive
223:file format
191:Open format
139:file format
5615:Categories
5510:Wikisource
5478:HathiTrust
5473:Faded Page
5452:Smashwords
5410:BookWalker
5378:Commercial
5162:Kindle app
4983:Plain text
4973:Mobipocket
4721:JimmXinu.
4643:2020-12-31
4441:2022-05-04
4412:2022-05-04
4069:"EPUB 3.3"
4054:www.w3.org
4035:2020-05-07
4021:"EPUB 3.2"
4006:2020-05-07
3954:August 28,
3906:October 8,
3857:11 October
3818:"EPUB 101"
3799:October 9,
3634:2017-01-12
3610:2017-01-12
3586:2017-01-12
3562:2021-02-20
3553:"EPUB 3.2"
3516:2017-01-12
3502:"EPUB 3.0"
3470:2017-05-10
3427:2020-05-05
3353:References
2669:(based on
2517:, Windows
2431:Lektz DRM
2310:OS X, iOS
2213:See also:
2063:full-path=
1942:JavaScript
1844:rights.xml
1799:Re-sizable
1618:full-path=
1487:playOrder=
1220:avigation
979:JaneAusten
957:123456789X
917:xmlns:opf=
834:element's
807:, and the
797:media-type
762:identifier
750:identifier
726:identifier
536:http-equiv
425:@font-face
251:Open eBook
161:Open eBook
123:2023-05-25
71:PK\x03\x04
5493:Australia
5437:Jarir.com
5415:Feedbooks
5405:Booktrack
5350:Scrivener
5262:Aquafadas
5212:Snapplify
5127:Aquafadas
5058:Onyx Boox
4835:Sigil dev
4799:April 26,
4777:April 26,
3978:April 11,
3155:Scrivener
3105:Playwrite
3057:Mac OS X
2889:Feedbooks
2826:Windows,
2822:Shareware
2752:Microsoft
2735:Platform
2729:Software
2653:Freeware
2620:Snapplify
2608:Snapplify
2509:, Google
2258:Microsoft
2238:Platform
2232:Software
2182:programs
2002:Container
1916:In 2022,
1332:xml:lang=
1300:Section 8
1289:#section1
1271:element.
1257:docAuthor
1212:.ncx file
1137:<spine
971:opf:role=
911:xmlns:dc=
851:reference
776:element.
669:.opf file
456:mimetypes
239:e-readers
5335:PagePlus
5300:HelpNDoc
5272:Booktype
5147:FBReader
5122:(iBooks)
5097:Software
5078:SoftBook
4892:Archived
4435:Archived
4375:. Adobe.
4150:EPUBZone
3145:Windows
3138:PagePlus
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